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  • Electronic Resource  (332,403)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A measurement of τ polarization in Z^0 decays (1992-8977)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 294 (1992), S. 466-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370-2693(92)91549-O
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the average lifetime of b hadrons (1993-4325)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 317 (1993), S. 474-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370-2693(93)91027-K
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial Announcement (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00204.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategic Choice of the Price Structure and Entry Deterrence Under Price Cap Regulation (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper shows that a price-capped firm under the threat of entry in some of the markets it serves can strategically manipulate its price structure to deter entry. In doing so, the regulated firm uses the price cap constraint as a commitment device to an aggressive pricing behaviour in case of entry. A (dynamic) price cap generally entails that the prices allowed today are a function of the previous-period prices and that the tighter is the constraint on each price, the larger is the quantity sold of this good in the previous period. Hence, the regulated firm may strategically choose its price structure before entry to place a tighter regulatory control on the prices set in the (potentially) competitive markets and to make it optimal to charge in these markets – in case of entry – prices so low that entry is unprofitable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00208.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agency Cost of Debt and Credit Market Imperfections: A Bargaining Approach (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies the effect of credit market imperfections, measured by the relative bargaining power of banks, on the agency costs of debt finance. The threshold of obtaining loan finance is shown to be independent of the relative bargaining power of the financier. However, lower relative bargaining power of banks leads to lower lending rates and investment return distributions with lower, but less risky returns. Thus, our analysis does not support the view, presented in a large existing literature, that there would be a trade-off between reduced credit market imperfections and higher agency costs of debt finance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00210.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective Schools (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies how schooling admission tests affect economic performance in an economy where individuals are endowed with both academic and non-academic abilities and both abilities matter for labour productivity. We develop a simple model with schools run by the goverment, where individuals signal their abilities by taking an admission test and sort into low quality and high quality schools. When abilities are poorly correlated in the population, as documented in the literature, a standard test based only on academic abilities can be less efficient than a balanced test, which considers both ability types. We show that a sequential testing strategy, with schools testing academic abilities and firms testing non-academic abilities on the sub-sample of graduates of high quality schools, does not necessarily replicate the outcome of a balanced test.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00198.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Debt, Growth and Budgetary Regimes (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Within the Barro (1990) model of productive public services, but with the inclusion of public debt, we derive and characterize on the balanced growth path, a set of welfare-maximizing fiscal rules under two budgetary regimes – one with only the standard dynamic government budget constraint, and the other involving the golden rule of public finance. We demonstrate analytically that the optimal fiscal policy differs in the two budgetary regimes considered. We also analyse two cases within the second regime: one, where the ratio of current spending to tax revenues is parametrically given, and another, where this ratio is optimally chosen by the government.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00200.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Delaying Effect of Financing Constraints on Investment (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We develop a simple model in which a firm considers a number of investment projects. Because of limited financial resources, the firm can undertake at most one project. In line with the literature on real options we stress features like irreversibility, uncertainty and the possibility of postponing the investment decision and show under which conditions limited availability of funds tends to increase the value of waiting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00202.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal Emissions Taxation under Imperfect Competition in a Durable Good Industry (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates optimal emissions taxation under imperfect competition in a durable good industry where products are sold (instead of rented). As a benchmark, attention is paid to the special case of monopoly with exogenously given product durability. In line with previous literature, the optimal emission tax in this benchmark model falls short of marginal damage (underinternalization). Extending the benchmark model either to the case of an oligopolistic market structure and/or to the case of endogenous product durability then provides two cases in which the optimal emission tax overinternalizes marginal damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00192.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative risk aversion, relative prudence and comparative statics under uncertainty: The case of (μ, σ)-preferences (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: From the expected-utility approach, relative risk aversion being smaller than one and relative prudence being smaller than two emerge as preference restrictions that fully determine the optimal responses of decisions under uncertainty to certain shifts in probability distributions. We characterize the magnitudes of relative risk aversion and relative prudence in terms of the two-parameter, mean-standard deviation approach. We demonstrate that this characterization is instrumental in obtaining comparative static results in the two-parameter setting. We further relate our findings to the results in the expected-utility framework.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00194.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Second degree price discrimination and natural monopoly (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper considers the efficiency of a contestable natural monopoly if consumers are heterogeneous and the monopolist can differentiate prices imperfectly. The paper shows that a “no-distortion-at-the-top” result, which is standard in models with restricted entry, may also appear in a contestable market. Depending on cost and demand structures, first best efficiency can also be a sustainable equilibrium. However, due to the existence of a continuum of equilibria, first best efficiency is not guaranteed. Most notably, even a stable “distortion-at-the-top” result is possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00196.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collective Goods, Common Agency, and Third-Party Intervention (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Voluntary contributions to multiple public goods may involve many contributors (principals) who condition their payments to a single provider (agent) based on realized provision. If the agent's efforts on these goods are unobservable, then a common agency problem results with a third-best outcome owing to agency costs, free riding, and competitive interests. The latter manifests itself in the principals punishing the agent for providing an alternative public good (for which they have no interest) to a different set of principals. Remedies may require multiple policy instruments unlike the standard prescription for the public good or common agency problem in isolation. Moreover, the sequence of actions is essential for addressing the combined problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00185.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fuzzy Targeting Indices and Orderings (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The targeting efficiency and the coverage of social programs for the poor are typically analyzed by partitioning the total population in four mutually exclusive groups: the poor who benefit from a program or policy, the poor who do not benefit, the non-poor who benefit, and the non-poor who do not benefit. While useful, this partition into crisp sets may not capture the difficulty of identifying the poor. This paper presents a method that consists of using a membership function to identify to what extent households can be considered as poor or non-poor. The method builds on fuzzy sets theory whereby the definition of the boundaries of a set, say the poor or the non-poor, is fuzzy. We characterize the properties that membership functions should have, and we test for the robustness of targeting performance comparisons to the choice of the membership function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00187.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Equivalence of Two Concepts of Returns to Scale (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We examine the relationship between two widely used concepts of returns to scale at different levels of analysis. We show that while their weak global versions are equivalent, the strict global versions are not so. Versions at a given input vector are never equivalent, which invalidates a result by Ide and Takayama (1987).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00189.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk aversion and risk loving in the small: a decomposition of the multivariate risk premium (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This note proposes a decomposition of the familiar scalar multivariate risk premium into components which can be easily interpreted in the context of consumer theory. The premium under consideration is the standard one used to ascertain the impact of price and income risk on consumer welfare. This proposed premium decomposition allows for a more intuitive identification of the detrimental and beneficial effects that arise from income and price risk. As an illustrative example, this decomposition is used to ascertain the welfare effects arising from the price fluctuations experienced by UK households over the period 1963–97.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00190.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responsibility and Global Labor Justice (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00205.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Democratic Theory and Political Campaigns (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00196.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aboriginal Art and Identity: Crossing the Border of Law's Imagination (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00189.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feminist Politics and Feminist Pluralism: Can We Do Feminist Political Theory Without Theories of Gender? (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00207.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arguing and Observing: Internal and External Critiques of Judicial Impartiality* (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00199.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Republican Cosmopolitanism* (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00203.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arguing for Majority Rule* (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00190.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial: managing R&D in China (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00344.x
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chinese R&D: naissance, renaissance, or mirage? (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: China's re-emergence has been treated mostly from economic and political standpoints. This article integrates these perspectives with a review of China's modern history of research and development (R&D). It starts with a brief retrospective of China's efforts in science and technology before the reforms of 1978. It then discusses China's principle R&D issues in the early 1980s and the most significant results of 20 years of rapid industrialization. Based on this historic review and a wide literature analysis, some observations are made about China's R&D capabilities in the first years of the new millennium as well as what challenges may still lie ahead for China before becoming a leading source of scientific and technological innovation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00346.x
