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  • 1990-1994  (8.606)
  • 1920-1924  (688)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (8.665)
  • Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering  (629)
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  • 101
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Calmyonemin: A 23 kDa analogue of algal centrin occurring in contractile myonemes of Eudiplodinium maggii (ciliate) (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 27 (1994), S. 169-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Schlagwort(e): calcium-binding proteins ; myonemes ; centrin ; contractility ; ciliates ; protozoa ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Myonemes are bundles of thin filaments (3-6 nm in diameter) which mediate calcium-induced contraction of the whole or only parts of the cell body in a number of protists. In Eudiplodinium maggii, a rumen ciliate which lacks a uniform ciliation of the cell body, myonemes converge toward the bases of apical ciliary zones that can be retracted under stress conditions, entailing immobilization of the cell. An mAB (A69) has been produced that identifies a calciumbinding protein by immunoblot, immunoprecipitation experiments and specifically labels the myonemes in immunoelectron microscopy. Solubility properties, apparent molecular weight (23 kDa) and isoelectric point (4.9) of the myonemal protein, are similar to the values reported for the calcium-modulated contractile protein centrin. Western-blot analysis indicates that the 23 kDa protein crossreacts antigenically with anti-centrin antibodies. In addition, the 23 kDa protein displays calcium-induced changes in both electrophoretic and chromatographic behaviour, and contains calcium-binding domains that conform to the EF-hand structure, as known for centrin. Based on these observations, we conclude that a calcium-binding protein with major similarities to centrin occurs in the myonemes of E. maggii. We postulate that this protein plays an essential role in myonememediated retraction of the ciliature. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970270208
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  • 102
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Structural and geometrical constraints on the outer dynein arm in situ (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 27 (1994), S. 299-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Schlagwort(e): microtubule motors ; dynein ; cilia ; axoneme ; computer modeling ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: This study considers the relationship between two structural forms of the 22S dynein arm of Tetrahymena thermophila: the bouquet and the compact arm. The compact arm differs from the bouquet and from other proposed forms (e.g., the “toadstool”) in that the globular domains are situated transversely across the interdoublet gap with one globular subunit, the head, proximal to the adjacent doublet microtubule. The other models place all three globular domains proximal to the neighboring doublet microtubule. When sliding of an isolated axoneme is induced, at least 57% of total attached arms on exposed doublets are in the compact form within dimensions of 24 × 24 × 12 nm, and only about 2% of the arms are bouquets. Toadstools are incompatible with the images seen. Bouquets are not found in regions of the doublet protected by a neighboring doublet. When axonemes with exposed doublets are treated with 0.5 M KCl for 30 min, the compct arms and the dynein heavy (H)-chains disappear, while isolated bouquets and dynein H-chains appear in the medium, suggesting that the compact arms give rise to the bouquets as they are solubilized. The bouquet is the predominant form of isolated 22S dynein molecules, which are found in two apparently enantiomorphic forms, within dimensions 45 × 39 × 13 nm; bouquets attached to doublets have dimensions similar to those of isolated bouquets. Computer modeling indicates that in an intact standard-diameter axoneme, these dimensions are incompatible with the interdoublet volume available for an arm; the bouquet therefore represents an unfolded compact arm. A plausible sequence of changes can be modeled to illustrate the conversion of an attached compact arm to an attached and then free bouquet. The toadstool is probably an artifact that arises after unfolding. Consistent with the conformational difference, H-chains of attached compact arms differ from those of isolated bouquets in their susceptibility to limited proteolysis. These results suggest that the compact arm, rather than the unfolded bouquet or the toadstool, is the functional form of the outer arm in the intact axoneme. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970270403
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  • 103
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Localization of tau and other proteins of isolated marginal bands (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 27 (1994), S. 350-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Schlagwort(e): microtubules ; MAPs ; cytoskeleton ; tau ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: To determine which proteins were associated with and intrinsic to the marginal band (MB) of microtubules (MTs), we studied protein components of MBs isolated from nucleated erythrocytes by differential detergent solubilization of the membrane skeleton (MS). MBs isolated from dogfish erythrocytes contained major proteins in the tubulin Mr range. A high molecular weight protein of ∼290 kD that bound antibody to syncolin and to heat-stable brain MAPs was present in the whole cytoskeleton. However, most of it was solubilized by the MB isolation medium, together with the MS. Dogfish erythrocyte cytoskeletons and isolated MBs were examined with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against mammalian brain tau and chicken erythrocyte tau. As shown by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting, these antibodies bound to proteins in the 50 to 67 kD range, located along the length of isolated MBs. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE revealed isolated MB proteins of pI ∼6.8 in the same molecular weight range, as well as α- and β-tubulin with pI ∼5.4. Subtilisin or high-salt treatment of isolated MBs resulted in unbundling of MTs, indicating involvement of MAPs. MBs isolated from chicken erythrocyte cytoskeletons also contained tau as shown by antimammalian brain tau immunofluorescence. Both chicken and dogfish isolated MBs also bound phalloidin, but the binding was usually discontinuous and, for any given MB, matched the pattern of anti-syncolin binding. Both syncolin and F-actin were part of the MS remnant remaining after MT disassembly, supporting their assignment to a specialized MS region at the MB/MS interface. In contrast, tau protein appears to be intrinsic to the MB, where it may have an MT stabilizing and bundling function. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970270407
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  • 104
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 28 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970280101
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  • 105
