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  • 1990-1994  (701)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1990  (701)
  • Engineering  (558)
  • Genetics  (143)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 3 (1990), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Mucoraceae ; Zygomycetes ; Homothallic ; Genetics ; Nutritional complementation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Auxotrophic strains of Mucor genevensis and Zygorhynchus exponens were crossed and the resulting zygospores germinated. The presence of a true sexual cycle in both species was demonstrated by the recovery of recombinant genotypes. Expected Mendelian ratios were not realized, however. The presence of selfed zygospores among those isolated makes this observation understandable. It was possible to demonstrate nutritional complementation when young mating mycelium was transferred to minimal medium and forced heterokaryons were recovered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 4 (1990), S. 533-541 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Henoch-Schönlein purpura ; Pathogenesis ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies of the pathophysiology of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) have become more numerous in recent years with the recognition of the disease's links with the mucosal immune system in general and IgA nephropathy in particular. There are weak genetic associations with C4 null phenotypes and with HLA B35 and DR4. Studies of plasma proteins in HSP patients show an increased IgA concentration, activation of the alternative pathway of complement and consumption of factor XIII. High molecular weight (polymeric) IgA has been detected in affected individuals, which some investigators have called “immune complexes”. Many patients synthesise an IgA rheumatoid factor in the acute phase, but other autoantibodies are largely absent. In vitro studies of lymphocytes from HSP patients have demonstrated an increased number of IgA-bearing and secreting B-cells, with altered T-cell regulation of antibody synthesis. While these observations point to immune dysregulation — primarily of IgA production — as a consistent feature of acute HSP, there is as yet insufficient information available to allow a consistent theory of pathogenesis to be formulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1990), S. 545-552 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Honeybees ; Learning ; Classical conditioning ; Selection ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four strains of the honeybee (Apis mellifera capensis), which were selected for high (N=2) or low (N=2) performance levels in classic conditioning of olfactory and mechanosensory stimuli, were examined in two instrumental visual learning tasks. Bees were trained to coloured cardboards either at the hive entrance or at the feeding station. Positive correlations were detected between olfactory/mechanosensory conditioning and visual learning. Good and poor learners from strains selected for olfactory conditioning differed significantly in their visual learning values. These strain differences reflect genetic differences in a common learning system rather than task specific differences in sensory, motor or motivational components. Parameters that were influenced by activity of the colony (duration of stay at the feeding place, time between visits) also differed among selected strains. These effects were not due to selection. Instead, they reflect a specific genetic background produced in each strain independently of selection. The results indicate that associative learning has a genetic basis which is independent of the sensory stimuli associated with reward, the learning procedure (classical conditioning or instrumental learning) or the motor patterns used to execute the learned behavior (proboscis extension, control for flight behavior, open field orientation).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Osteogenesis imperfecta ; Collagen type I ; Radiology, classification ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Congenital osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) was diagnosed by ultrasound in a 31-week-old fetus, and the diagnosis confirmed after delivery by caesarean section at week 36. The baby survived the neonatal period, but failed to thrive, had recurrent respiratory infections and ultimately died at 8 months. Cultured fibroblasts synthesized both normal type I collagen and unstable type I collagen harbouring a structural defect in the α1(I) cyanogen bromide-derived peptide number 8 (CB8) region of the molecule, indicating a heterozygous dominant mutation. A+ birth, the radiological picture was that of the “thin bone”-type of congenital OI (OI type IIB/III in the Sillence classification); at the age of 12 weeks ribs and long bones had undergone a marked expansion giving a very different picture, that of the “thick bone”-type congenital OI (OI type IIA). The mechanism responsible for this change in bone structure is not known, but fractures and callus formation are unlikely to be the only factors. Caution is needed in the interpretation of radiographs of newborns with OI for prognostic or genetic purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1343
    Keywords: Analysis of variance ; Choropleth map ; Ecology ; Genetics ; Geography ; Permutation test ; Spatial autocorrelation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article présente une solution au problème de l'analyse de variance, pour certains cas où la variable à analyser est spatialement autocorr élée alors que le critère de classification représente des sous-régions connexes du territoire à l'étude. On sait que les méthodes classiques d'analyse de variance ne sont pas applicables dans ce type de situation puisque la condition d'indépendance des échantillons n'est pas respectée; l'autocorrélation positive réduit la variabilité intragroupe, si bien que la quantité relative de variabilité intergroupe s'en trouve artificiellement augmentée. Cette situation correspond en réalité à une vaste catégorie de problèmes en génétique des populations, en écologie et dans d'autres branches de la biologie, ainsi qu'en épidémiologie, en géographie, en géologie, en science économique, en science politique et en sociologie. Ce nouveau test appartient à la famille des tests par permutation. Nous calculons la somme des dispersions intragroupes et testons contre une distribution de référence obtenue en permutant les régions géographiques un grand nombre de fois sur la carte. La véritable difficulté de ce test est d'ordre algorithmique, puisqu'il n'est pas facile de permuter des régions sur une carte, de façon à ce que chaque groupe demeure connexe, et que la carte permutée occupe le même espace total que la carte d'origine. Cet article présente la théorie, les algorithmes, ainsi que des résultats obtenus par cette méthode. Un programme écrit en PASCAL est disponible.