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequential learning in a Chinese spin-off: the case of Lenovo Group Limited (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper analyzes the learning process and sequential capabilities development in Lenovo, China's most successful PC manufacturer, which originated as a spin-off from a government-supported research institute. The case study reveals this firm's evolutionary, path-dependent and stage-wise progress from initial sales, distribution and service activities to manufacturing, product and process design and, finally developmental R&D. The study shows the interaction among the firm's changing environment, its competitive strategy, and its set of resources and capabilities. The case has implications for research on such organizations, as well as implications for management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00349.x
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motivations and barriers of foreign R&D activities in China (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The continued growth of the Chinese economy accompanied with the expansion of international investment in China has led to an increase in foreign research and development (R&D) activities in the country. Aside from the rising importance of R&D internationalization, research on foreign R&D in China has been neglected in the past due to its emerging status. In this article we examine drivers and barriers for conducting R&D in China. The focus of our research is on transnational companies typically characterized by decentralized R&D activities. Our research is mainly based on qualitative interviews with senior R&D managers. The success of foreign R&D activities in China strongly depends on the realistic estimation of its advantages and the proper identification and handling of barriers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00350.x
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Kathleen Walsh, Foreign High-Tech R&D in China: Risks, Rewards and Implications for US-China Relations Review of leading Chinese journals reporting on R&D management and innovation G. C. Chow, Knowing China
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00353.x
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstracts and titles of papers (Chinese version) (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00354.x
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    R&D in China: an empirical study of Taiwanese IT companies (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study extends the research on R&D (research and development) internationalization to a new environmental context (two Asian newly-industrialized economies, mainland China and Taiwan). Based on a survey of 56 major Taiwanese information technology (IT) companies, the status of R&D internationalization with Taiwan as the home and mainland China as the host is investigated. Human-capital-augmentation is found to be the key motive for Taiwanese IT companies to extend R&D activities to the mainland. Accessing capable yet cost effective local engineers with an additional benefit of geographical and linguistic proximity is the major context of this motive. The location decision is based on three considerations – access to engineers, proximity to manufacturing site, and competition avoidance. Finally, three operational patterns of conducting the international design and development (D&D) activities are categorized, which are ‘home-base-integration’, ‘host-base-integration’, and ‘product life cycle’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00352.x
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilizing the balanced scorecard for R&D performance measurement (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: R&D programs are critical for many firms to achieve and sustain competitive advantage. Yet, measuring R&D performance over time can be quite complex due to inherent uncertainty. The paper responds to calls in the R&D literature to explore integrated performance measurement systems that capture financial and nonfinancial performance. We integrate the Stage-Gate approach to R&D management with the Balanced Scorecard to present a framework to show how firms can link resource commitments to these activities and the firm's strategic objectives. In this paper, we provide specific examples of how firms can apply this integrated performance measurement system to the R&D function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00335.x
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use and importance of external sources of knowledge in the software development process (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This is an empirical study of external sources of knowledge and their relative importance in different stages of the software development process. The amount of new knowledge generated through different sources and the differences between single client, customised and packaged software, are analysed. The analysis draws on case studies of 92, mostly European, software projects, and a pilot study. It shows the length, type, and relative importance of 718 sources of external knowledge in the software development process. The data collected show that there are important differences between tangible hardware and software projects with respect to the relative importance of the various sources and the knowledge acquired from these sources; differences which in part may be derived from the special characteristics of software in contrast to hardware development projects. Frequently the customers cannot specify exactly what they want, which means that the development process must be kept open to customer influence and feedback which may result in changes in the requirements, and subsequent modifications in the software.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00336.x
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    New models for measuring the R&D performance and identifying the productivity of public research institutes (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Research evaluation of public institutes is important for measuring the performance of the science sector and improving the cost effectiveness and efficiency of public resource allocation. The purpose of this article is to construct a means of classifying publicly-funded R&D institutions and their performance (high or low). The main findings are two research performance functions, created using discriminant analysis with direct and Wilks methods, which have been successfully applied to 200 public research institutes belonging to the Italian National Research Council. The large number of indicators used within the models creates a macro index that produce, as output, the research performance score. The data analysed is from the 2001 period. The results show that 22.5% of public labs fall into the ‘high performance institute’ bracket and that they have a site larger than ‘low performance institutes’. The models are useful tools for decision making within the research bodies and for reducing X-inefficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00338.x
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  • 33
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    The effects of funding source and management ownership on the productivity of R&D (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study investigates the influence of the source of R&D funds and management ownership on R&D productivity. The lagged effect of the source of R&D funds on R&D output is investigated for a sample of US manufacturing firms in five industries over the 1996–99 period. Estimates based on 779 firm-years show that R&D productivity increases with the proportion of stock held by managers and directors of firms primarily in the Other Electronics industry. The estimates also show that recipients of government-sponsored R&D funds in the Chemicals industry have lower levels of output (sales) for each dollar committed to R&D. In addition, output for firms in the Chemicals industry worsens as management stockholding increases, implying an agency cost rationale for the observed difference in output. The implication is that firms with high manager-owner content are less productive with government-sponsored R&D than with company-financed R&D. The reported results suggest that potential agency costs should be incorporated in government-sponsored R&D contracts. It also suggests that the source of R&D funds should be disclosed and incorporated into the valuation of intangible assets attributable to research and development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00339.x
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  • 34
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    The effects of knowledge attribute, alliance characteristics, and absorptive capacity on knowledge transfer performance (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of knowledge attribute, alliance characteristics, and firm's absorptive capacity on the performance of knowledge transfer. Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses in a sample of 137 alliance cases. The findings suggest that knowledge transfer performance is positively affected by the explicitness of knowledge and firm's absorptive capacity; that equity-based alliance will transfer tacit knowledge more effectively while contract-base alliance is more effective for the transfer of explicit knowledge; and that trust and adjustment have positive effects while conflict possesses a curvilinear effect on knowledge transfer performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00341.x
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  • 35
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    Networks and innovation: sustainable technologies in Scottish social housing (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The process of innovation often involves the participation of several firms and organisations in a network. This paper improves our understanding of the role of inter-organisational relations in such networks. It assesses how sustainable technologies in the Scottish social housing sector are introduced and diffused. Drawing on detailed interviews, the paper shows that despite policy initiatives by the National Housing Agency to encourage sustainable technologies and processes, a number of factors related to the organisational structure of the construction industry militate against the achievement of this objective. The different aims of the parties involved in the construction chain may not be easily reconciled and traditional approaches to construction may reinforce these differences, hindering efforts to introduce innovation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00342.x
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  • 36
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    Book Reviews (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Book Reviewed:Knut Holt, Market Oriented Product InnovationBarrie G. Dale, Managing QualityHenry Chesborough, Open Innovation
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00343.x
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  • 37
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    The effects of environment, knowledge attribute, organizational climate, and firm characteristics on knowledge sourcing decisions (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Knowledge has been widely recognized as a critical resource for competitive advantage of the firms. However, little has been done in the literature regarding under what conditions that firms should develop knowledge internally or acquire knowledge from outside. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of some key factors including environment, organizational climate, firm characteristics, and knowledge attribute, on the firm's decision to knowledge sourcing. Our findings suggest that firms are more likely to develop knowledge internally if the environment is less munificent and dynamic; if the knowledge is more specific to them; if they possess higher levels of intention, autonomy, and requisite variety; and if they have abundant development experience and sufficient capabilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00329.x
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  • 38