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differences in the effect of Ca2+ on isolated microtubules from cod and cow brain (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 28 (1994), S. 59-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Schlagwort(e): cytoskeleton ; paracrystal ; coiled ribbons ; microtubule-associated proteins ; assembly ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Isolated microtubules from cod and cow brains were compared with respect to their response to calcium ions. The effect of Ca2+ on cod microtubules was found to be temperature dependent. In contrast to cow microtubules, cod microtubules assembled at 18°C. At this temperature the assembly was inhibited by Ca2+ concentrations of 2 mM and higher. This was also found for cow microtubules at 37°C. However, at 30°C there was no effect of 2 mM Ca2+ of the amount of assembly or disassembly of cod microtubules consisting of only tubulin or of tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). The morphology was affected though, since some coiled ribbons formed from tubulin and MAPs. The calcium-binding calmodulin did not alter the effect of calcium on cod microtubules markedly. At higher Ca2+ concentrations (〉4 mM), coiled ribbons were formed from cod tubulin and MAPs, but mainly amorphous aggregates and very few coiled ribbons were formed from cod tubulin alone, indicating that the Ca2+ effect is modulated by cod MAPs. The modulatory effect of cod MAPs was however not species specific, since both cod and cow MAPs had the same effect on cod microtubules, in spite of a different protein composition. A MAP-dependent effect of Ca2+ was also found for cow microtubule proteins. The assembly of pure cow tubulin, as well as that of cow tubulin and MAPs, was inhibited by 2 mM Ca2+. In the presence of 10 and 20 mM Ca2+, pure cow tubulin formed amorphous aggregates, rings, and even paracrystals, while the assembly of cow tubulin and MAPs was inhibited. Our results suggest therefore that the effect of Ca2+ can be moderated by MAPs, but depends on intrinsic properties of the different tubulins. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970280106
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  • 106
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Structural and biochemical properties of kinesin heavy chain associated with rat brain mitochondria (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 28 (1994), S. 79-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Schlagwort(e): kinesin ; brain mitochondria ; motility ; membrane-associated ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Kinesin, a mechanochemical enzyme that translocates membranous organelles, was initially identified and purified from soluble extracts from vertebrate brains. However, immunocytochemical and morphological approaches have demonstrated that kinesin could be associated to intracellular membranous organelles. We used an antibody raised against the head portion of the Drosophila kinesin heavy chain to reveal the presence of this protein in membranous organelles from rat brain. By using differential centrifugation and immunoblotting we observed a 116 kDa protein that crossreacts with this antibody in microsomes, synaptic vesicles, and mitochondria. This protein could be extracted from mitochondria with low salt concentrations or ATP. The 116 kDa solubilized protein has been identified as conventional kinesin based on limited sequence analysis. We also show that a polyclonal antibody raised against mitochondria-associated kinesin recognizes soluble bovine brain kinesin. The soluble and mitochondrial membrane-associated kinesins show a different isoform pattern. These results are consistent with the idea that kinesin exists as multiple isoforms that might be differentially distributed within the cell. In addition digitonin fractionation of mitochondria combined with KI extraction revealed that kinesin is a peripheral protein, preferentially located in a cholesterol-free outer membrane domain; this domain has the features of contact points between the mitochondrial outer and inner membranes. The significance of these observations on the functional regulation of the mitochondria-associated kinesin is discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970280108
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  • 107
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Intact alpha-actinin molecules are needed for both the assembly of actin into the tails and the locomotion of Listeria monocytogenes inside infected cells (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 28 (1994), S. 97-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Schlagwort(e): Listeria ; actin ; alpha-actinin ; vinculin ; talin ; filopodia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: After the infectious bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, is phagocytosed by a host cell, it leaves the lysosome and recruits the host cell's cytoskeletal proteins to assemble a stationary tail composed primarily of actin filaments cross-linked with alpha-actinin. The continual recruitment of contractile proteins to the interface between the bacterium and the tail accompanies the propulsion of the bacterium ahead of the elongating tail. When a bacterium contacts the host cell membrane, it pushes out the membrane into an undulating tubular structure or filopodium that envelops the bacterium at the tip with the tail of cytoskeletal proteins behind it. Previous work has demonstrated that alpha-actinin can be cleaved into two proteolytic fragments whose microinjection into cells interferes with stress fiber integrity. Microinjection of the 53 kD alpha-actinin fragment into cells infected with Listeria monocytogenes, induces the loss of tails from bacteria and causes the bacteria to become stationary. Infected cells that possess filopodia when injected with the 53 kD fragment lose their filopodia. These results indicate that intact alpha-actinin molecules play an important role in the intracellular motility of Listeria, presumably by stabilizing the actin fibers in the stationary tails that are required for the bacteria to move forward. Fluorescently labeled vinculin associated with the tails when it was injected into infected cells. Talin antibody staining indicated that this protein, also, is present in the tails. These observations suggest that the tails share properties of attachment plaques normally present in the host cells. This model would explain the ability of the bacterium (1) to move within the cytoplasm and (2) to push out the surface of the cell to form a filopodium. The attachment plaque proteins, alpha-actinin, talin, and vinculin, may bind and stabilize the actin filaments as they polymerize behind the bacteria and additionally could also enable the tails to bind to the cell membrane in the filopodia. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970280202
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  • 108
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Clustered acetylcholine receptors have two levels of organization in Xenopus muscle cells (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 28 (1994), S. 179-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Schlagwort(e): acetylcholine receptor ; deep-etch replication ; sarcolemma ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: We studied the organization of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters by shearing cultured Xenopus muscle cells with a stream of buffer, and preparing rotary replicas of the exposed cytoplasmic surface of the sarcolemma. AChR clusters contained numerous particles that protruded from the sarcolemma and formed an irregular array composed of discrete aggregates. AChR were located within these particle aggregates, as shown by comparison of the replicas to labeling by fluorescent α-bungarotoxin, and by immunogold cytochemistry with antibodies specific for the receptor. The aggregates were cross-linked by a dense network of 7 nm filaments that replicated with the banded pattern characteristic of actin microfilaments. The organization of receptors into the small aggregates was independent of the organization of these aggregates into clusters, as alkaline extraction removed the microfilament network and disrupted the irregular array of particle aggregates, but did not disperse individual receptors from the aggregates. We conclude that two levels of interactions organize AChR clusters in Xenopus muscle cells: short-range interactions that assemble individual AChR into small aggregates, and long-range interactions, perhaps mediated by actin microfilaments, that anchor the aggregates into larger clusters. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970280209