    Notes: Abstract The classical method for analysis of variance of data divided in geographic regions is impaired if the data are spatially autocorrelated within regions, because the condition of independence of the observations is not met. Positive autocorrelation reduces within-group variability, thus artificially increasing the relative amount of among-group variance. Negative autocorrelation may produce the opposite effect. This difficulty can be viewed as a loss of an unknown number of degrees of freedom. Such problems can be found in population genetics, in ecology and in other branches of biology, as well as in economics, epidemiology, geography, geology, marketing, political science, and sociology. A computer-intensive method has been developed to overcome this problem in certain cases. It is based on the computation of pooled within-group sums of squares for sampled permutations of internally connected areas on a map. The paper presents the theory, the algorithms, and results obtained using this method. A computer program, written in PASCAL, is available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris ; Sugar beet ; Isozymes ; Genetics ; Linkage ; Pollen fertility restorer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The NADP-specific malate dehydrogenase isozymes were controlled by multiple gene systems. Three genes coding for dimeric enzymes segregated in a dependent fashion (NADP-Mdh 1, NADP-Mdh 2, NADP-Mdh 3). A fourth gene (NADP-Mdh 4), also coded for dimers, but was not polymorphic in B. vulgaris. A fifth gene (NADP-Me 1) coded for enzymes active as monomers. Two genes were found to control the main zone of NAD-specific malate dehydrogenase: one coded for dimers (Mdh 1), while a second (Mdh 2) was not polymorphic in the assessions studied. 6-P-Gluconate dehydrogenase was not polymorphic in B. vulgaris; the two types detected on SGE1 electrophoresis were due to developmental expression of the different systems. No genetical segregations could be detected in progeny of crosses of the distinct phenotypes. A shikimate dehydrogenase gene (Skdh 1) that coded for monomers was identified. The diaphorase system was rather complex, but one gene (Dia 1) coding for monomeric enzymes could be identified. Aconitase was found to be controlled by two independent genes (Aco 1, Aco 2), both polymorphic and coding for proteins active as monomers. Tight linkage was found between the genes NADP-Mdh 1, NADP-Mdh 2 and NADP-Mdh 3. Linkage was also found between a pollen fertility restorer (Z) and the Mdh 1 gene. The identification of linkage with Aco 1 needs further investigation. R segregated independently from Mdh 1, Aco 1 and Dia 1. Independent segregations were scored for isozyme genes Pgm 2, Icd 1, Ak 1, Gpi 1, Aco 1 and Dia 1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Spinocerebellar degeneration ; Friedreich's disease ; Diagnostic criteria ; Genetics ; Natural history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinical and genetic features of 80 patients with Friedreich's disease from 64 families are described. Diagnostic criteria were: no evidence of dominant inheritance, onset by the age of 20 years, progressive unremitting ataxia of limbs and gait, and absence of knee and ankle jerks. Furthermore, at least one of the following accessory signs was present: dysarthria, extensor plantar response and echocardiographic evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Two peaks of onset age were evident at 6–9 and 12–15 years. Analysis of intrafamily variation of onset age and absence of clustering of cardiomyopathy and diabetes did not suggest genetic heterogeneity. Peripheral nerve impairment was an early finding and showed slight further progression, whereas involvement of the cerebellar and corticospinal pathways appeared later and mainly accounted for the progressive worsening of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2935-2946 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Genetics ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper moth ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of interpopulational differences in the pheromone blend emitted by the cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), was examined by crossing individuals from a field-derived population (P1) with individuals from a long-maintained laboratory colony (P2). These colonies differed in the emission rate and relative proportions of four of the five known minor pheromone components, but not in the emission rate of the major component, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12∶Ac). These differences in pheromone blend were quantitatively small but biologically significant, because in the field, males responded preferentially to traps baited with a pheromone blend that is similar to that emitted by P1 females relative to a blend similar to that emitted by P2 females. In initial crosses, variation in the quantity and quality of pheromone blends among families of P1, P2, and F1 hybrid females was examined. In F1 females the relative proportions (quantity relative to the major component) of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (Z5-12∶Ac) and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14∶Ac) were intermediate to parental lines. In a second more extensive set of crosses, analyses included P1, P2, F1, F2, and selected backcrosses. The relative proportion of Z5-12∶Ac, Z7-14∶Ac, and Z9-14∶Ac emitted by F1 females were intermediate to parental lines. The frequency distributions of relative proportions of these components emitted by females were not consistent with those expected under a single autosomal or sex-linked gene hypothesis, suggesting that more than one gene is involved in the quantitative differences in the pheromone blend.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 579-587 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Genetics ; polymorphism ; reproductive isolation ; hovering behavior ; Tabanus nigrovittatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The salt marsh horse fly, Tabanus nigrovittatusMacquart, exhibits two nonoverlapping daily periods of hovering and mating activity, which are correlated with different environmental temperatures. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of hovering males collected during the two periods were compared by electrophoresis of three polymorphic enzyme loci. Approximately 26% of early-hovering males possessed a Pgmallozyme that was absent in our sample of late-hovering males. However, based on other allozyme loci, we found no evidence for reproductive isolation between early and late hoverers. All the genetic data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Pgmpolymorphism is associated with behaviorally and physiologically distinct groups of males that, by all other criteria, form a single Mendelian population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Demography ; Genetics ; Geographic variation ; Stochasticity ; Fluctuating environments ; Allele frequencies ; River ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of unpredictable environmental fluctuations on the demographic and genetic structure of Fundulus zebrinus populations. Collections of F. zebrinus were taken from three rivers in the Arkansas River basin: the Arkansas, Chikaskia, and Ninnescah. Fish were sampled from three sites on each river on nine collection dates throughout 1984 and 1985. Totals of 2100 fish and 6000 fish were included in electrophoretic and demographic analyses, respectively. The results of the study indicate that within a limited geographic region (i.e. within rivers) spatial differences and temporal changes in both demographic and genetic population characteristics occur frequently and are primarily stochastic. However, on a larger spatial scale (i.e. across rivers), general trends emerge for demographic and especially for genetic population characteristics. These results illustrate the importance of sampling scale for conclusions of life-history evolution in fluctuating environments. In addition, it was found that regulation of Fundulus zebrinus populations includes an important density-independent component. Stochastic demographic differences across space and changes through time and spatially and temporally heterogeneous allele frequencies, are both indicative of density-independent regulation. Variation in population parameters, both demographic and genetic, was observed between populations sampled from each river. These population differences were attributed to differences between the rivers themselves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 239 (1990), S. 290-292 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Linkage ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We analysed six multiplex pedigrees of schizophrenia for linkage to two DNA probes mapping to the chromosome 5q11–q13 region where linkage to a gene for schizophrenia was recently reported. Analyses were conducted using three penetrance models and considering the affected state to be schizophrenia, the schizophrenia spectrum, and all psychiatric diagnoses. All analyses gave consistently negative lod scores. Although the region was not formally excluded, no evidence for linkage was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Symbiosis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Coevolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To determine the relationship between nodulation restriction by the Rj4 allele of soybean, rhizobitoxine-induced chlorosis, and taxonomic grouping of bradyrhizobia, 119 bradyrhizobial isolates were tested in Leonard jar culture for nodulation response and chlorosis induction. In addition to strain USDA 61, the strain originally reported as defining the Rj4 response, eight other isolates (i.e., USDA 62, 83, 94, 238, 252, 259, 260, and 340) were discovered to elicit the nodulation interdiction of the Rj4 allele. Only 16% of all the bradyrhizobial strains tested induced chlorosis, but seven of the nine strains (78%) interdicted by the Rj4 allele were chlorosis-inducing strains. Furthermore, in tests for antibiotic resistance profile, eight of the nine interdicted strains (89%) were classed in DNA homology group II. This evidence suggests that the Rj4 allele has a positive value to the host plant in shielding it from nodulation by certain chlorosis-inducing bradyrhizobia of a DNA homology group with impaired efficiency of nitrogen fixation with soybean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 5 (1990), S. 349-371 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Genetics ; gene structure ; hereditary unit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Definitions of the term ‘gene’ typically superimpose molecular genetics onto Mendelism. What emerges are persistent attempts to regard the gene as a ‘unit’ of structure and/or function, language that creates multiple meanings for the term and fails to acknowledge the diversity of gene architecture. I argue that coherence at the molecular level requires abandonment of the classical unit concept and recognition that a gene is constructed from an assemblage of domains. Hence, a domain set (1) conforms more closely to empirical evidence for genetic organization of DNA regions capable of transcription and (2) has ontological properties lacking in the traditional unit definition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 33-38 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A computer program has been written for the analysis and design of arbitrarily shaped waveguides, containing dielectric and magnetic materials. The program calculates the propagating modes of the waveguide by the three-component vector finite element method. High accuracy is achieved by the use of high-order elements, and by the inclusion of singular trial functions near sharp metal edges. An efficient algorithm based on the conjugate gradient method is used to solve the algebraic eigenvalue problem. Results are given for rib waveguide and fin-line.