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    A model of R&D leadership and team communication: the relationship with project performance (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Industrial research and development (R&D) involves the processing and transformation of new knowledge into a commercially valuable outcome. Communication is an effective mechanism to translate, share and integrate new information into commercial products or processes. We developed a five-factor model of team communication comprising: leadership role performance, team boundary spanning, communication safety, team reflexivity and task communication and tested the model using a one-year longitudinal study. Analyses were conducted on team level data from 56 teams, comprising 350 employees. Independent measures of project performance were obtained from surveys of research managers as well as project customers. Three findings emerged. Different factors predicted different stakeholders' ratings of project performance. Communication safety was the strongest predictor of customer ratings of performance. Boundary spanning is most effective when performed by the project leader not the team.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00330.x
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  • 39
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    Book reviews (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Marcela Miozzo and Ian Miles, Edward Elgar, Internationalization, Technology and ServicesMario Calderini, Paulo Garrone and Maurizio Sobrero, Edward Elgar, Corporate Governance, Market Structure and InnovationJeffrey James, Edward Elgar, Bridging the Global Digital DivideGraeme Salaman and David Asch, Strategy and Capability – Sustaining Organizational ChangeBettina van Stamm, Managing Innovation, Design & CreativityM. Lagnevik, I. Sjöholm, A. Lareke and J. Ôstberg, The Dynamics of Innovation Clusters. A Study of the Food Industry
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00334.x
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  • 40
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    The implicit use of business concepts in the UK Research Assessment Exercise (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Research assessment exercises covering universities in the United Kingdom were established to produce quality ratings as a basis for allocating much of the research funding from central government. They represent some of the largest research management exercises ever undertaken. Amongst other aspects of university performance, the publications of all ‘research active’ UK academics are evaluated. This paper describes the way in which quality was assessed and funds were allocated as a result of the 1992, 1996 and 2001 exercises. It looks at how the exercises might continue to evolve and the value of a further exercise.The strategies adopted by universities to maximise their ratings and their income are also considered. Universities have improved their research performance and their reporting methods in response to changes in the criteria and weightings used in the exercise. In parallel the HEFC (Higher Education Funding Council) has changed the ways in which funds have been distributed once the level of research performance has been determined.The exercises have received much criticism as well as an acceptance that they have changed the culture of academic research. This paper considers the parallel evolution of trends in the management of R&D in business with trends in the management of university research via these exercises. There are underlying assumptions that seem to influence the transfer of policy design principles and management lessons between the two sectors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00325.x
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  • 41
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    Integration planning for technology intensive acquisitions (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Rapid technological change, growing technological complexity and shortening product life cycles increasingly force companies to source technologies externally. One means of building up competencies and fostering innovation based on external resources such as knowledge is through the acquisition of technology-based companies. However as literature and practice have shown, technologically motivated and intensive acquisitions are highly vulnerable to failure. One of the main reasons for this value destruction lies in the miscarried and inappropriate integration of the technology-based company after the acquisition.Based on eight in-depth case studies on technology intensive acquisitions in multi-national technology-based companies this paper aims to identify the main causes of failure in internalizing external knowledge during the integration of technology intensive acquisitions. It was derived that a lack of integrative decision-making, of systemic processes and of a holistic change of both companies during the integration hinders successful knowledge sourcing through acquisitions. Based on these findings, a concept for integration planning which is tailored towards the specific characteristics of technology intensive acquisitions is proposed. This concept is embedded in the acquisition process and encompasses the development of an appropriate integration strategy and the determination, assessment and planning of the required integration projects thus fostering successful knowledge sourcing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00356.x
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  • 42
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    Leveraging knowledge assets: combinative capabilities – theory and practice (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Since the publication of Prahalad and Hamel's (1990) seminal paper on core competencies, leveraging technological competencies has become a topic in the resource-based literature. This paper focuses on the creation of combinative capabilities and explains the logic of leveraging resources by combining them. Furthermore, the paper explains on which company levels combinations can be expected to occur and how firms can apply combinations to commercial ends. A case study illustrates one possible way for firms to support such combinations and describes how companies can develop a new organisational form for R&D that is more able to overcome the limitations of functional and divisional forms of R&D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00358.x
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  • 43
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    Supporting the technology-push of a discontinuous innovation in practice (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The hydraulic power generation business is usually faced with continuous innovation, meaning that progress is rather made in small than in large steps. Nevertheless, there are currently some examples of discontinuous innovation, the Powerformer-technology being one of them. The implying difficulties for successful innovation are internal communication and linking the technology to the most suitable markets. In order to proficiently push the Powerformer-technology onto the markets, an appropriate procedure is identified and implemented to practice.First, a SWOT-analysis is used for assessing the competitive product concept of this discontinuous innovation. This contributed the specific calls for action. Second, the identified procedure for leveraging this technology-push aggregates the technology choice tool, roadmapping and a process for technology commercialization. As a result, specified market segments, a market penetration schedule as well as development and design aims were defined. This paper intends to give a practice example on how the mentioned methodologies were applied for the technology-push of a discontinuous innovation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00361.x
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  • 44
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    The Lead User method: an outline of empirical findings and issues for future research (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In order to reduce the risks of failure usually associated with NPD, leading companies such as 3M, HILTI, or Johnson&Johnson are increasingly working with so-called Lead Users. Their identification and involvement is supported by the Lead User method – a multi stage approach aiming to generate innovative new product concepts and to enhance the effectiveness of cross-functional innovation teams. While the Lead User method is frequently cited in the literature, yet, there are only limited attempts to comprehensively discuss how this approach is embedded in theories and empirical findings of innovation and marketing research. Therefore the Lead User method is in the focus of the present paper, both with respect to its theoretical foundation and its implementation into the innovation management system. First, empirical research on user innovations is reviewed to clarify the theoretical foundation of the Lead User method. Second the attention is drawn to the Lead User practice by discussing the various process steps of this specific approach on the basis of two applications of the method. Based on this discussion, we outline open questions related with the practical implementation of the Lead User method in order to start an agenda for future research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00362.x
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  • 45
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    Implementing industrial sustainability: the research issues in technology management (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper ties together issues in the implementation of industrial sustainability and the contribution that technology management research has to offer. The idea of sustainability seems to be slowly attracting more attention. Discussion occurs not only amongst world governments, academics and NGOs, but also in industry. Industrial sustainability now appears to be moving up the management agenda in many organisations. Corporate reputation and shareholder value may be at stake for organisations which cannot demonstrate a rational position on sustainability. However, despite this increasing awareness, in practice there are a number of barriers to the implementation of industrial sustainability ideas. For a start, it is unclear what industrial sustainability means in practical terms. The business case for implementation is often built on individual conviction or motivational case examples, rather than being grounded in solid theory with associated frameworks, guidelines and tools. Particular challenges facing organisations include the choice of appropriate product and process technologies, lifecycle valuation techniques, changing employee and other stakeholder mindsets, and possibly most importantly, creating a new business model altogether.In light of these issues, this paper sets out to review the contribution that technology management research can make towards the effective implementation of industrial sustainability. Considerations include the cross-functional and cross-organisational issues of implementation – bringing together various business units and functions within a company, and the many players in a supply chain, with the goal of improving environmental, social and economic performance in parallel. There is a need to develop new methods for technology valuation which integrate the concept of triple bottom line accountability and existing technology strategy in organisations could be extended, to include the wider set of values that underpin the concepts of industrial sustainability. The critical research needs for this to be achieved are identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00360.x
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  • 46