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  • 109
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fluorescence studies of spectrin and its subunits (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 29 (1994), S. 72-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Schlagwort(e): spectrin ; intrinsic fluorescence ; spectrin elasticity ; fluorescence quenching ; spectrin α chain ; spectrin β chain ; membrane skeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: To better understand the solution structure of spectrin, the environments of its tryptophan residues have been examined by fluorescence spectroscopy. The spectra and the extent of quenching by several quenching agents have been determined for intact spectrin and its α and β subunits. The arsenal of quenchers used in the study represented both hydrophilic and hydrophobic species including anionic, cationic and neutral compounds. Effects on spectrin fluorescence of ethanol and ionic strength, which extend and/or rigidify spectrin, and of glycerol, which is commonly used in electron microscopy of the protein, have also been assessed in the presence and absence of quenchers. Most of the tryptophans of spectrin are either internally quenched or are sequestered, hindering the approach of hydrophilic quenching agents. Both the spectral shape and the extent of quenching by acrylamide indicate that some tryptophans of the β subunit are slightly more exposed in the isolated chain than in the dimer. Similar effects on spectra and on quenching of the intact dimer and of the isolated β chain are seen when the ionic strength is reduced. Ethanol and glycerol reduce spectrin tryptophan accessibility to 2-p-toluidinyl napthalene-6-sulfonic acid (TNS). It therefore appears that low ionic strength, α-β association and neutral solute (or lowered dielectric constant) all induce a similar, but modest conformational change in the domain structure. The extent of TNS binding is not increased by lowering the ionic strength, suggesting that the expansion and/or stiffening of the molecule in low electrolyte solutions does not involve exposure of significant numbers of hydrophobic sites. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970290107
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  • 110
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of 6-dimethylaminopurine on the length of the cell cycle and on the state of phosphorylation of putative intermediate filament proteins in sea urchin embryos (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 29 (1994), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Schlagwort(e): intermediate filaments ; phosphorylation ; sea urchin embryos ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The effects of 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) on the length of the cell cycle and on the state of phosphorylation of a putative intermediate filament protein, p117, have been studied in sea urchin embryos. Embryos were transferred into sea water containing 600 μM 6-DMAP at 0.5, 2 or 5 min after insemination, and incubated for 30 or 90 min. The effects of 6-DMAP on cell cycle length were studied by determining the time required for completion of mitosis upon return of the embryos in normal sea water. In all instances, except for the embryos transferred 0.5 min after insemination (AI) and incubated for 30 min, the duration of the M phase was shortened compared to controls, being faster in the embryos incubated for 90 minutes compared to the 30 min incubation period. However, embryos transferred 0.5 min AI have a longer M-phase than those transferred 2 minutes or later after fertilization, suggesting that between 0.5 and 2 min after fertilization, critical phosphorylating events occur which affect the commitment of the cells to enter M-phase.To study the pattern of p117 phosphorylation during the cell cycle, the eggs were transferred 2 minutes after fertilization in presence of 600 μM 6-DMAP and with 200 μCi/ml of 32P-orthophosphate. Analyses of 32P-labelled proteins after exposure of SDS-PAGE gels and their corresponding blots suggested that phosphorylation of p117 greatly increases at the time of pronuclear fusion, and then declines slightly at prophase-metaphase. This decrease is markedly enhanced when the cells are treated with 6-DMAP during metaphase in order to induce a premature breakdown of the mitotic apparatus. A causal link is suggested between the level of phosphorylation of p117 and its state of assembly. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970290205
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  • 111
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stimulation of the ATP-dependent interaction between actin and myosin by a myosin-binding fragment of smooth muscle caldesmon (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 29 (1994), S. 250-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Schlagwort(e): binding of caldesmon to myosin ; actin-activated ATPase activity of myosin ; actin-myosin interaction with in vitro motility assay ; myosin-binding domain of caldesmon ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: We reported previously that smooth muscle caldesmon stimulates the ATP-de-pendent interaction between actin and phosphorylated smooth muscle myosin, as monitored by ATPase measurment and in vitro motility assay. Furthermore, this effect changes from stimulatory to inhibitory with increasing concentrations of caldesmon [Ishikawa et al., 1991: J. Biol. Chem. 266:21784-21790]. The N-terminal (myosin-binding) fragment and the C-terminal (actin-binding) fragment were purified from digests of caldesmon. The effects of the myosin-binding fragment and the actin-binding fragment on the interaction were stimulatory and inhibitory, respectively, indicating that stimulatory and inhibitory domains are localized in the myosin-binding domain and actin-binding domain of caldesmon, respectively. The effect of the myosin-binding fragment on the interaction was exclusively stimulatory when the interaction was challenged by caldesmon, both at lower and higher concentrations. However, the actin-binding fragment had no effect on the interaction at lower concentrations and inhibited the interaction at higher concentrations. Thus, the stimulatory effect of caldesmon that is observed at lower concentrations can be explained by the hypothesis that the stimulatory effect of the myosin-binding domain predominates over the inhibitory effect of the actin-binding domain when the concentration of caldesmon is low. With uncleaved caldesmon, we also emphasized the role of the myosin-binding domain in the stimulation as follows; the stimulatory effect of caldesmon became obscured when binding of caldesmon to myosin was competed by the exogenous caldesmon-binding fragment of myosin. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970290308
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  • 112