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 91-97 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The diffusion of Zn into a GaAs crystal is modelled using numerical techniques similar to those of Zahari and Tuck.1 This technique does not directly solve any differential equations, the physical processes are directly modelled. The diffusion of Zn is assumed to be by the kick-out mechanism. In this mechanism the Zn atoms diffuse into the crystal interstitially with a constant diffusion coefficient. The interstitial Zn atoms transfer to the substitutional lattice site by kicking out a Ga atom. The incorporation of the Zn atoms on to the lattice sites is assumed to take place at a rate much greater than the diffusion of the interstitial Zn. The diffusion of the generated Ga interstitial is also contained in the model. The effect on the Zn concentration profile and Ga interstitial concentration of varying both the Ga interstitial diffusivity and equilibrium concentration has been examined. Finally, the implications of these results on Zn induced disordering of GaAs/AlAs superlattices is discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a novel technique with which a system with changing topology can be modelled whilst maintaining a constant system matrix. This technique employs a new transmission-line switch model which has a constant characteristic impedance, irrespective of its state. The method is explained, compared with the switched-resistance method and demonstrated by two examples. It has been found that the proposed method offers substantial advantages in the formulation of the problems and in the efficiency of computation.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 183-193 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Analysis of transients in integrated circuits is performed with the use of highly specialized computer programs. The transient responses are computed using time-marching integration methods and require a substantial amount of computer time. A new method based on spectral analysis and waveform relaxation is proposed. The method results in a substantial saving in computing time without compromising the accuracy. A basic algorithm utilizing the spectral technique in a relaxation framework is described. A prototype simulator based on the algorithm was developed and used to simulate certain types of CMOS circuits. The results showed a significant time savings in comparison with the widely used circuit simulator ‘SPICE’. Example circuits and relevant results are provided.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 207-214 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A simple method is described for spatial substructuring of meshes used in TLM diffusion routines in such a way as to enable discontinuous mesh lines to be used. A method of operating TLM diffusion routines using different timesteps in different spatial regions is also described. For both aspects, results are compared with those derived using standard TLM techniques.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 195-206 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Hallen's integral equation has been used as the basis for the formulation of cylindrical antenna theories for many years. Being a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind, its solution is mathematically an ill-posed problem. The stability of the numerical methods based on this integral equation is dependent on the singularity and the non-smoothness of the kernel function. For electrically thick cylindrical antennas, the dominance of the singular part of the kernel (logarithmic) is weakened and the kernel function becomes relatively smooth. This observation implies possible deteriorations of the stability of the numerical methods based on Hallen's integral equation. This paper describes the development of an alternative formulation for the electrically thick cylindrical antennas based on the singular integral equation of the first kind with a Cauchy-type kernel which eliminates the potential instability problem. A numerical method based on this formulation of the antenna problem has been implemented and case studies show that it is very stable and efficient for the numerical modelling of electrically thick cylindrical antennas.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 215-228 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a simple algorithm for solving a system of inhomogeneous high order differential equations with variable coefficients. The method also provides a numerical solution to non-linear ordinary differential equations. The technique is based on reducing the high order equations into a system of first order rate equations. Through a simple translation process, the variables in the reduced set of equations are solved simultaneously by an iterative scheme using the TLM multicompartment model. The numerical technique is demonstrated by solving well-known second order differential equations. The numerical solutions are compared with the analytical solutions to the differential equations.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 21
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. i 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. ii 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 259-268 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Accurate full-wave analysis of shielded microstrip discontinuities, based on a mode-matching technique and employing Kühn's method is presented. Finite thickness of the strip metallization is taken into account. Examples include bends, T-junctions, and crossings.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 269-285 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The transmission-line matrix (TLM) method enables simulation of interior electromagnetic field propagation problems. With the use of absorbent walls, we can simulate exterior problems such as the radiaition of a microstrip antenna. The input impedance is deduced from the standing wave observed in the feedline. The radiation pattern is determined from the field over a plane located in the immediate vicinity of the antenna, using the theory of radiating apertures. However, the CPU time and memory space involved are excessive. Since the radiating structure has several resonant frequencies, it is convenient to apply classical digital signal processing techniques such as finite impulse response filtering associated with a linear prediction method. The present paper focuses on a Prony-Pisarenko method to improve on the TLM method in terms of both computation time and precision of the frequency-domain analysis of the results. In this case, overall CPU time is reduced by a factor of 2 to 3. The paper discusses the results obtained for radiation patterns. This represents a new field of application for the TLM method whose drawbacks are reduced by using appropriate signal processing methods.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 26
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 75-75 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 27
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 77-77 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 28
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 78-78 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 29
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 127-136 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 247-257 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The MMP (multiple multipole) code, that is based on the generalized multipole technique (GMT), offers several features to overcome problems occurring in computations of guided waves and waveguide discontinuities. The most important problems and the corresponding MMP solutions are outlined. The procedure is illustrated with different examples which demonstrate the wide range of applications of the code.
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  • 31
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 229-234 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new time-domain approach based on the frequency-domain transverse resonance method is proposed to solve guided wave problems. This new method is capable of solving both the two-dimensional and the three-dimensional propagation problems. The structure under investigation is cut into individual substructures. Time-domain Green's functions of each substructure are computed via the analytical inverse Laplace transform of the frequency-domain Green's functions. The original problem is reconstructed by connecting the cut-out substructures together through the interface boundary conditions. In order to verify the present approach, the empty rectangular waveguide is used as a comparison. With accurately calculated time-domain Green's functions, the data obtained are in good agreement with the analytical results.
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  • 32
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 235-246 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: There are two major difficulties in applying the finite element method to the analysis of microwave devices in three dimensions. One is to obtain a stable vector finite element which does not generate spurious modes, or non-physical solutions, in the numerical analysis. The other is to model efficiently the coupling of port regions and the discontinuity region. In this paper, we describe the application of two new finite element techniques, the tangential vector finite element method and the transfinite element method, for modelling three-dimensional microwave devices. The tangential vector finite element method, unlike the conventional nodal finite element methods, imposes only the tangential continuity of the vector unknown across elements' boundaries. As a result, there would be no spurious modes, and reliable solutions are obtained. The transfinite element method, which combines the modal basis functions and the finite element basis functions through the variational technique, provides an efficient way to model the open boundary nature of the device. To validate the current analysis, a low VSWR waveguide connector and two microstrip low-pass filters are analysed. Numerical results agree very well with the measurements or those obtained by other methods.
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  • 33
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 157-169 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the theoretical determination of the amount of atomic mixing which accompanies the erosion of a solid surface exposed to an energetic ion beam. The work is relevant to sputter depth profiling where such mixing complicates the deduction of the initial depth distributions from the measured ion yields.A mathematical model, which considers the effects of incident ion accumulation, ballistic relocation and diffusion is described. The governing integro-differential equations are solved numerically.Results for a GaAs-AlGaAs multi-layer structure bombarded with O2+ ions are compared with results obtained experimentally.
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  • 34
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 171-182 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Wave scattering from an aperture coupled system is studied using a new method which combines the hybrid ray-mode method and method of moments. The latter is used to formulate the coupling process and the former to provide the Green's function of a parallel plate waveguide. Following standard procedures of the method of moments, we first formulate a system equation for field distributions across the aperture. By expressing these unknown distributions in terms of appropriate basis functions and choosing appropriate weighting functions, the system equation is then reduced to a matrix equation which is solved numerically. In the system of equations, one needs to compute the Green's function of the waveguide for various arrangements of locations of source and receiver. The hybrid ray-mode formulation is best suited for this purpose because it combines rays and modes self-consistently to optimize the advantages of each. The efficiency of the ray-mode Green's function makes use of the moment method practical in waveguides, and the flexibility of the moment method permits application of the Green's function considered to arbitrarily shaped and placed apertures. Numerical implementation illustrates these aspects.