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    The evolution of a local R&D strategy: the experience of a service in the UK National Health Service (NHS) (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Increasing concern about the state of health-related research in the UK in the 80s and early 90s, led to an influential parliamentary review. The consequence of this was to strengthen health research through a programme that was fully integrated into the management structure of the NHS. No country had ever attempted such an ambitious approach (Black, 1997). In 1994 a far-reaching review, recommended further, revolutionary changes to the management of R&D in the UK National Health Service (Culyer, 1994). Many of these were implemented in 1997 with the result that every UK health service at regional and local level has developed an infrastructure, and management arrangements for R&D activity. In most local areas, hospitals with significant involvement in R&D have been eligible to bid to the UK Department of Health for NHS R&D Support funds.In Nottingham, three Hospital Trusts and a community based service made bids to the Department of Health and received grants to support R&D. This paper focuses on one of the hospital Trusts - the mental health service in Nottingham. Our experience will be of particular interest as the first bid that the mental health service made was spectacularly unsuccessful. The organisation was forced to consider dis-investment in its existing research infrastructure and a potential negative impact on the provision of patient care. This led to a wide-ranging consultation and evaluation of research and research-related activity. A range of approaches and tools were deployed to develop the strategy and to ensure its successful implementation and evolution. The strategy reflected a balanced approach, taking into account historical and organisational research strengths, while recognising the need to build capacity and capability, enhance foresight capability and strengthen the knowledge base. The ability to contribute to, and influence policy and practice has been a key driver of the strategy.The result was a successful bid and the evolution of an R&D strategy that has been flexible in its response to policy changes, changing local circumstances and wider socio-economic trends and technical innovations. Furthermore, R&D performance, measured through outputs, impacts and income, has continually improved and increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00322.x
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  • 47
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    Choosing research priorities by using the analytic hierarchy process: an application to international agriculture (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In order to strengthen research coordination and increase the effectiveness of investments, the Swiss Centre for International Agriculture (ZIL) embarked on a formal priority-setting exercise. The paper documents the decision-making process, examines the application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as decision-support tool, and discusses the outcome of the process. Starting with a set of alternative research areas and potential decision criteria, the process went through several steps where necessary information was gathered and processed, criteria structured and weighted, and alternative research areas assessed against criteria. The AHP helped structure the multi-criteria decision problem, elicit criteria weights, and evaluate the expected contributions of the alternatives to the previously defined objectives. The outcome of the process was a prioritized list of potential research areas for ZIL's next programme phase. Sensitivity analysis was performed to test the stability of the priority ranking. The paper concludes with a discussion on the group decision-making process and an outlook onto the next steps towards a better focused research agenda of ZIL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00324.x
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  • 48
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    Book reviews (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:R. Woodhead and J. McCuish, Thomas Telford., Achieving Results: How to Create ValueGrazia D. Santangelo, Innovation in Multinational Corporations in the Information Age: The Experience of the European ICT IndustryCharles Edquist, Edward Elgar, The Internet and Mobile Telecommunications Systems of InnovationTakuji Hara, Edward Elgar, Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry: The Processes of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentNiko Marcel Waesche, Edward Elgar, Internet Entrepreneurship in Europe: Venture Failure and the Timing of Telecommunications Reform
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00326.x
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  • 49
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    Export Credit Guarantees, Moral Hazard and Exports Quality (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We analyse the role played by export credit guarantees (ECGs) in encouraging exports to developing countries. The existence of moral hazard on the side of the firm is introduced. We show that the inability of the exporter's government to verify the actual quality of the product will limit its ability to encourage trade through ECGs, once the coverage provided goes beyond a certain threshold. This result provides a rationale behind the limited coverage on ECGs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00206.x
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  • 50
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    Firm Size Distribution in Small Samples (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Sutton (1998) has recently proposed a theoretical lower bound to firm size inequality when a market is made of several independent submarkets. His results are valid asymptotically, as the number of submarkets becomes arbitrarily large. We show that, in small samples, his results can be interpreted as a positive relationship between an index of firm size inequality and the number of submarkets. We also test this relationship in the Italian motor insurance market.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00205.x
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    A Fourth Desideratum: The CES Cost Function and the Sustainable Configuration of Multiproduct Firms (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: For many parameter vectors, the sustainable configuration of an industry where multiproduct firms have CES cost functions fails to imply the existence of a multiplicity of multiproduct firms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00207.x
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  • 52
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    Output Variability and Economic Growth: the Japanese Case (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We examine the empirical relationship between output variability and output growth using quarterly data for the 1961–2000 period for the Japanese economy. Using three different specifications of GARCH models, namely, Bollerslev's model, Taylor/Schwert's model, and Nelson's EGARCH model, we obtain two important results. First, we find robust evidence that the “in-mean” coefficient is not statistically significant. This evidence is consistent with Speight's (1999) analysis of UK data and implies that output variability does not affect output growth. In other words, this finding supports several real business cycle theories of economic fluctuations. Second, we find no evidence of asymmetry between output variability and growth, a result consistent with Hamori (2000).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00209.x
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    Currency Options and Export-Flexible Firms (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the production and hedging decisions of a globally competitive firm under exchange rate uncertainty. The firm is risk averse and possesses export flexibility in that it can distribute its output to either the domestic market or a foreign market after observing the realized spot exchange rate. To hedge against its exchange rate risk exposure, the firm can trade fairly priced currency call options of an arbitrary strike price. We show that both the separation and the full-hedging results hold if the strike price of the currency call options is set equal to the ratio of the domestic and foreign selling prices. Otherwise, neither result holds. Specifically, we show that the optimal level of output is always less than that of an otherwise identical firm that is risk neutral. Furthermore, an under-hedge (over-hedge) is optimal whenever the strike price of the currency call options is below (above) the ratio of the domestic and foreign selling prices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00211.x
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  • 54
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    Compulsory Schooling Laws and the Cure for Child Labour (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper provides an explanation for the existence of child labour which relies on the imperfect enforcement of compulsory schooling laws. In the presence of complementarities in the production of human capital that justify legislative intervention, mandatory measures ensure that coordination failures are solved so that all parents send their children to school and the socially optimal equilibrium is reached. However, if enforcement of legislation is too low, multiple equilibria emerge. In this case, compulsory schooling laws may have adverse welfare effects on all households.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00199.x
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    Inflation, Shadow Prices and the EMU: Evidence From Greece (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper examines whether inflation systematically distorts the informational content of price signals. A shadow cost function is specified, and the deviation of shadow from actual prices is modeled as a function of the level of economy-wide inflation, as well as other conditioning variables like budget deficits and changes in inflation rate. It is found that inflation is associated with significant allocative costs in most Greek manufacturing sectors. Measures of cost gains resulting from Greece's convergence towards the EMU are provided and the policy implications are explored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00201.x
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  • 56
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    Folk Theorem For Bilateral Bargaining with Vector Endowments (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We analyse a bargaining game of two players on the division of the sum of their vector endowments, with alternating proposals and discounting of single period utilities. The pair of endowments is not weakly Pareto-efficient. Until they reach an agreement, each of the parties can withdraw from bargaining and keep their endowments. Any strictly individually rational division of the sum of endowments can emerge in some subgame perfect equilibrium if discount factors are close enough to one. Each subgame perfect equilibrium, in which the parties’ decisions do not depend on past rejected proposals, leads to a weakly Pareto-efficient agreement in the first period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00203.x
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    How Much of the Gender Difference in Child School Enrolment Can Be Explained? Evidence from Rural India (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There are significant gender differences in child schooling in the Indian states though very few studies explain this gender difference. Unlike most existing studies we take account of the implicit and explicit opportunity costs of schooling and use a bivariate probit model to jointly determine a child's participation in school and market jobs. Results obtained from the World Institute of Development Economics Research (WIDER) villages in West Bengal suggest that indicators of household resources, parental preferences, returns to and opportunity costs of domestic work significantly affect child school enrolment. While household resources have similar effects on enrolment of boys and girls, other arguments tend to explain a part of the observed gender difference. Even after taking account of all possible arguments, there remains a large variation in gender differences in child schooling that cannot be explained by differences in male and female characteristics in our sample.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00193.x
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    Factor Endowments and the Private Provision of Public Goods (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper examines the consequences of increasing the size of the community in the standard model of the private provision of public goods when costs are variable. In contrast to an economy with fixed costs, the provision of the public good can fall with a larger community, and an increased provision of the public good is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for individual utility to rise. The paper also contributes to the literature on immiserizing growth in that it shows that capital accumulation can possibly result in lower utility for all individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00195.x