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Novel 130-kDa rat liver myosin-1 will translocate actin filaments (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 27 (1994), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Schlagwort(e): myosin-1 ; motility ; F-actin ; liver ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: We have recently purified and characterized from rat liver, polypeptides of 110-kDa and 130-kDa which possess several characteristics of myosin-1 [Coluccio and Conaty: Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 24:189-199, 1993]. What roles these myosin-1 molecules play in hepatocytes is not yet defined. One hypothesis is that they are involved in either intracellular transport or locomotion. As a first step in establishing their function, we have investigated whether these molecules are capable of supporting motility in vitro. Our results clearly demonstrate that the isolated 130-kDa-calmodulin complex will translocate filaments at a rate of 0.03-0.05 μ/sec; motility is inhibited in free calcium ion concentrations above 0.1 μM. This inhibition is reversed with the addition of exogenous calmodulin. These results provide supporting evidence of a motile role for the 130-kDa-calmodulin complex in vivo. This is the first demonstration that in higher eukaryotes, myosin-1 from a tissue other than intestine will support motility. Partial peptide sequence analysis indicates that the 130-kDa polypeptide resembles the recently described myr 1 [Ruppert et al.: J. Cell Biol. 120:1393-1403, 1993] or MM1α [Sherr et al.: J. Cell Biol. 1405-1416, 1993] gene product. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970270105
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  • 113
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microtubules with altered assembly kinetics have a decreased rate of kinesin-based transport (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 27 (1994), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Schlagwort(e): microtubule transport ; microtubules ; 2,5-hexanedione ; glutaraldehyde ; kinesin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Microtubules treated with the γ-diketone 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) have altered assembly behavior characterized by precocious nucleation and rapid elongation. By measuring the rate of microtubule transport, we have examined the potential functional significance of this 2,5-HD-induced microtubule modification. 2,5-HD-treated microtubules were transported at only 70% of the rate of control microtubules in a simple kinesin-based motility assay on glass coverslips using video and computer enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy. Since 2,5-HD is capable of forming both pyrrole adducts and crosslinks with tubulin, the contributions of pyrrole formation and crosslinking to slowed microtubule transport were determined. 3-Acetyl-2,5-hexanedione (AcHD), a pyrrole forming, non-crosslinking congener of 2,5-HD which does not alter microtubule assembly, did not produce slowed microtubule transport as occurs with 2,5-HD. However, glutaraldehyde, a pyrrole-independent crosslinking agent which alters microtubule assembly in the same way as 2,5-HD, slowed microtubule transport. These results indicate that a 2,5-HD-induced microtubule modification, possibly a crosslink-related conformational change, produces both an alteration in the kinetics of assembly and an alteration in the microtubule-motor interaction. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970270109
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  • 114
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Kinetic studies on high temperature desulphurization of synthesis gas with zinc ferrite (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 21-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The desulphurization of synthesis gas with zinc ferrite was studied in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. Desulphurization efficiency of 97-99% was obtained. The inlet hydrogen sulphide concentration was about 2600 ppm. A flat breakthrough curve showed that diffusion through the sulphide layer controlled the rate of sulphidization. The degrees of utilization varied between 5 and 11%. Experimental data formed the basis of a kinetic evaluation with the fixed bed model and the unreacted core model. Rate constants, reaction orders, and effective diffusion constants were calculated. When chemical reaction controlled the rate, the order of reaction was between zero and unity. The rate of reaction increased with temperature. Effective diffusivities were of the order of 10-5 m2 s-1, increasing slightly in the temperature range between 500 and 600°C. The activation energy was determined as 54 kJ mol-1, which corresponds to an unexpectedly strong temperature dependence of the diffusion-controlled reaction. The low degrees of utilization, and also the strong temperature dependence, are explained by sintering of the sulphidized zinc ferrite.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170104
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  • 115
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Supported nickel catalyst from hydroxycarbonate of nickel and aluminium (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The hydroxycarbonate of nickel and aluminium (Ni/ Al = 3) with a hydrotalcite-like structure is an outstanding precursor of the active component of supported nickel catalysts. Good mechanical strength and suitable nickel content of these catalysts, which are necessary for practical applications, can be achieved by mechanical mixing of this compound with an additional support. The catalyst prepared from a mixture of 56.5 wt-% of nickel-aluminium hydroxycarbonate and 43.5 wt-% of γ-alumina was proven to have a stable catalytic activity in the methanation reaction at 2 MPa and 800 K.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170107
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  • 116
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A new design concept of structured packing column auxiliaries (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper discusses the criteria for obtaining an improved performance of structured packing columns in gas-liquid contacting, by improving the liquid and gas distributors. A new liquid distributor design, specific for structured packing columns is presented. Experimental measurements which quantify the improvements attained by the new distributor are also presented. Furthermore, gas flow distribution requirements for structured packing columns are discussed. Three “case studies” indicative of the implementation of the proposed distributor concept in industrial columns are included. Case (a) CO2/MEA removal column, case (b) ammonia splitter and case (c) acid gas neutralization column.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170110
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  • 117