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  • 35
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 111-126 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a combined fine-coarse mesh TLM method. This technique reduces the memory storage and the computational time when modelling complex structures. In the combined fine-coarse mesh model, the region of interest is covered with a set of transmission-line fine meshes. The remaining part is covered with regular (or irregular) coarse meshes. The fine-mesh nodes are connected through busbars to the adjacent coarse-mesh nodes. The combined fine-coarse mesh TLM technique is applied to some diffusion problems. Significant savings in computational time and memory storage are obtained without loss of accuracy.
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  • 36
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 37
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 137-155 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: When the erosion or growth of a surface that occurs in semiconductor device processing can be considered as everywhere continuous in space and time, the equations of motion of the surface may be specified and determined numerically using a kinetic model of surface evolution. In this review the fundamental concepts of the kinematic model of surface evolution are discussed. Detailed consideration of the theory of characteristics reveals its limitations which are overcome by recent theoretical development based on the Huygens principle of wavefront reconstruction. Correct interpretation of the nature of the basic wavelet, coupled with contemporary ideas of surface and edge propagation, form the essence of a new numerical algorithm. Numerical analysis and consequent numerical procedures derived from the generalized kinematic model are presented. Examples of surface evolution, with particular reference to ion beam induced erosion are given to show the advantages and potential of the method as opposed to existing models and theoretical prediction.When evolution processes are discontinuous and localized, other approaches, particularly those that use numerical modelling, are required. Such approaches are also reviewed here.
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  • 38
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 287-315 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The fundamentals of computer-aided noise analysis of linear noisy microwave circuits are presented. The method is based on the description of noisy networks by correlation matrices, and allows the noise analysis of linear circuits of general topology exhibiting arbitrary correlations between the noise sources. The description of linear noisy networks by correlation matrices in different representations, the interconnection of noisy networks and the nodal analysis of noisy networks are treated. The correlation matrices of circuits or subcircuits exhibiting thermal noise may be calculated directly from its admittance matrix. The application of the method for the noise analysis of linear microwave amplifiers is discussed.
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  • 39
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 40
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper shows how probabilistic potential methods based on the Monte Carlo approach can be efficiently mapped onto an array of concurrent processors and how the resulting algorithm can provide rapid solutions of harmonic function problems. The method described here exploits the natural concurrency of the Monte Carlo approach. Computation is achieved by use of a low-cost array of transputers linked to a PC-AT. The resulting methodology is powerful and the ideas suggested should have application to many other modelling techniques used for field modelling.A microstrip geometry is used as the discussion vehicle throughout this paper. This geometry was selected since it exhibits a number of the important topological features required in a general problem, e.g. Dirichlet boundary conditions and mixed dielectric. The design of the parallel algorithm used is discussed in detail, and typical results are given.
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  • 41
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The resonant mode field expansion technique presented in previous papers to analyse one- or two-port microstrip structures of different geometrical shapes is now applied to multiport radial lines. In particular, a radial-line n-way power divider is considered. This device allows, under certain hypotheses, an equiphase and equiamplitude splitting of an input signal. The Z matrix formulation has been derived and utilized to obtain the scattering parameters for the circuit. The numerical results are in good agreement with both experimental and theoretical data presented in the literature. The low number of resonant modes required to obtain satisfactory numerical convergence allows a substantial reduction of the computing time with respect to other more complicated approaches.
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  • 42
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 57-71 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The boundary residual method is a powerful technique for solving EM boundary-value problems. This technique produces matrices difficult to solve using many of the standard numerical techniques. This paper discusses lesser-known numerical aspects of this method, and it shows efficient and well-conditioned methods to solve both the homogeneous and non-homogeneous boundary residual problem.
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  • 43
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 39-56 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The paper describes the application of the TLM numerical method for the analysis of acoustic wave propagation. It presents a general scattering algorithm for modelling homogeneous and inhomogeneous mediums where both the density and compressibility of the propagation space are varied. The method is used to obtain the acoustic radiation patterns of discrete transducer arrays. The effect of the spacing and the number of transducer elements on the radiation pattern are demonstrated by numerical results obtained using a two-dimensional TLM mesh. The results also show the effect of array shading on the radiation pattern. Beam steering by delayed excitation of the transducer elements is also demonstrated here. In addition the paper presents two simple techniques for detecting the direction of wave propagation in the TLM mesh.
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  • 44
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 73-73 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 45
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 46
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 79-90 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The non-linear diffusion mechanism arising in process modelling is analysed via a model problem. Using a scaling of the dopant concentration and an adaptive finite element method, high resolution is obtained in a particularly economical way.
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  • 47
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    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 3 (1990), S. 99-110 
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A procedure is described for estimating various parameters governing the diffusion of impurities in semiconductors; these parameters are required for a number of explicit numerical models of non-linear diffusion in III-V crystals. The method is based on an analytical solution of the continuum equivalent of a discrete numerical model due to Zahari and Tuck and provides a systematic procedure for analysing experimental data to yield predictions for the coefficient of diffusion of the impurity, the coefficient of self-diffusion of the host material, the bulk equilibrium vacancy concentration and, under conditions of “dissociation” pressure, the surface vacancy concentration. Application of the procedure to two sets of independent experimental data provided reasonably consistent values of the parameters.
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  • 48
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 27 (1990), S. 168-172 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Motility ; Genetics ; Sex chromosome ratio ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In this study, we address the relationship between motility and genetic content of mouse sperm. The chromosome complements of highly motile mouse sperm, selected using the swim-up technique, were analyzed after in vitro fertilization, at the first cleavage state. They were compared to those of unselected sperm. Identification of male and female chromosome sets was possible because of their differential condensation at the first mitotic division. In vitro fertilization, swim-up separation, chromosome preparation, and staining were carried out using standard techniques. The results indicate that highly motile mouse sperm did not differ in types and frequencies of chromosomal abnormalities from those not selected for motility. Moreover, separation of motile sperm does not deviate the sex ratio from the theoretical 1:1.
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  • 49
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    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 5 (1990), S. 359-360 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Hirschsprung's disease ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three male children with identical short-segment Hirschsprung's disease born to a young married couple are reported. There was no positive family history despite an extensive search. There were no associated abnormalities. Although sex-modified multifactorial inheritance, with males having a lower threshold of genes for expression of Hirschsprung's disease, is accepted, the identical expression of the disorder in the three siblings presented suggests a dominant, possibly X-linked gene with variable penetrance. Another possibility is that an identical micro-environmental factor was present prenatally resulting in all three boys having Hirschsprung's disease. This is the first report of three siblings with identical short-segment Hirschsprung's disease.
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  • 50
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 37-55 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Fully automatic three-dimensional mesh generation is a fundamental requirement for automating the numerical solution of partial differential equations. Two techniques in particular - the octree and Delaunay approaches - have been used towards this end. A method that combines both approaches to fully automatic mesh generation is presented here. The resulting algorithm provides the linear growth rate and divide-and-conquer approach of the octree method with the simplicity and optimal properties of the Delaunay triangulation.