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    Quasi-geometric discounting: A closed-form solution under the exponential utility function (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies a discrete-time utility maximization problem of an infinitely-lived quasi-geometric consumer whose labour income is subject to uninsurable idiosyncratic productivity shocks. We restrict attention to a first-order Markov recursive solution. We show that under the assumption of the exponential utility function, the problem of the quasi-geometric consumer admits a closed-form solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00197.x
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    Comparing the True Cost of Living Indices of Demographically Different Households (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The comparison of true cost of living indices between demographically different households (relative equivalence scale) is argued to be sensitive to the way demographic characteristics enter demand analysis. In particular, parameters reflecting the cost of demographic characteristics at base prices, though themselves do not have welfare (equivalence scale) interpretation, can alter the benchmark from which demographically varying inflation effects are measured. The empirical analysis, based on a rank-3 demand system applied to UK individual household data, shows that the inflation adjustment of child benefits can vary with the way demographic costs at base period prices are specified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00186.x
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    A Model of Balance-of-Payments Crises due to External Shocks: Monetary vs. Fiscal Approaches (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper develops a model for balance-of-payments (BOP) crises triggered by an external shock. Whether an external shock induces a BOP crisis depends crucially on the sequence of policy actions taken by the government's monetary and fiscal authorities. If the fiscal authority moves first and imposes an exogenous constraint on the monetary authority, an external shock can lead to a BOP crisis. However, if the monetary authority moves first and imposes an exogenous constraint on the fiscal authority, the same shock does not cause a BOP crisis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00188.x
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    Risk Pooling in the Presence of Moral Hazard (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The size of an insurance pool that minimizes average risk per policy is derived for cases in which moral hazard offsets the benefits of pooling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00191.x
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    The R&D performance in Taiwan's electronics industry: a longitudinal examination (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: R&D investment has been widely regarded as an important input for firms, particularly for high-tech firms, to achieve competitive advantage within their industry. Hence, a number of high-tech firms are now investing substantial amounts into R&D. Since R&D efforts enable firms to raise the competitive advantage, one noticeable and interesting issue expected to know is the degree to which R&D investment influences firm output performance. In Taiwan, much greater emphasis is also being placed into R&D investment in the high-tech industries; however, R&D output performance has never been seriously examined within this sector. Since the island's electronics industry is widely regarded as the most promising industry in the ‘high-tech sector’, and is expected to place greatest emphasis on its R&D efforts, we take the electronics firms as our analytical sample.This paper therefore sets out to estimate the impact of R&D on firm performance, in terms of productivity growth and the rate of return on investment, within the electronics industry in Taiwan, whilst also examining the Schumpeterian hypothesis, that R&D performance is an increasing function of firm size. Our examination of R&D performance is based on a panel sample of 83 large electronics firms, completely balanced over the period from 1994 to 2000, with series data of R&D capital also being constructed. Based upon the extended Cobb-Douglas production function, a random effects model is developed with the estimations revealing that the output elasticity of R&D is around 0.19 and the average rate of return on R&D is around 22%. These findings clearly demonstrate that investment in R&D by these electronics firms has had an impact on their competitive advantage. Compared to the findings of previous studies, where the analytical unit of data was at firm level, here the rate of return on R&D is consistent with similar estimates for the US and UK, but lower than those for Japan. However, our estimations do not provide support for the hypothesis that the impact of R&D on productivity is an increasing function of firm size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00332.x
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    From citadels to clusters: the evolution of regional innovation policies in Australia (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In Australia, the federal (central) and State (regional) governments share constitutional responsibility for aspects of science and innovation policy. In practice, the federal government has tended to overshadow the States both in funding and policy for research and innovation. It can be argued that we are now seeing the strong rebirth of regionalism (at least at the State level) as far as government support for science, technology and knowledge-based industries is concerned. The paper traces the growth of regional innovation policies through examples of initiatives from South Australia and other regions and examines the respective contributions of the State and federal governments. The character of State government support has evolved over the last 15 years, from sponsoring grand ‘technology citadels’ to today's strategies that take a more bottom-up approach to building intense innovation environments, local clusters and knowledge hubs. Some of these trends reflect the influence of the global knowledge economy on regional industries, while others (notably the relative decline of the federal government as an R&D performer) are peculiarities of the Australian innovation system. The outcome is a significant evolution in Australia's innovation system, one which parallels responses to globalisation in other countries and suggests a different – but not diminished – role for public sector innovation policy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00318.x
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    Transatlantic innovation infrastructure networks: public-private, EU–US R&D partnerships (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Collaborative, team-based research is now the most significant mode of activity in the global scientific community. Anecdotal and statistical evidence shows moreover that collaboration in scientific research is increasingly global in nature. That is, the groups of researchers who are involved in scientific progress often span one or more nations in origin, location and/or sponsorship. Another significant trend in recent cases of scientific collaboration is the increase in cross-sectoral cooperation, where researchers in a group are employed by government, private industry, and/or academic and other non-profit institutions.In this paper, we review the scale, scope and intensity of cross-national, cross-sectoral research collaboration through the analysis of historical data on co-authorship of scientific publications. The first part of the paper reviews existing literature on the analysis of co-authorship data, and discusses the limitations of this form of analysis and typical strategies to mitigate those limitations. The second part of the paper describes a preliminary study of cross-national, cross-sectoral scientific collaborations covering the years 1988 through 1997, where we examined the scale (volume of co-authored papers), intensity (co-authored papers versus other kinds of co-authorship), and scope (patterns in co-authorship) for cross-national, cross-sectoral collaborations. The conclusion of the paper discusses significant trends and patterns derived from this study, and their implications for further research into these types of collaborations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00319.x
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    The externalisation of R&D activities and the growing market of product development services (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Several authors in recent years have discussed the observed trend towards the externalisation of (part of) a firm's R&D activities. As a consequence, several companies have been created that provide innovators with technical and scientific services such as R&D contracts, laboratory testing services, technology consulting, industrial design, engineering.The paper is based upon an empirical study which consists of (i) an extensive analysis, in which information has been collected (for about two hundred companies) on size, location and type of services offered; (ii) an intensive analysis, in which one case is studied in depth of a company providing product development services. Some conclusions have been drawn regarding the characteristics of the market of product development services and the management and organisation of companies operating in that market.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00323.x
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    CD1: Antigen Presentation and T Cell Function (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 817-890 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This review summarizes the major features of CD1 genes and proteins, the patterns of intracellular trafficking of CD1 molecules, and how they sample different intracellular compartments for self- and foreign lipids. We describe how lipid antigens bind to CD1 molecules with their alkyl chains buried in hydrophobic pockets and expose their polar lipid headgroup whose fine structure is recognized by the TCR of CD1-restricted T cells. CD1-restricted T cells carry out effector, helper, and adjuvant-like functions and interact with other cell types including macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, T cells, and B cells, thereby contributing to both innate and adaptive immune responses. Insights gained from mice and humans now delineate the extensive range of diseases in which CD1-restricted T cells play important roles and reveal differences in the role of CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c in contrast to CD1d. Invariant TCRalpha chains, self-lipid reactivity, and rapid effector responses empower a subset of CD1d-restricted T cells (NKT cells) to have unique effector functions without counterpart among MHC-restricted T cells. This review describes the function of CD1-restricted T cells in antimicrobial responses, antitumor immunity, and in regulating the balance between tolerance and autoimmunity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104608
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    The Three Es of Cancer Immunoediting (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 329-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: After a century of controversy, the notion that the immune system regulates cancer development is experiencing a new resurgence. An overwhelming amount of data from animal models-together with compelling data from human patients-indicate that a functional cancer immunosurveillance process indeed exists that acts as an extrinsic tumor suppressor. However, it has also become clear that the immune system can facilitate tumor progression, at least in part, by sculpting the immunogenic phenotype of tumors as they develop. The recognition that immunity plays a dual role in the complex interactions between tumors and the host prompted a refinement of the cancer immunosurveillance hypothesis into one termed "cancer immunoediting." In this review, we summarize the history of the cancer immunosurveillance controversy and discuss its resolution and evolution into the three Es of cancer immunoediting-elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104803