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A rotating two-phase gas/liquid flow regime for pressure reduction in underwater plasma arc welding (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Plasma arc welding processes are used in the off-shore industry for construction and maintenance of underwater structures and pipelines in a wet environment. At greater water depths the density of the plasma gas increases because of the greater hydrostatic pressure. This causes conductive heat losses to the wet environment to increase. To maintain the energy flux to the workpiece to be welded, the plasma arc has to burn in a local dry area with an inside pressure of 1 bar. This requirement can be fulfilled by a rotating cylinder with a liquid film flowing down the inner wall. The flow around the rotating cylinder is experimentally investigated. The rotating cylinder is placed above the work surface which is simulated by a flat plate. Because of the centrifugal forces of the rotating flow inside the gap between the lower end of the cylinder and the flat plate the water is forced out of the cylinder. The velocity distribution in the flow is measured by laser Doppler anemometry. The phase distribution in the two-phase flow in the gap is measured by local electrical probes. The static pressure inside the gaseous atmosphere is reduced in comparison to the hydrostatic pressure of the surrounding water. The pressure reduction is given by the void fraction, the phase distribution and the volume flow rates of both phases in the gap as well as by the speed of revolution and the design of the cylinder and the work surface. The influence of these parameters on heat transfer from the workpiece to the two-phase flow regime is also investigated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170203
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  • 118
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The cyclone scrubber - a high efficiency wet separator (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Due to induced turbulent interactions between particles to be separated and the scrubbing liquid present as droplets, very good collection efficiency down to submicron particle size can be achieved as shown by detailed studies [1]. Assumed are suitable flow conditions, a long residence time and a certain droplet size distribution or a special liquid dispersion system. As the name implies, the cyclone scrubber basically consists of a cyclone. This cyclone serves as a contact space in which the interaction between dust particles and scrubbing liquid droplets takes place, and as a droplet separator. Thus, under normal conditions, a water saturated but dust- and droplet-free gas stream leaves the cyclone. The droplets are generated by a pneumatic atomization nozzle, arranged at the cyclone inlet in the direction of flow. A complete theoretical description of the three-dimensional, three-phase, non-steady turbulent flow in the cyclone scrubber has not been possible up to now. The detailed experimental investigations presented in this work, and covering multiple parameters, led to physically based conclusions about the dominant interactions and separation mechanisms involved. Grade efficiencies which did not fall below 0.75, down to a particle size of 0.5 μm, could be measured by an optical particle counter. Collection efficiency of 99.2% was determined by gravimetric analysis of the dust load, according to VDI-guideline 2066, in the raw and clean gas sections of the dust load, according to VDI-guideline 2066, in the raw and clean gas sections of the cyclone scrubber.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170202
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  • 119
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Heterogeneous catalytic methylation of catecholDedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 70th Birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 108-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: It has been shown that, after a partial deactivation, γ-alumina (γ-Al2O3) is a good catalyst for selective methylation of 1,2-benzenediol in the temperature range of 260-310°C. The main products are the desired 3-methyl-1,2-benzenediol and 2-methoxyphenol, which may be converted in another step into 3-methyl-1,2-benzenediol, giving an overall selectivity for the desired products of 80 to 90%. The catechol forms a strongly chemisorbed surface species on γ-alumina and its steric adsorption model correlates with the kinetic data.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170207
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  • 120
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New concepts for the design of mass polymerization reactors (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 127-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A novel reactor arrangement for the anionic polymerization of styrene described in this paper comprises alternating adiabatically operated plug-flow reactors and heat exchangers. A novel tube-bundle recycle reactor is presented for the bulk polymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170210
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  • 121
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Continuous computer controlled production of formate dehydrogenase (FDH) and isolation on a pilot scaleDedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 70th Birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A continuous production process has been developed up to pilot scale (300 l) for FDH production with the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii. A high cell mass specific FDH activity (50 U/g) is achieved by process computer controlled supply of pure methanol to operate the reactor at an optimum methanol concentration of 10 g/l. The maximum FDH spacetime yield achievable with this process control involves a residence time of 7 h. The FDH space-time yield (STY) and FDH concentration are a function of the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) of the fermenter (maximum STY = 255 U/(l h) at kLa = 870 l/h). For a reasonable compromise between high FDH space-time yield and high FDH concentration, an optimum residence time is adjustable by regulating the supply of nutrient salt solution in relation to the OTR of the fermenter. On a pilot scale (200 l continuously stirred tank reactor) roughly 4 million U of FDH were produced within 10 days at a residence time of 14.3 h. Isolation of intracellular FDH enzyme was performed using extraction with an aqueous two-phase system (PEG/K2HPO4). A technical product quality of 1.2 U/mg FDH was achieved without any chromatographic purification step.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170211
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  • 122
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    Digitale Medien
    Reaction engineering simulations of a fluidized-bed reactor for selective oxidation of fluorene to 9-fluorenonePaper presented at the DECHEMA Annual Meeting, May 26-28, 1993 in Nürnberg.Dedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 70th birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 169-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The catalytic oxidation of fluorene to 9-fluorenone in a fluidized-bed reactor was investigated by modeling of the reactor and simulation of its performance. The “Bubble Assemblage Model” of Kato and Wen, the “Bubbling Bed Model” of Kunii and Levenspiel and the “Countercurrent Backmixing Model” of Potter were applied. From a comparison of simulation results obtained by the various fluidized-bed models and a fixed-bed model conclusions were drawn about the influence of interphase mass transfer and gas backmixing on the conversion of fluorene and slectivity of 9-fluorenone formation. Furthermore, the dependence of conversion and selectivity on temperature and hydrodynamic conditions was investigated. In particular, the implications of a change of hydrodynamic conditions for scale-up were analysed. The highest yield of 9-fluorenone predicted for a bench-scale fluidized bed amounted to 88% (XF = 97%, SNON = 91%). This yield was lower than in a fixed-bed reactor (YNON = 92%, XF = 99%, SNON = 93%). A further drop of the yield was predicted when scaling-up from a bench-scale reactor to a commercial size unit (YNON = 54%, XF = 86%, SNON = 63%).