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  • 51
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 57-72 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Axisymmetric contact problems of an elastic layer are studied in this paper. The lower surface of the layer is either bonded to or in smooth contact with a rigid base. The upper surface is in tensionless smooth contact with a rigid flat cylinder, a rigid sphere, an elastic sphere or a circular plate, respectively. A general method is developed so that all these related problems are treated in a straightforward and like manner. In comparison to the other methods used in previous papers, the simplicity and high numerical accuracy are the major advantages of this method. The convergence is proved by comparing the numerical values to some available analytical solutions. Extensive numerical results for contact radii, displacements and contact pressures are provided.
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  • 52
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 123-139 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper there is presented an alternative numerical procedure for obtaining approximations to non-linear conservation laws like those that describe the dynamical behaviour of elastic rods (composed of materials whose stress-strain relation is non-linear). The above-mentioned procedure consists of approximating the solution of the Riemann problem (associated with the considered conservation law) by a piecewise constant function (satisfying the jump conditions) and using Glimm's scheme for advancing in time, step by step. The proposed numerical approach eliminates the necessity of solving (in a complete way) the associated Riemann problem, easing and cheapening its computational implementation. This procedure is employed for simulating the dynamical response of an elastic-non-linear rod, fixed at its edges, that is left in a non-equilibrium state. There is presented a comparison between results obtained through a classical procedure and through the procedure proposed in this work.
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  • 53
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 483-514 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Some constitutive and computational aspects of finite deformation plasticity are discussed. Attention is restricted to multiplicative theories of plasticity, in which the deformation gradients are assumed to be decomposable into elastic and plastic terms. It is shown by way of consistent linearization of momentum balance that geometric terms arise which are associated with the motion of the intermediate configuration and which in general render the tangent operator non-symmetric even for associated plastic flow. Both explicit (i.e. no equilibrium iteration) and implicit finite element formulations are considered. An assumed strain formulation is used to accommodate the near-incompressibility associated with fully developed isochoric plastic flow. As an example of explicit integration, the rate tangent modulus method is reviewed in some detail. An implicit scheme is derived for which the consistent tangents, resulting in quadratic convergence of the equilibrium iterations, can be written out in closed form for arbitrary material models. All the geometrical terms associated with the motion of the intermediate configuration and the treatment of incompressibility are given explicitly. Examples of application to void growth and coalescence and to crack tip blunting are developed which illustrate the performance of the implicit method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 599-617 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This study, dealing with model reduction for thermal diffusion, describes the numerical techniques used: the Eitelberg, Marshall and aggregation methods. The non-linear model of a heat transmission tube, to which these methods are applied, is then described, pointing out the necessary initial algebraic treatment for reduction. Finally the outputs of the complete model and of several reduced ones are compared for some characteristic variations of the inputs. For this problem, the Eitelberg and Marshall methods, which can be used with a high coefficient of reduction, are well adapted.
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  • 55
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 303-314 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The combined application of the Laplace transform and the finite element method is used to analyse the transient response of circular pins. The present method removes the time-dependence terms from the governing differential equations and boundary conditions using the Laplace transform and then the eigenfunction expansion method is applied to reduce the two-dimensional boundary value problem to that of one dimension. Accordingly, the final transformed equation can easily be solved by the finite element method. The transformed temperature is inverted to the physical quantity numerically. The present results agree well with analytical solutions. In addition, it is seen that the results of axisymmetric transient heat conduction problems with the central node at r = 0 can accurately be obtained using the present method.
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  • 56
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 391-405 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: With the advent of computer aided design (CAD), the development of fully or semi-automated procedures by which a solution warranting the specified accuracy can most efficiently be reached has become a necessity. It is now of utmost interest to investigate finite element (FE) formulations offering a simple form of adaptivity, easy to implement.The present study (which is a sequel to an earlier paper1 on error estimation by the authors) identifies as a particularly promising approach of attaining this goal the p-method associated with the so-called hybrid-Trefftz FE model.2 Based on a simple stress error estimator1 and prior knowledge of the convergence rate, the solution warranting specified stress accuracy may be reached in a single trial by suitably respecifying just one parameter in the input data. The reported approach has successfully been implemented into the general purpose FE program SAFE3 and its high efficiency is illustrated in the paper through practical applications involving corner singularities and stress concentrations.
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  • 57
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 58
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 579-598 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element method is used in calculating accurate collapse loads. The behaviour of granular materials is described by the non-associated Mohr-Coulomb model. The load-displacement path is traced up to and beyond limit points using an accelerated initial stiffness method. The convergence properties of this method are examined, both for associated and non-associated plasticity.Step sizes in the incremental iterative procedure are adapted during the iteration process, depending on an estimated number of iterations. The automatic step size control thus obtained proves to be robust and particularly appropriate for non-associated plasticity. Some soil collapse calculations are discussed to demonstrate the practical application of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 633-645 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is presented that may be used to empirically establish the type of relationship that is present between a response variable and its influencing factors, by fitting a mathematical model to three dimensional scattered data. The generated response surface is composed of continuous triangular planes that are fitted to the corresponding data in the least squares sense. The method may be easily implemented. It requires some fairly large number of scattered data, two initial boundary conditions and a desired accuracy for the band-wise partitioning of the data. The proposed surface fitting technique has been successfully applied to solar radiation modelling for a number of different data combinations.
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 739-753 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The performance of the multigrid algorithm is investigated by solving some large, practical, three dimensional solid mechanics problems. The convergence of the method is sensitive to factors such as the amount of bending present and the degree of mesh non-uniformity, as was also observed in Part I for two dimensional problems. However, in contrast to Part I, no proportionality is observed between the total number of operations to convergence and the problem size. Despite such behaviour, the multigrid algorithm proves to be an effective matrix equation solver for solid mechanics poblems. It is orders of magnitude faster than a direct factorization method, and yields converged solutions several times faster than the Jacobi preconditioned conjugate gradient method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 785-800 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical solution of problems in elastodynamics involving infinite media calls for the use of discrete techniques such as the boundary element method and the finite element method. These techniques can, in turn, be formulated in the time or frequency domains, and have each relative merits and drawbacks. This paper presents a comparative study of the accuracy and limitations of three different implementations of these methods.The problem studied is that of transient loads on the surface of homogeneous elastic halfspaces, and of finite depth strata. In each case, the response is computed first for an uninterrupted (continuous) medium, and then for a medium that includes a trench (or cavity).Three independent computer programs were used that incorporated the following methods: (i) frequency domain boundary element method (FD-BEM), using a discrete fundamental solution; (ii) time domain boundary element method (TD-BEM) using an analytical fundamental solution; and (iii) a coupled time domain boundary element-finite element model (BEM/FEM).It is found that for convex domains (halfspace or stratum without a trench) the three independent implementations are in excellent agreement, while for non-convex domains (trench in the path of the waves), numerical errors associated with non-causal behaviour become evident in some cases.