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    CD40/CD154 Interactions at the Interface of Tolerance and Immunity (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 307-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Development of the acquired immune response is dependent on the signaling of CD40 by its ligand, CD154. These molecules govern both the magnitude and quality of humoral- and cell-mediated immunity. A litany of studies have conclusively documented that blockade of this ligand-receptor pair can prevent, and also intervene in, the progression of antibody- and cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, and can instill long-lived allogeneic and xenogeneic graft tolerance. Many effector mechanisms of inflammation are abolished as a result of CD154 blockade, but we are now beginning to understand that CD154 blockade may, in some instances, engender long-lived, antigen-specific tolerance. In the context of transplantation tolerance, we present a hypothesis that alphaCD154 blockade is most effective at inducing long-lived allospecific tolerance if anergy and regulation can be elicited prior to the onslaught of inflammation that is induced by grafting (preemptive tolerance). This facet of alphaCD154-induced tolerance appears to co-opt the normal processes of peripheral tolerance induced by immature DCs and can be exploited to induce long-lived antigen-specific tolerance. The underlying science and the prospects for inducing long-lived antigen-specific tolerance in a model of allograft tolerance through CD154 blockade are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104533
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    Ligands for L-Selectin: Homing, Inflammation, and Beyond (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 129-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Understanding the molecular basis of lymphocyte homing to lymphoid organs was originally a problem of concern only to immunologists. With the discovery of l-selectin and its ligands, interested scientists have expanded to include glycobiologists, immunopathologists, cancer biologists, and developmental biologists. Going beyond its first discovered role in homing to lymph nodes, the l-selectin system is implicated in such diverse processes as inflammatory leukocyte trafficking in both acute and chronic settings, hematogenous metastasis of carcinoma cells, effector mechanisms for inflammatory demyelination of axons, and implantation of the early mammalian embryo. This review focuses on the ligands for l-selectin that are found on vascular endothelium, leukocytes, carcinoma cells, and at various extravascular sites. The discovery of selectins and their ligands has validated the long-predicted hypothesis that carbohydrate-directed cell adhesion is relevant in eukaryotic systems. Emphasis will be given to the carbohydrate and sulfation modifications of the ligands, which enable recognition by l-selectin. The rapid "homing" of labeled cells into the lymph nodes presumably had its basis in the special affinity of small lymphocytes for the endothelium of the postcapillary venules. Gowans & Knight (1)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.090501.080131
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    Interleukin-10 and Related Cytokines and Receptors (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 929-979 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Class 2 alpha-helical cytokines consist of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 (Mda-7), and IL-26, interferons (IFN-alpha, -beta, -e, -kappa, -omega, -delta, -tau, and -gamma) and interferon-like molecules (limitin, IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29). The interaction of these cytokines with their specific receptor molecules initiates a broad and varied array of signals that induce cellular antiviral states, modulate inflammatory responses, inhibit or stimulate cell growth, produce or inhibit apoptosis, and affect many immune mechanisms. The information derived from crystal structures and molecular evolution has led to progress in the analysis of the molecular mechanisms initiating their biological activities. These cytokines have significant roles in a variety of pathophysiological processes as well as in regulation of the immune system. Further investigation of these critical intercellular signaling molecules will provide important information to enable these proteins to be used more extensively in therapy for a variety of diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104622
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    Drosophila: The Genetics of Innate Immune Recognition and Response (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 457-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Because of the evolutionary conservation of innate mechanisms of host defense, Drosophila has emerged as an ideal animal in which to study the genetic control of immune recognition and responses. The discovery that the Toll pathway is required for defense against fungal infection in Drosophila was pivotal in studies of both mammalian and Drosophila immunity. Subsequent genetic screens in Drosophila to isolate additional mutants unable to induce humoral responses to infection have identified and ordered the function of components of two signaling cascades, the Toll and Imd pathways, that activate responses to infection. Drosophila blood cells also contribute to host defense through phagocytosis and signaling, and may carry out a form of self-nonself recognition that is independent of microbial pattern recognition. Recent work suggests that Drosophila will be a useful model for dissecting virulence mechanisms of several medically important pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104626
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    Physiological Control of Immune Response and Inflammatory Tissue Damage by Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Adenosine A2A Receptors* (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 657-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Immune cell-mediated destruction of pathogens may result in excessive collateral damage to normal tissues, and the failure to control activated immune cells may cause immunopathologies. The search for physiological mechanisms that downregulate activated immune cells has revealed a critical role for extracellular adenosine and for immunosuppressive A2A adenosine receptors in protecting tissue from inflammatory damage. Tissue damage-associated deep hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factors, and hypoxia-induced accumulation of adenosine may represent one of the most fundamental and immediate tissue-protecting mechanisms, with adenosine A2A receptors triggering "OFF" signals in activated immune cells. In these regulatory mechanisms, oxygen deprivation and extracellular adenosine accumulation serve as "reporters," while A2A adenosine receptors serve as "sensors" of excessive tissue damage. The A2A receptor-triggered generation of intracellular cAMP then inhibits activated immune cells in a delayed negative feedback manner to prevent additional tissue damage. Targeting A2A adenosine receptors may have important clinical applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104731
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    Autoimmune and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 361-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present review focuses on the concept that cellular and humoral immunity to the phylogenetically highly conserved antigen heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is the initiating mechanism in the earliest stages of atherosclerosis. Subjecting arterial endothelial cells to classical atherosclerosis risk factors leads to the expression of HSP60 that then may serve as a target for pre-existent cross-reactive antimicrobial HSP60 immunity or bona fide autoimmune reactions induced by biochemically altered autologous HSP60. Endothelial cells can also bind microbial or autologous HSP60 via Toll-like receptors, providing another possibility for targetting adaptive or innate immunological effector mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104644
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    Editorial (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00355.x
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    Systemic absorptive capacity: creating early-to-market returns through R&D alliances (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: For most complex emergent technologies, product-market success depends on efficient linkages between changing lead innovators within the R&D process. In this paper, our unit of analysis is a complex high technology product and the system of alliance linkages formed to progress a product through R&D milestones. We present a model and evidence for advancing our understanding of how achieving early-to-market returns depends on systemic absorptive capacity. This systemic absorptive capacity is the cumulative efficiency in the use of absorptive capacity to link changing lead innovators across successive milestones in R&D product development. We advance propositions of how systemic absorptive capacity can explain performance differences between rival product development systems competing for early-to-market returns with similar products through accelerating speed to market, cost and quality advantages. These explanations are contrasted with the conclusions of previous studies that have focused on absorptive capacity of single firms or single alliances in R&D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00357.x
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    Integrating innovation and learning curve theory: an enabler for moving nanotechnologies and other emerging process technologies into production (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Process technology selection is biased against selection of emerging process technologies such as nanotechnologies, biotechnology and microtechnologies (MEMS), since these decisions are frequently based on assumptions that are only valid for mature sustaining process technologies. This is a great concern since emerging process technologies are drivers of economic growth, especially in developed economies. We consider the learning curve literature and integrate it with the literature on technological trajectories and innovation to develop a theory for modeling the learning curve for emerging process technologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00359.x
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  • 78
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    Strategic Project Leadership® Toward a strategic approach to project management (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Strategic Project Leadership ® (SPL) is a new approach to project management that is focusing projects on creating competitive advantage and winning in the marketplace. This approach is particularly relevant to strategic projects that are initiated to create the company's future, including almost all R&D projects. In the traditional approach, project managers and teams were typically focused on getting the job done, and meeting time and budget goals. SPL, provides a modern view. It suggests that projects are initiated for business reasons, and that just ‘getting the job done’ is not enough. This paper presents a mindset, a framework, and a practical, step-by-step approach on how to connect project management to business results and how to turn projects into powerful competitive weapons. The paper is based on extensive case research, of which we present six cases – three successes and three disappointments – to demonstrate the value of the SPL approach to project management.1
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00363.x
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  • 79
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    Towards networked R&D management: the R&D approach of Sonera Corporation as an example (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper the authors delineate the challenges of a dynamic environment to R&D management. The authors build on most recent ideas, such as the dynamic capability view of the firm, as strategic foundation for modern R&D management. Collaboration is emphasized as a meta-capability for innovation. These ideas are merged into a ‘Networked R&D Management’ approach that emphasizes internal and external collaboration networks as critical for companies operating in a dynamic business environment. The approach is illustrated with ICT industry as an example. The implementation of Networked R&D Management is reflected in the illustrative case discussion of R&D management of Sonera Corporation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00365.x
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  • 80
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    Book reviews (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Stefan H. Thomke, Experimentation Matters: Unlocking the Potential of New Technologies for InnovationRichard L. Lynch, John G. Diezemann and James F. Dowling, The Capable Company: Building the Capabilities that Make Strategy WorkGeorges Haour, Resolving the Innovation Paradox – Enhancing Growth in Technology CompaniesJohn Cantwell and José Molero, Multinational Enterprises, Innovative Strategies and Systems of InnovationSusana Borrás, The Innovation Policy of the European Union: from Government to GovernanceD. Fornahl and T. Brenner, Cooperation, Networks and Institutions in Regional Innovation SystemsFelicia Fai, Corporate Technological Competence and the Evolution of Technological DiversificationS. Cummings and D. Wilson, Images of StrategyJohn Baldwin and Guy Gellatly, Innovation Strategies and Performance in Small Firms