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170305
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  • 123
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170401
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  • 124
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Swelling phenomena of emulsion liquid membranes with dithio-DEHPA as carrier (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 242-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the swelling of emulsion liquid membranes using dithio-DEHPA as carrier. The application of interest was the removal of zinc from a synthetic aqueous solution which simulates a zinc plant effluent. The effect of several variables such as the concentration of carrier in the membrane, stirring speed and permeation time on the swelling of the emulsion is reported. Experimental results show that occlusion depends mainly on the amount of carrier in the membrane and can be significant when the concentration of carrier is lower than 6.0%. The interfacial tension analysis confirms that the size of globules is influenced by the concentration of carrier in the membrane. Stirring speed and permeation time are related to the water transport and must be kept at low values.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170405
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  • 125
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Determination of overall mass transfer coefficients in fixed bed sorption columns (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 285-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In this study, a simple and effective technique for determining overall mass transfer coefficients in fixed bed sorption columns with recycle is presented. This new technique is free of the assumption of negligible time rate of solute concentration change in the fluid, i.e. (∂c/∂t) = 0, which has been widely used in former fixed bed sorption column analyses.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170411
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  • 126
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The cocurrent downflow contactor-a novel reactor for gas-liquid-solid catalysed reactions (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 307-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The Cocurrent Downflow Contactor (CDC) has been developed as a mass transfer and reactor device, with and without addition of tangential (swirl) flow, giving gas hold-up (Eg) values of 0.5-0.75, interfacial areas in the range 1000-6000 m2m-3 liquid and kLa values in the range of 0.15-1.55 s-1 for absorption using the O2/H2O system. It has been studied as a catalytic slurry reactor for the hydrogenation of (i) itaconic acid and (ii) triglycerides catalysed by Pd and Ni catalysts. The reactions were observed to be largely surface-reaction rate controlled, due to the very efficient mass transfer (kLa up to 11.75 s-1 under reaction conditions) and application of swirl flow-enhanced reaction rates. The CDC has recently been found to be capable of operating as a fixed bed reactor, thus eliminating a downstream catalyst separation problem (therefore more cost effective), and is superior in its mass transfer characteristics to other known devices. Scale-up can be undertaken without loss of performance efficiency.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170504
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  • 127
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Process for production of pure 4-methyl-1-pentene (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 354-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A process for the manufacture of pure 4-methyl-1-pentene by catalytic dimerization of propylene has been developed in three stages. The first stage involves preparation of a new process catalyst, which contains metallic sodium and potassium deposited on a Bulgarian natural zeolite, the support having been passivated previously by potassium carbonate. The experimental results demonstrate the advantages of the resulting catalyst over exisisting technology, namely 36% conversion and 92% selectivity relevant to liquid isomers. The second development stage concerns the technological regime of chemical reaction for production of 4-methyl-1-pentene. In the third stage, the regime conditions and equipment ensuring desired quality of the product and utilization of the unreacted propylene returned to the reactor are determined. Based on the studies of all stages, a flowsheet is proposed for synthesis and separation of the reaction mixture of isomeric hexenes to give pure 4-methyl-1-pentene.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170510
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  • 128
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170601
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  • 129
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide on cobalt catalysts - activation, deactivation, influence of carbon monoxideDedicated to Professor Dr. Manfred Baerns on occasion of his 60th birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 390-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A batch reactor directly combined with an ultrahigh vacuum apparatus, which is equipped with facilities for catalyst preparation and Auger electron spectroscopy, was used to answer some questions which had arisen in recent studies concerning carbon dioxide hydrogenation on pure metallic and supported Co catalysts. Both oxygen incorporated during oxidation/reduction cycles and carbon deposited when CO2 is hydrogenated penetrate deep into the bulk. This kind of carbon can easily be hydrogenated. CO strongly hinders the reduction of the oxidized Co surface in the H2/CO2 reaction mixture (4 : 1). CO hydrogenation is favoured over CO2 hydrogenation and leads to a higher percentage of C2 to C4 hydrocarbons as compared with CH4 formation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170605
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  • 130
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Phase Doppler Method: Analysis, performance evaluations, and applications (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 73-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This review of the recent developments in the phase Doppler method provides information on the advances made to the method and delineates some potential error sources. Methods used to eliminate these potential error sources are also discussed. It is shown through comparison to the Lorenz-Mie theory and the GLMT that the geometrical optics theory offers a reliable and efficient computational tool for the analysis of the light scattering with the phase Doppler method. The geometrical optics theory was then used to optimize the measurement parameters in the system designs and a significant reduction in the measurement uncertainty was realized. Limitations on the particle concentrations in which the instrument will operate reliably are also addressed. A brief discussion of the instrumentation and, in particular, the signal processing is presented. The advantages in using the Fourier transform approach are discussed. As a demonstration of the capabilities of the instrument, several performance tests were reviewed and examples of the application to spray combustion and turbulent dispersion of particles are given.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110110
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  • 131
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evaluation of a Particle Sizing Technique Based on Laser Sheets (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 101-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The use of a laser sheet (or elliptical Gaussian beam) in meas-urement techniques is of growing interset. Some of these techniques take advantage of the wavefront curvature of such beams as in a dual-crylindrical wave system (DCW). Nevertheless, up to now, the analysis of the properties of the light scattered by spherical particles form the beam has been carried out largely by using geometrical optics or classical Lorenz-Mie theory. In this paper, the generalized Lorenz-Mie theory (GLMT) is applied to the analysis of an existing DCW measurement system. Differences between the results predicted by classical approaches and by GLMT are emphasized.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110113
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  • 132
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110201
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  • 133
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Response of Laser Diffraction Particle Sizer to Anisometric Particles (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This study deals with the size measurement of non-spherical particles by the laser diffraction technique. Size analyses of three sets of identical metallic bodies (cubes, tablets and cylinders) were performed by means of a Malvern 2600 instrument. The results prove that under the operating conditions chosen and in the case of anisometric objects, the mean total surface area is not measurable either because the Malvern software, strictly valid for spheres, is not applicable to such particles or because the particles adopt preferential orientations in the measurement cell. Further, a way of processing diffraction data is proposed in order to determine two characteristic dimensions of identical anisometric particles. It is based on the measurement of the minimum and maximum projected surface areas of the particles. The experimental results obtained with our particles show the procedure to be reliable.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110203
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  • 134
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    Digitale Medien
    Morphological shape characterization: Application to oxalate crystals (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 150-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The characterization of the concave crystal shapes obtained during precipitation in a well mixed reactor of alkaline earth and transition metal oxalates by means of a morphological spectral analysis method is proposed. The method is based on series of openings performed on the crystal outline and on its complement with respect to its convex hull. Four parameters are used to describe and classify the shapes. The method can be applied to any concave shape.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110207