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  • 62
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 833-846 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A non-Jacobian numerical quadrature is proposed for evaluating improper integrals over a semi-infinite range. The quadrature first transforms the semi-infinite integration limit into a finite limit between - 1 and 1. Standard numerical integration procedures such as Gauss-Chebyshev or Gauss-Legendre schemes can then be used to obtain the integral value. Unlike traditional methods using Laguerre or Hermite polynomials, numerical results show that no specific weight function is required for the proposed quadrature to converge as long as the integral exists. The transformation also includes a scale parameter which effectively expands the numerical-integration sampling points along its original semi-infinite integration path. Numerical examples shows that selection of the scale parameter is rather flexible and convergence can always be achieved within a wide range of parameter values. Several applied mechanics problems are also illustrated to validate the proposed numerical scheme. The quadrature can be easily incorporated into finite element or boundary element schemes for the evaluation of semi-infinite integrals.
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  • 63
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 881-908 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This article describes a formulation of the finite element method and its implementation on a data parallel computing system. The Connection Machine® system, CM-2, has been used as the model architecture. Data structures, storage requirements, communication and parallel arithmetic complexity are analysed in detail for the cases when a processor represents an unassembled finite element and when a processor is assigned to an unassembled nodal point. Data parallel algorithms for the grid generation, the evaluation of the elemental stiffness matrices and for the iterative solution of the linear system are presented. The algorithm for evaluating the elemental stiffness matrices computes the matrix elements concurrently without communication. This concurrency is in addition to the inherent parallelism present among different finite elements. A conjugate gradient solver with diagonal pre-conditioner is used for the solution of the resulting linear system. Results from an implementation of the three-dimensional finite element method based on Lagrange elements are reported. For single-precision floating-point operations, the measured peak performance is approximately 2·4 G flops s-1 for evaluating the elemental stiffness matrices and approximately 850 M flops s-1 for the conjugate gradient solver. On a Connection Machine system with 16K physical processors, the time per conjugate gradient iteration for an application with 400 000 degrees of freedom is approximately 0·13 s for double-precision floating-point operations.
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  • 64
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 969-984 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new fixed grid finite element technique for modelling phase-change effects in steady-state conduction-advection problems is described. The method is appropriate for materials that transform at a fixed critical temperature and is based on the assumption that the enthalpy experiences a jump discontinuity at this temperature, yielding a singular specific heat. This singularity is described using a Dirac delta function and the appropriate finite element matrix equations are developed for isoparametric elements. A simple first order upwinding scheme is used to avoid numerical oscillations in advection dominated problems. The utility of the method is illustrated through the solution of a one-dimensional test problem using eight-node hexahedral isoparametric finite elements. The technique may be applied to a wide range of finite element types and offers a number of advantages over other schemes for modelling phase-change effects.
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  • 65
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1033-1047 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper the finite element method (FEM) is used to analyse general, multiconductor transmission-line systems of arbitrary cross-section. The per-unit-length matrices of capacitance, inductance, conductance and resistance, which characterize a multiconductor transmission line, are obtained from the FEM analysis. Numerical results are presented and compared both with experimental results and other available data.
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  • 66
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1421-1440 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, a new formulation for two-dimensional time-domain transient elastodynamic analysis by the Boundary Element Method (BEM) is presented. The traction kernel is derived by using the causality of the waves and the resulting kernel is explicit and much simpler than the ones that have appeared in the recent literature. An appropriate set of linear time interpolation functions together with quadratic spatial variations are incorporated. Moreover, the algorithm has a capability of handling problems with multiply connected regions. All of these advanced features have resulted in an efficient formulation capable of producing very accurate results and represent significant improvements over the present level of sophistication in this area. This above algorithm is now a part of the general purpose BEM code known as GPBEST.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1455-1471 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The axisymmetric behaviour of geometrically non-linear elastic shells of revolution with finite rotations is discussed. In contrast to the approach of Reissner and to standard classical shell theories a new straightforward strategy is derived for the formulation of fully non-linear strain measures in the axisymmetric case. Within this approach the computation of the deformed director vector d is a main assumption which is essential to describe the fully non-linear bending behaviour. A Total Lagrangian Description is chosen to represent the large displacements. As an illustrative example the finite element formulation for a simple two-node conical element is given. A consistent linearization of the weak form leads to a quadratically convergence behaviour. The discussed shell examples under proportional loading show the good performance of the derived finite element formulation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1527-1537 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper we present a method for numerically solving the Schrödinger equation for the problem of electron transmission through a quantum device defined on a two-dimensional domain. An important aspect of our formulation is the treatment of the boundary conditions at the contact-device interfaces, allowing the problem to be discretized on the device domain only. With the FEM aproach that we employ, the nature of the potential field does not effect the computational expense (for smoothly varying fields). We examine a sample problem of a symmetric cavity in a wave-guide structure.
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  • 69
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990) 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 70
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1653-1679 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In a realistic analysis of thin-walled steel frames the warping of beam-columns of open cross-section must be considered. To model the behaviour of these structures up to collapse load, the plasticity of the material also has to be included in the analysis. This work presents the derivation of a new finite element for three-dimensional non-linear analysis of steel frames with bi-symmetrical cross-sections that models warping and elastic-plasticity. The displacement field is described by the Principle of Sectorial Areas and is modelled with Hermitian functions. For the material non-linearity the Incremental Plasticity Theory in a concentrated plasticity model has been used. The yield surfaces based on the natural stress resultants which include torsion and bimoment are used in the formulation of the element. The matrices of the proposed element are derived explicitly and implemented in a computer program which uses the Natural Approach. The implemented stress recovery process is insensitive to rigid-body motions. The accuracy of the finite element and the efficiency of the implementation are illustrated through examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 57-75 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element method (FEM) is presented for calculating the surface tractions on a body from internal measurements of displacement at discrete sensor locations. The solution algorithm employs a sensitivity analysis which minimizes the difference between the calculated and measured displacements at each sensor location. Spatial regularization is one technique employed to stabilize the minimization process by imposing various degrees of smoothness on the solution. It also allows the problem to be solved with fewer sensors than traction boundary nodes. As an alternative to spatial regularization, a method based on ‘keynodes’ is introduced which assumes that each component of the boundary traction distribution can be described by a polynomial of specified order. The methods are applied to several two-dimensional examples including a rolling contact problem. The effects of parameters such as the number of sensors, the location of the sensors and the error in the sensor displacements are discussed.
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  • 73
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 133-154 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A quasi-steady-state, integrated system model describing high temperature heat transfer, solidification and the action of capillarity in the Czochralski crystal growth process is solved by a finite element/Newton method. The numerical analysis couples the calculation of the temperature field in all phases and the determination of the melt/crystal and melt/gas interfaces and the crystal radius free boundaries. The analysis includes conductive heat transfer in the melt, crystal, crucible, pedestal, heater and the surrounding insulation and diffuse-grey radiation, which couples the heat transfer between surfaces, the crystal radius and the melt/gas free boundary through the view factors. Finite element approximations are used to reduce the entire problem to a coupled set of non-linear algebraic equations. These are solved simultaneously by Newton's method with the Jacobian matrix computed by a combination of closed form expressions and finite difference approximations. Quadratic convergence of the Newton iteration is demonstrated along with a factor of four increase in computational efficiency over a successive iteration procedure that decouples the calculation of radiation from the rest of the heat transfer model.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 331-347 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new Petrov-Galerkin method to deal with convection-diffusion problems is presented. The formulation is derived from the concept of using a modifying function to make the differential operator self-adjoint. The so-called ‘optimal upwind’ parameter (α) arises naturally from the process of approximating the modifying function. Transient and steady-state examples on uniform and non-uniform meshes are shown.