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00367.x
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  • 81
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    Using S&T foresight to augment organizational tool kits: a Canadian institutional-entrepreneurial experiment (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper will explore recent Canadian federal experience in developing S&T foresight and creating knowledge sharing networks aimed at creating integrative capacities and convergent domains that involve fusions of several disciplines. More specifically, the paper will report on the experience of the Office of Technology Foresight (OTF) at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and its federal partners (science based departments and agencies – SBDAs) as they carried out a major S&T Foresight Pilot Project (STFPP) to elaborate prospective R&D opportunities and challenges in preparation for contingencies that may have to be confronted in the 10–20 year time horizon of 2015–2025. STFPP reports are posted at:
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00364.x
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  • 82
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    The importance of internal and external R&D network linkages for R&D organisations: evidence from Singapore (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the importance of internal and external R&D networks for R&D organisations of multinational firms (MNCs) in Singapore and investigates corresponding R&D management requirements in this context, namely a late-industrialising country in Asia. A unique feature of Singapore is its ability to attract ‘high quality’ foreign direct investment, involving activities of higher value added and more complex technology without having developed full-fledged R&D activities among its business organisations, thus creating a challenging situation for subsidiary R&D managers, both in the internal R&D organisation as well as in the external research environment. This paper analyses these issues.Based on in-depth interviews with 53 R&D subsidiaries of MNCs operating in Singapore, this paper identifies internal and external R&D management needs. Through our analysis of data gleaned from these interviews, we found that subsidiary R&D managers need to increase and/or maintain the strategic importance of their R&D site internally within their global corporate R&D organisation. This requires constant upgrading of the technological level at the R&D subsidiary and intense communication with headquarters as well as other R&D subsidiaries. Furthermore, our findings indicate that in the external research environment, subsidiary R&D managers need to create an efficient local network of external players. If these internal and external issues are properly addressed, the R&D subsidiary can effectively contribute to the corporate R&D organisation and be a critical partner in the local research network. Lessons learned from the Singapore experience include the need to develop sufficient local expertise as well as to change the mindset of managers to focus on creativity rather than precise execution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00366.x
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  • 83
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    Technological superpower China? (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00345.x
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  • 84
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    Organization, programme and structure: an analysis of the Chinese innovation policy framework (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper first identifies the stakeholders involved in the design and implementation of China's innovation policy and compares them with different government systems in selected Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. In order to disclose the relative strength and weaknesses inside China's innovation policy framework, we proceed to utilize policy practices in the OECD countries as a guideline to examine China's innovation policy in five categories: reform in the public S&T institutions, financial policy, business innovation support structure, human resource policy and legislative actions. Subsequently, several weak components of the Chinese innovation policy framework are identified and two of them are selected for further analysis: education and human resource policy, and protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). Finally, the paper provides some priorities and possible actions for future innovation policy developments in China.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00347.x
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  • 85
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    Bartering technology for local resources in exogamic Sino-foreign joint ventures (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Five hypotheses were formulated regarding the exogamic nature of Sino-foreign joint ventures and two propositions regarding incentives for technology transfers and protection against imitation. Research relied on a questionnaire-based investigation in 67 joint ventures and case studies in various industries. Three lessons were drawn. (1) Each partner contributes with a differentiated set of idiosyncratic and non-substitutable set of resources; technology is the core contribution of foreign companies no matter which aspect is examined. There is an almost perfect symmetry between the pooled resources and the learning objectives of each partner. (2) Chinese respondents give a strong competitive value to technology transfers. (3) Beyond traditional technical and legal protection, foreign companies slow down imitation with three strategies: taking advantage of time lag; keeping the most creative value added stages at home; playing, not on the technology itself, but on inherent financial or commercial obstacles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00348.x
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  • 86
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    Managing foreign R&D laboratories in China (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper focuses on the management of R&D units established by foreign companies in China, investigating R&D missions, site build-up, integration with the parent organization, and overall performance measurement. The research is based on 37 qualitative expert interviews with local R&D directors and managers conducted between 2001 and 2004, using a semi-structured research questionnaire, and semi-quantitative research done on 199 foreign R&D labs in China. Cultural influences on R&D management, location advantages, expatriate involvement, and organizational evolution of local laboratories are discussed. We find that foreign R&D laboratories in China are not only important vehicles for local market development but also increasingly important sources of locally developed technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00351.x
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  • 87
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    After the reforms: how have public science research organisations changed? (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Throughout the Western world, the provision of public good science research has undergone dramatic reforms over the past two decades. In the aftermath of these reforms, this paper asks whether the organisations engaged in science research and knowledge production have actually changed, and if so, how? Archetype analysis is used to explore the deep structures of four comparable case study organisations drawn from the New Zealand science sector. The study concludes that no new, stable organisational archetype has emerged following the reforms, but that in fact, a dynamic style of organisation that is in a state of endless transition is the most appropriate response to contemporary demands for knowledge production. The role of organisational leaders in this context is not only to make sense of the organisation's ever-changing situation, but also to translate this sense into the actions of organisational members and other stakeholders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00337.x
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  • 88
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    The role of predevelopment activities in the relationship between market orientation and performance (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: To determine how critical predevelopment activities are for a market-oriented firm to achieve superior performance, our study uses data from 126 firms in The Netherlands to investigate the structural relationships among market orientation, the proficiency in predevelopment activities, new product performance, and organizational performance. The results provide evidence that market orientation is positively related to the proficiency in strategic planning, idea generation and idea screening. Strategic planning and idea generation are positively related to new product performance, which in itself is positively related to organizational performance. Market orientation has no direct relationship with new product performance and organizational performance. Another interesting finding is that the links between market orientation and new product performance, and between market orientation and organizational performance are not moderated by the characteristics of the market environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00340.x
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  • 89
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    The importance of customer input in the development of very new products (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This research explores the acquisition of customer input and its importance in the development of very new products. Data were gathered on 55 product development projects from the computer telephony integration industry – a new industry experiencing rapid technological change. The data were used to test hypotheses concerning the relationships between product newness, the importance of customer input in the development process, and the use of customer intensive market research methods. We found that the importance of customer input increases with market newness of a product up to a point and then drops off for very new products, whereas the importance of customer input increases with technological newness of a product without dropping off. We also found that the importance of customer input significantly increases the use of customer intensive market research methods; whereas, neither market nor technological product newness in themselves had much direct effect on research methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00327.x
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  • 90
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    Technology intelligence processes in leading European and North American multinationals (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The importance of technology intelligence is widely accepted in theory and practice. However, existing research is contradictory on how this process should be coordinated. Therefore, it is the objective of this contribution to derive insight into the coordination of technology intelligence processes in leading multinational companies. The results of an exploratory case study research in 26 leading European and North American companies in the pharmaceutical, telecommunications equipment and automobile/machinery industry are presented. The results show firstly, that three forms of coordination of technology intelligence processes exist. Secondly, the basic distribution of tasks in the technology intelligence process between the three layers of coordination are presented. Thirdly, the different forms of integration of these three forms of coordination of the technology intelligence process are described. Fourthly, the communication media used in the technology intelligence process is discussed. Finally, the information sources and methods used for the technology intelligence process are shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00328.x
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  • 91