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  • 135
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of the Measurement Volume on the Phase Error in Phase Doppler Anemometry. Part 1: Reflective mode operation (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 339-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In phase Doppler anemometry (PDA), phase difference errors are caused by the Gaussian intensity distribution of the laser beam and the curvature of the phase fronts outside of the beam waist. This results in erroneous particle sizes. Based on a physical analysis by geometrical optics [1], this phase difference error is evaluated for reflected mode operation (Part I) and for refracted mode operation (Part II). By varying the particle trajectories statistically, the error in determining the particle size and the mass flow can be simulated. By the method described the error in the measured phase difference can easily be estimated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110410
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  • 136
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A More General Treatment of Abrasion-Chipping Processes applicable to FAG/SAG Milling (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 345-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Equations are derived for the rate of loss of mass from a screen interval when the size reduction process is an abrasion-chipping process which follows a wear law of the Bond form or the Davis form, giving cores and fragments. The treatment is extended to steady-state continuous grinding in a fully-mixed reactor, and to the case where first-order disintegrative fracture processes also occur.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110411
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  • 137
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Size of the Detection Area of a Phase-Doppler Anemometer for reflecting and refracting particles (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 327-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Measurements of particle size distributions in multi-phase flows with a phase-Doppler anemometer yield incorrect results if polydisperse particles are investigated. For weighting biased size distributions, different in situ methods, requiring the size of the detection area, are known, but all of these weighting procedures are restricted to very small measuring volumes if off-axis instrument configurations are considered. Moreover, the weighting functions have some disadvantages in the case of poor statistics in single size classes or the results are not suitable for determining the size of the detection area for particles which are larger than the beam waist.Therefore, the intention in this work was to measure the size of the detection area for different kinds of monodisperse particles, different instrument configurations and varied instrument sensitivities experimentally and to develop an improved weighting procedure that copes with the above difficulties. The application of the results obtained from the investigations with monodisperse particles to measured particle size distributions and volume flux densities of polydisperse water droplets in a spray cone of an atomizer confirms the applicability of this weighting procedure. It is still restricted to directed flows, perpendicular to the fringes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110409
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  • 138
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Relevance of Reflection in Static and Dynamic Light Scattering Experiments (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 320-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Using a monodisperse PMMA dispersion, it was shown that light reflection at the sample cuvette walls may greatly influence the results of both static (SLS) and dynamic (DLS) light scattering experiments. Considering SLS, this reflection phenomenon mostly causes an overestimation of the scattered intensity at high scattering angles, which may give rise to the emergence of an additional, artificial peak in the lower region of the particle size distribution. On the other hand, the influcence of reflection on DLS measurements was shown to be particularly important in the upper region of the particle size distribution. The experimentally observed phenomena were explained from the basic principles of both particle sizing methods. Finally, it was shown that the disturbing effect of reflection could be avoided by modifying either the hardware or the software of the static and dynamic light scattering technique.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110408
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  • 139
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Editorial (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 410-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110602
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  • 140
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Proceedings of PARTEC 92 still available (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 352-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110413
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  • 141
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Johnson's SB Distribution Function as Applied in the Mathematical Representation of Particle Size Distributions. Part 2: Application of numerical results (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 367-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The validity of the numerical results obtained in Part 1 is examined via some typical examples. The results indicate that the numerical results can be applied to the particle size distribution transformation within the practically tolerated error. On this basis an equation was derived to calculate analytically the mean diameters of a powder. The verification and application of this equation are demonstrated by a typical example. It is shown that the Hatch-Choate relationship used in the transformation of particle size distributions expressed by the log-normal distribution is only a special (extreme) case of the present numerical results. Although the numerical simulation cannot always provide a consistent transformation, this approach can greatly facilitate the application of the SB distribution function in powder technology by simplifying the transformation between particle size distributions and the calculation of mean diameters.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110503
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  • 142
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Errata (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 404-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110510
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  • 143
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110601
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  • 144
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Determination of Geometrical Properties of Mechanically Delaminated Ultrathin Talc Platelets (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 398-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The three-dimensional particle size and shape of mechanically delaminated talc thin platelets were determined by combining two different methods. The plate diameter was determined by microscopy with the aid of an image analyser and the thickness from the X-ray crystallite size perpendicular to the basal plane. The net line broadening of the X-ray diffraction peak, necessary for the determination of X-ray crystallite size, was evaluated by electron microscopy. In order to correct X-ray diffractometry for instrumental broadening, the platelet thickness of a representative specimen was obtained directly using a transmission electron microscope coupled with a laborious slice technique with an ultramicrotome.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110508
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  • 145
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterizing the Rheology of Powders by studying dynamic avalanching of the powder (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 453-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Avalanching of solids is an important multivariable dependent phenomenon that can be a valuable tool for characterization of solids flowability. Although avalanching by itself is primarily chaotic it appears that the fractal analysis of its avalanching mass data can yield very interesting and significant information that is of importance in determining suitability of a material in solids handling and pneumatic transport.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110608
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  • 146
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Flow Properties of Selected Pharmaceutical Powders from a Vibrating Spatula (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 457-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Studies have been performed to characterize the flow of certain powders of pharmaceutical interest from a vibrating spatula. Lactose, cromolyn sodium, sodium chloride and charcoal powders were prepared by milling or sieving. Jet milling yielded micronized powder (1-10 μm), which was recovered from the product jar or metal cyclone. Particles in the larger size ranges were prepared by sieving. Photomicrograph images of the products were obtained by scanning electron microscopy. All of the powders were subjected to flow studies from vibrating beds to a top loading pan balance. Cumulative mass versus time, flow profiles were plotted. Bulk flow properties, as reflected in mass flow rates (Mi), were assessed. Irregular flow patterns were obtained for lactose, cromolyn sodium and charcoal, whereas sodium chloride was free flowing. The lengths of the lines depicting cumulative mass versus time, for samples of each material, were estimated using the inswing structured walk technique. Stride lengths (γ) of 1-100 mm were employed. Fractal dimensions were obtained from graphs of the logarithm of the cumulative mass versus time line length plotted against the logarithm of the stride length. Thus, flow irregularities were indicated by fractal dimensions (δ).In all of the powders studied, mass flow rates increased as the particle size increased. Sodium chloride did not exhibit fractal behavior (δ ≤ 1.007), as there were no flow irregularities. Lactose, cromolyn sodium and charcoal did not appear to exhibit fractal behavior (δ ≤ 1.010) at large stride lengths (γ = 15-100 mm). At small stride lengths (γ = 1-10 mm) these materials did exhibit fractal behavior (δ equals; 1.029-1.059) indicative of flow irregularity. This method may be used to numerically quantify uniformity of flow from a vibrating spatula, and would be useful in a number of industrial processes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110609