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  • 75
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 491-504 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The accuracy of numerical integration of the perfectly plastic constitutive equation of von Mises is examined. Based on the analysis of the three existing numerical integration schemes a unified numerical integration formula (UNIF) is derived, which encompasses the three existing schemes as special cases and allows one to integrate the constitutive equation more accurately. According to the UNIF there are, in fact, many integration schemes depending on the direction of the trial stress. The validity of the UNIF is verified by presenting ten contours of constant angular error calculated with the UNIF. We then come to the conclusion that the three widely used schemes are by no means the most accurate ones. Some other schemes with better accuracy are thereby suggested. The determination of the number of substeps is also discussed in conjunction with the UNIF, when a multi-step method is used.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 565-567 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 77
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 517-539 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An improved boundary element formulation (BEM) for two-dimensional non-homogeneous biharmonic analysis of rectilinear plates is presented. A boundary element formulation is developed from a coupled set of Poisson-type boundary integral equations derived from the governing non-homogeneous biharmonic equation. Emphasis is given to the development of exact expressions for the piecewise rectilinear boundary integration of the fundamental solution and its derivatives over several types of isoparametric elements. Incorporation of the explicit form of the integrations into the boundary element formulation improves the computational accuracy of the solution by substantially eliminating the error introduced by numerical quadrature, particularly those errors encountered near singularities. In addition, the single iterative nature of the exact calculations reduces the time necessary to compile the boundary system matrices and also provides a more rapid evaluation of internal point values than do formulations using regular numerical quadrature techniques. The evaluation of the domain integrations associated with biharmonic forms of the non-homogeneous terms of the governing equation are transformed to an equivalent set of boundary integrals. Transformations of this type are introduced to avoid the difficulties of domain integration. The resulting set of boundary integrals describing the domain contribution is generally evaluated numerically; however, some exact expressions for several commonly encountered non-homogeneous terms are used. Several numerical solutions of the deflection of rectilinear plates using the boundary element method (BEM) are presented and compared to existing numerical or exact solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990) 
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  • 79
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 679-696 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical simulation of conduction heat transfer in arbitrarily-shaped regions is relevant to many engineering applications including the casting of plastics and metals, cold region problems and latent heat storage. This class of problem offers its particular challenges. The accurate computational simulation of conduction with thermally-dependent properties requires a solution technique with good conservation properties. The boundary-fitted co-ordinates of an arbitrary solution domain typically yield grids which are non-orthogonal and which, consequently, make energy conservation difficult to model.In the current article, a technique is described to simulate accurately the conduction heat transfer in materials of thermally-dependent properties in irregular domains. The method combines boundary-fitted co-ordinates with the finite volume method, FVM, to produce a numerical technique which will accurately solve this non-linear conduction problem using a grid which may be highly skewed. This capability is achieved through a unique treatment of the cross-derivative terms that arise when the heat conduction equation is transformed to a non-orthogonal grid. The cross-derivative terms represent the non-normal components of the heat fluxes into the skewed control volume. The tangent components of the heat fluxes are interpreted in a special way to produce finite difference expressions which accurately model the cross-derivative partial.The numerical procedure is validated by comparing it against a purely analytical mathematical method. Although the numerical results have been obtained using a highly skewed grid, they exhibit close agreement with the analytically-derived solution.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 803-820 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The present paper describes recent advances and trends in finite element developments and applications for solidification problems. In particular, in comparison to traditional methods of approach, new enthalpy-based architectures based on a generalized trapezoidal family of representations are presented which provide different perspectives, physical interpretation and solution architectures for effective numerical simulation of phase change processes encountered in solidification problems. Various numerical test models are presented and the results support the proposition for employing such formulations for general phase change applications.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 73-103 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, a method for the non-linear dynamic analysis of rectangular plates that undergo large rigid body motions and small elastic deformations is presented. The large rigid body displacement of the plate is defined by the translation and rotation of a selected plate reference. The small elastic deformation of the midplane is defined in the plate co-ordinate system using the assumptions of the classical theories of plates. Non-linear terms that represent the dynamic coupling between the rigid body displacement and the elastic deformation are presented in a closed form in terms of a set of time-invariant scalars and matrices that depend on the assumed displacement field of the plate. In this paper, the case of simple two-parameter screw displacement, where the rigid body translation and rotation of the plate reference are, respectively, along and about an axis fixed in space, is first considered. The non-linear dynamic equations that govern the most general and arbitrary motion of the plate are also presented and both lumped and consistent mass formulations are discussed. The non-linear dynamic formulation presented in this paper can be used to develop a total Lagrangian finite element formulation for plates in multibody systems consisting of interconnected structural elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 847-860 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Based on the integral equation for the resultant forces along a crack, a numerical method is developed for the solution of two dimensional kinked crack problems taking crack contact into account. The method is demonstrated by a consideration of an elastic half-plane containing a piece-wise straight line crack. Two numerical examples are presented and compared to finite element calculations. The numerical results indicate that the present method can be an effective and reliable tool for investigations of kinked crack problems associated with crack contact.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1065-1077 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this study procedures for overcoming limit and bifurcation points in large-scale structural analysis problems are described and evaluated. The methods are based on Newton's method for the outer iterations, while for the linearized problem in each iteration the preconditioned truncated Lanczos method is employed. Special care is placed upon line search routines for accelerating the convergence properties and enhancing the stability of the outer method. The proposed methodology retains all characteristics of an iterative method by avoiding the factorization of the current stiffness matrix. The necessary eigenvalue information is retained in the tridiagonal matrix of the Lanczos approach.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1473-1485 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The paper presents numerical simulations for the prediction of thermal-stress and deformation fields resulting from phase change in solidifying bodies employing new finite element representations. The formulations developed in this paper provide different perspectives and physical interpretation for the modelling/analysis of thermo-mechanical problems and possess several inherent advantages. In comparison to traditional approaches for solving similar problems, the paper employs new computational architectures in conjunction with flux/stress based representations to enhance the overall effectiveness. Comparative numerical applications validate applicability of the formulations for predicting the temperature induced deformations and stresses resulting from effects due to phase change.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1539-1549 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper is concerned with the improvement of the efficiency and accuracy of the usual numerical integration procedures for the finite element method. A modified numerical integration scheme based on both the symbolic manipulation system and the numerical integration formula is proposed. Its efficiency for the integration of complicated rational or irrational expressions is demonstrated through several numerical examples. To verify its effectiveness in the calculation of the finite element stiffness matrix, a simple numerical example is also presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1569-1587 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper provides a finite element methodology (FEM) for the solution of several one-dimensional inverse solidification problems. In particular two design related problems will be addressed. The first one uses an inverse technique to calculate the boundary heat flux history that will achieve a specified velocity and flux at the freezing front. This front velocity and flux history can be appropriately selected so that the cast structure is controlled. The second problem is the calculation of the boundary heat flux and freezing front position, given appropriate estimates of the temperature field in a specified number of sensor locations (thermocouples) inside a solidifying body.Front fixing and front tracking FEM techniques are used for the solution of the first problem, while a fixed domain finite element formulation (enthalpy method) is used for the solution of the second one. The ‘future information technique’ is employed in both problems. A detailed analysis of the effect on the solution of the error in the data, amount of future information used, time step, number of sensors and their location and of other parameters in the solution will be examined via several numerical tests. Finally, further applications of such inverse methodologies on the control of casting processes will be mentioned.