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    Evolution or revolution? Dynamic capabilities in a knowledge-dependent firm (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we examine the technological and organizational innovations which have facilitated rapid growth in a small firm. Evidence from the case suggests that the relational elements of inter-firm transactions provide entrepreneurs with the opportunity to expand their organizational capabilities. The importance of business networks is that they have resources which can supplement internal skills and knowledge. The two owner-directors of RWL have been instrumental in building relationships with suppliers and customers which have benefited all parties. In doing so, they have renewed their own firm's dynamic capabilities by creating a structure and associated routines that focus on opportunity recognition and exploitation. These new capabilities are based on a recognition that competitive advantage can be created by acting as a knowledge-integrator. In that sense, RWL is a knowledge-dependent firm because there is no emphasis on the acquisition of intellectual property rights nor even an attempt to retain knowledge in-house. In pursuing this strategy to achieve growth, the directors have resolved a number of concurrent crises that suggests it is necessary to revisit traditional linear models of firm growth (Greiner, 1972; Churchill and Lewis, 1983).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00331.x
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  • 92
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    Use and impact of performance measurement results in R&D and NPD: an exploratory study (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Performance measurement of R&D and new product development (NPD) activities is gaining increased importance because the effectiveness and efficiency of these activities not only determine a firm's competitive advantage, but its very survival. The literature is rich on descriptions of measurement techniques and methods, but pays less attention to the actual use of the performance results in operations and decision-making. In this paper, reporting results from interviews conducted in three large companies in the electronics industry, we validate and further specify key areas of use and impact of R&D and NPD performance measurement results including ensuring better coherence and relevance of product portfolios, reorienting projects before failure, deciding on corrective actions, supporting the launching decision, enhancing staff motivation, and facilitating well-balanced decision-making. We identify implications for practice and research and propose a framework for future empirical work focusing on the interplay between the operation of the performance measurement system, the use and the impacts of measurement results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00333.x
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  • 93
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    Introduction (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00317.x
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  • 94
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    Tackling the paradox: can attaining global research excellence be compatible with local technology development? (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper uses the case of the IMEC (microelectronics research centre) to examine the compatibility between strategic IPR management of large independent research centres, and regional industrial policy missions given to such centres in return for government funding. In particular, the issue of whether a balance can be found between a necessary drive for international recognition and critical mass of funding, and a policy of IPR valorization towards regional firms is examined.The first section sets out the mission of IMEC and the evolution over time of its strategic approach to building global industrial partnerships based on a sophisticated model of IPR management. Drawing on a recent evaluation, the subject of the second section is the extent to which the results of the industrial and exploratory research activities of IMEC are then commercialized in local Flemish industry.The concluding section offers policy conclusions in terms of the instruments and objectives which public policy makers can apply to maximize the local impact of large globally operating research centres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00320.x
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  • 95
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    New strategic goals and organizational solutions in large R&D labs: lessons from Centro Ricerche Fiat and Telecom Italia Lab (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The issue of corporate R&D management has become particularly relevant during the last decade, since many industrial sectors experienced growing complexity in their research areas and increasing constraints in budgets devoted to R&D activities. This paper discusses the cases of the ICT and automotive sectors, exploring the changes in managerial procedures and strategies that two of the largest corporate research centres in Italy (Telecom Italia Lab and Centro Ricerche Fiat) adopted during a delicate phase of transition.Both cases are characterized by a growing pressure towards the effective integration of short-term and long-term perspectives, i.e. towards a balance between valorization of research results and competencies, and exploration of new technological trajectories. The solutions adopted by the two organizations are explored and discussed. Specifically, while TiLab focused on the promotion of controlled spin-off companies, CRF has been very active in local technology transfer, especially in favour of SMFs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00321.x
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  • 96
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    The BCR-ABL Story: Bench to Bedside and Back (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 247-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The twenty-first century is beginning with a sharp turn in the field of cancer therapy. Molecular targeted therapies against specific oncogenic events are now possible. The BCR-ABL story represents a notable example of how research from the fields of cytogenetics, retroviral oncology, protein phosphorylation, and small molecule chemical inhibitors can lead to the development of a successful molecular targeted therapy. Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571, or CP57148B) is a direct inhibitor of ABL (ABL1), ARG (ABL2), KIT, and PDGFR tyrosine kinases. This drug has had a major impact on the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) as well as other blood neoplasias and solid tumors with etiologies based on activation of these tyrosine kinases. Analysis of CML patients resistant to BCR-ABL suppression by Imatinib mesylate coupled with the crystallographic structure of ABL complexed to this inhibitor have shown how structural mutations in ABL can circumvent an otherwise potent anticancer drug. The successes and limitations of Imatinib mesylate hold general lessons for the development of alternative molecular targeted therapies in oncology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104753
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  • 97
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    Immunological Memory to Viral Infections1 (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 711-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of immunological memory is to protect the host from reinfection, to control persistent infections, and, through maternal antibody, to protect the host's immunologically immature offspring from primary infections. Immunological memory is an exclusive property of the acquired immune system, where in the presence of CD4 T cell help, T cells and B cells clonally expand and differentiate to provide effector systems that protect the host from pathogens. Here we describe how T and B cell memory is generated in response to virus infections and how these cells respond when the host is infected again by similar or different viruses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104527
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  • 98
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    T Lymphocyte-Endothelial Cell Interactions (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 683-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Human vascular endothelial cells (EC) basally display class I and II MHC-peptide complexes on their surface and come in regular contact with circulating T cells. We propose that EC present microbial antigens to memory T cells as a mechanism of immune surveillance. Activated T cells, in turn, provide both soluble and contact-dependant signals to modulate normal EC functions, including formation and remodeling of blood vessels, regulation of blood flow, regulation of blood fluidity, maintenance of permselectivity, recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes, and antigen presentation leading to activation of T cells. T cell interactions with vascular EC are thus bidirectional and link the immune and circulatory systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104639
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  • 99
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    Self- and Nonself-Recognition by C-Type Lectins on Dendritic Cells (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 33-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly efficient antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that collect antigen in body tissues and transport them to draining lymph nodes. Antigenic peptides are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules for presentation to naive T cells, resulting in the induction of cellular and humoral immune responses. DCs take up antigen through phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and endocytosis via different groups of receptor families, such as Fc receptors for antigen-antibody complexes, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) for glycoproteins, and pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), for microbial antigens. Uptake of antigen by CLRs leads to presentation of antigens on MHC class I and II molecules. DCs are well equipped to distinguish between self- and nonself-antigens by the variable expression of cell-surface receptors such as CLRs and TLRs. In the steady state, DCs are not immunologically quiescent but use their antigen-handling capacities to maintain peripheral tolerance. DCs are continuously sampling and presenting self- and harmless environmental proteins to silence immune activation. Uptake of self-components in the intestine and airways are good examples of sites where continuous presentation of self- and foreign antigens occurs without immune activation. In contrast, efficient antigen-specific immune activation occurs upon encounter of DCs with nonself-pathogens. Recognition of pathogens by DCs triggers specific receptors such as TLRs that result in DC maturation and subsequently immune activation. Here we discuss the concept that cross talk between TLRs and CLRs, differentially expressed by subsets of DCs, accounts for the different pathways to peripheral tolerance, such as deletion and suppression, and immune activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104558
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  • 100
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    Immunity to Tuberculosis (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 599-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Only 5 to 10% of immunocompetent humans are susceptible to tuberculosis, and over 85% of them develop the disease exclusively in the lungs. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected humans, in contrast, can develop systemic disease that is more quickly lethal. This is in keeping with other evidence showing that susceptible humans generate some level of Th1 immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Tuberculosis in mice is also exclusively a lung disease that is progressive and lethal, in spite of the generation of Th1-mediated immunity. Thus mouse tuberculosis is a model of tuberculosis in susceptible humans, as is tuberculosis in guinea pigs and rabbits. Inability to resolve infection and prevent disease may not be a consequence of the generation of an inadequate number of Th1 cells but of an intrinsic deficiency in macrophage function that prevents these cells from expressing immunity. If this proves to be true, vaccinating susceptible humans against tuberculosis will be a difficult task.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104635
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