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1681-1699 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new concept for complex structural optimization problems is presented. Based on investigation of the mechanical nature of the studied problem, a set of basic mechanical characteristics can be introduced as the generalized variables. A high-quality explicit first-level approximate problem FA is formed by first-order Taylor series expansion of the behaviour constraints in terms of the generalized variables. The FA is explicit but highly non-linear with respect to design variables. Therefore, a second-level approximation is introduced to solve the FA by considering a sequence of second-level approximate problems SA in the design variable space. This approach is a Two-Level Approximation Concept. Its application to space frame synthesis shows its good grasp of the mechanical nature of the problem. The computational results for several examples show that the method presented in this paper is very efficient.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1737-1757 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In practical applications, it is often necessary to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a solid, in addition to the static response under a variety of loading conditions. This paper discusses the calculation of natural frequencies and mode shapes of three-dimensional solids using the boundary element method. The method developed is based on the use of particular integrals of the elastic equilibrium equations, and employs only real arithmetic. It represents an extension to three dimensions of work previously carried out for two-dimensional problems in References 1 and 15. The method has been incorporated, for multiregion analysis, in the BEST3D (Boundary Element Solution Technology - Three Dimensional) computer program.Much of the work described in this paper was carried out under the support of National Aeronautics and Space Administration Contract NAS3-23697, ‘3D Inelastic Analysis Methods for Hot Section Components’. The program managers at the NASA-Lewis Research Center are Dr C. C. Chamis and Mr Dale Hopkins. The program manager at Pratt & Whitney is Dr E. S. Todd Results of the boundary element calculations are compared with analytical, finite element and experimental results.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 91
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 307-330 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For the linear diffusion-convection model problem, this paper develops the numerical analysis of two classes of three-time-level second order finite difference schemes: weighed schemes similar to two-step schemes for differential equations and LF schemes based on the classical conservative approximation of the wave equation. As in our paper devoted to two-level schemes, Fourier Analysis is an essential tool which yields several key properties (stability, dissipation, numerical diffusion and dispersion). It also permits the analysis of parasitic solutions characteristic of three-level schemes and their control in terms of the starting scheme.The analysis is completed by giving results on the accuracy, positivity and parabolicity of the numerical schemes.The main conclusions are the expected superiority of these schemes over two-level schemes when the diffusion phenomenon is not negligible (cell Reynolds number less than 1) and the very limited possibilities of obtaining satisfactory numerical results (even with upstream differencing) when convection is strongly predominating.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 92
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 473-489 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A modified global approach to choosing stress terms for hybrid finite elements in plane stress problems is based on the known requirement of minimum number of stress parameters. Let nβ be the number of independent β-stress parameters, nq the number of nodal displacements and nR the number of rigid body degrees of freedom, then the satisfaction of the criterion nβ ≥ nq - nR of the assembled structure instead of the individual element enables the reduction of nβ. New rectangular hybrid transition elements applied in adaptive mesh refinement and a new eight node rectangular invariant element including only 12 β parameters, based on the modified criterion, are presented here.The new elements, which are used in order to analyse the stress singularity of two bonded elastic plates of different materials, yield reliable results compared with results based on classical hybrid elements, displacement elements and the analytic solution.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1131-1134 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. ii 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1193-1203 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general formulation is presented for the tangent constitutive matrices of rate-independent material models which assume that the strain increment consists of two components. One component is related to the stress increment through a known constitutive matrix, while the other component results from deformation mechanisms not reflected in the constitutive matrix. The procedure to modify the known matrix for these additional strains is specified. The formulation is a generalization of the well-known procedure used in plasticity to modify the elastic constitutive matrix for plastic deformation. Application to both the classical and endochronic theories of plasticity and to a smeared crack theory is illustrated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 96
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1247-1269 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper a new approach to the development of a posteriori error indicators for the direct boundary element method (BEM) is presented. It takes advantage of a unique opportunity offered by the collocation BEM, that is the possibility of obtaining more than one numerical solution from a given boundary element mesh. Unlike other approaches, the error indicator introduced in the present paper does not require any explicit evaluation of the residual of the approximate solution. In order to test the capability of the proposed error indicators to actually control a selective mesh refinement process, an h-adaptive refinement strategy is also described, together with the criteria for refinement and for the termination of the adaptive process. Full details on the whole numerical implementation for two-dimensional problems are provided. In particular, there is described a direct method for the numerical evaluation of Cauchy principal value integrals. Numerical examples show that pointwise convergence is always obtained in a few steps and the final meshes look nearly as if they were designed by an expert analyst.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 97
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1323-1341 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: With the aid of Muskhelishvili's complex plane elasticity solution representation compatible displacement and stress fields are constructed. The complex functions in these formulas are represented by Cauchy integrals, which are discretized along the boundary with the aid of complex shape functions for each boundary element. The constructed displacement and stress functions satisfy the Navier equations and the equilibrium equations, respectively. The use of fifth order complex basis functions with continuous second complex derivatives gives numerical results of high accuracy.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1727-1735 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Several formulations of the Boundary Element Method (BEM) are examined herein in the context of heterogeneous media. A strong singularity develops at re-entrant interzonal corners and its effect is made more acute by large differences in the material properties. The effects of this singularity on the performance of the various BEM formulations are illustrated with examples. It is concluded that the direct BEM, either in the collocation or Galerkin formulations, is unable to give good results in zones of low conductivity. On the other hand the indirect BEM does not adequately reproduce the behaviour of the flow field near boundaries. A multi-step version of the direct BEM is formulated to eliminate the difficulties introduced by the interzonal singularities.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 13-26 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We construct a set of polynomials ϕn(x,ζ) which are orthogonal with respect to w(x)/(x - ζ)2, where w x is a weight function. These polynomials can be used for the definition of a Gauss quadrature formula for the finite part integral The process is exactly the same as the one used for the extraction of the classical Gauss formula for the Riemann integrals. Three different methods are derived.The first and most accurate quadrature formula is successfully tested in some numerical examples. The proposed quadrature formulas have many applications in problems of mathematical physics, mechanics, etc.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 100
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 77-97 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general treatment is presented for modelling the dynamics of a flexible multibody system, using a lumped mass finite element approach. The system topology considered here is defined as an arbitrary combination of both rigid and flexible bodies, connected together by joints that permit translation and compliance, in a general tree configuration. An extension to handle closed loop kinematic chains is also indicated. Kane's theory of generalized speeds, which is based on the Lagrange-D'Alembert principle, is used to derive the equations of motion, and this results in a very efficient computer oriented methodology for solving the dynamics of such large mechanical systems. To facilitate numerical computations, these dynamical equations are transformed into a system of first-order differential equations for an explicit formulation of the problem. The accuracy of the proposed formulation is assessed via three examples with known solutions. The results obtained indicate the method is accurate, efficient and versatile for the analysis of a general, flexible multibody system.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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