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  • 147
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Removal of ethoxylated aliphatic amines from zinc containing effluents by adsorption on macroporous resinspaper presented at the sci conference iex '92 - ion exchange advances, cambridge, uk, 12-17 july, 1992. (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 30-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The separation of ethoxylated aliphatic amines from zinc containing effluents with macroporous polymeric adsorbents Wofatit EP 61, EP 62, Y 59, Y 77 and active carbons has been examined. The adsorption behaviour has been investigated as a function of temperature, time and concentration of Na2SO4, ZnSO4 and H2SO4. The macroporous polymers EP 61, Y 77 and Y 59 are capable of separating ethoxylated aliphatic amines from effluents of viscose fibre industry at higher temperatures and under weakly acidic conditions. In contrast to active carbon, inorganic components are not adsorbed on the investigated macroporous resins. Data obtained in a concentration range of 0 to 10 g of adsorbate per litre produced a Langmuir profile for adsorption of ethoxylated aliphatic amines by polymeric adsorbents.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170105
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  • 148
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Further remarks on the linear relationship between stoichiometry and dimensional analysisDedicated to Professor Dr. Horst Langemann on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 47-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The phrase “further remarks” in the title of this short paper is meant to imply that reactions and dimensionless groups are not only purely algebraic concepts, but definite numerical values can also be associated with them; in stoichiometry this evaluation may relate, for example, to the heat of reaction and, in dimensional analysis, to what is called a dimensionless number. On the basis of the evaluation concept, it will be shown that a counterpart of Hess' law in thermochemistry is valid in dimensional analysis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170108
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  • 149
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    HCl formation via pyrolytic degradation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC): An empirical approach to kinetic modelling (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The pyrolysis of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been described in terms of a relatively simple kinetic model, based on a large number of laboratory tests. The model predictions are in a good agreement with experimental data, regarding hydrochloric acid and non-condensable combustible gases. Therefore, the proposed model can be used to predict with good approximation the distributions of the above classes of compounds, in the whole range of applied experimental conditions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170111
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  • 150
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170101
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  • 151
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hybrid modelling of yeast production processes - combination of a priori knowledge on different levels of sophisticationDedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hanns Hofmann on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 10-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Process models are used to formulate knowledge about process behaviour. They are applied, e.g., to predict the process' future behaviour and for state estimation when reliable on-line measuring techniques to monitor the key variables of the process are not available. There are different sources of information available for modelling, which provide process knowledge in different representations. Some elements or aspects may be described by physically based mathematical models and others by heuristically obtained rules of thumb, while some information may still be hidden in the process data recorded during previous runs of the process. Heuristic rules are conveniently processed with fuzzy expert systems, while artificial neural networks present themselves as a powerful tool for uncovering the information within the process data without the need to transform the information into one of the other representations. Artificial neural networks and fuzzy technology are increasingly being employed for modelling biotechnological processes, thus extending the traditional way of process modelling by mathematical equations. However, a sufficiently comprehensive combination of all these techniques has not yet been put forward. Here, we present a simple way of combining all the available knowledge relating to a given process. In a case study, we demonstrate the development of a hybrid model for state estimation and prediction on the example of a yeast production process. The model was validated during a cultivation performed in a standard pilot-scale fermenter.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170103
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  • 152
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Development of a mathematical model for a secondary reformerIICT Communication No. 3238. (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A rigorous one-dimensional heterogeneous model is developed for a secondary reformer in an ammonia plant with special emphasis on the catalyst particle models. These are based on the effective diffusivity model and the Stefan-Maxwell model in the catalyst pore and the film around the catalyst particle. The performance of these four models is evaluated for the data collected from a commercial reformer in the complete operating range and recommendations are made regarding the use of appropriate particle models. The models for the catalyst particle show considerable deviations at the particle level but the reformer simulations produce almost identical results at the global level for all the four particle models. The need for a rigorous treatment of interphase resistance to mass transfer has been clearly demonstrated by comparison of the present model with the model of Singh and Saraf.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170409
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  • 153
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Controlled precipitationPaper presented by A. Mersmann at the Meeting of German Chemical Engineers, Vienna, 30. Sept.-2. Oct. 1992. (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In a process of precipitation, two or more reactants form a product. In many cases, the solubility of this product is very low and high supersaturation is generated which leads to nucleation and crystal growth. The number of the formed nuclei and their growth govern the particle size distribution of the precipitate. As a rule, the precipitate is separated from the mother liquor in a centrifuge or on a filter. This separation and the subsequent drying process of very fine particles can be very expensive with respect to investment and energy costs. Therefore, it is desirable to produce as coarse a precipitate as possible with a narrow crystal size distribution.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170102
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  • 154
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Catalytic dehydrogenation of methanol to water-free formaldehydeDedicated to Professor Horst Langemann on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 34-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Catalytic dehydrogenation of methanol is a promising process of producing water-free formaldehyde. The present paper reviews research in this field. As effective catalysts mainly transition metal compounds as well as oxides and salts containing sodium have been reported. Several catalysts exhibit high activity and high selectivity, for formaldehyde at low conversions while further efforts have to be made to improve catalyst stability and selectivity at high conversions. Catalytic dehydrogenation of methanol to formaldehyde is compared with methanol oxidation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170106
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  • 155
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170201
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  • 156
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Inertial impaction of aerosol particles on single and multiple spherical targets (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 88-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Inertial deposition of aerosol droplets (diameter: 1-14 μm) on steel spheres (diameter: 3-9 mm) was investigated. Air velocity was varied between 7 and 28 m/s (corresponding sphere Reynolds numbers: 1400-17000). The impaction on single spheres as well as that on linear arrays of eight spheres was measured. Theoretical results, based on potential flow investigations were verified by single sphere experiments. Of special interest was the range of lower Stokes numbers, where the theoretically predicted limit of deposition cannot be verified. The experiments on sphere arrays were for the first time performed in the low Stokes number range. Deposition on the leading sphere, relative to that on the shielded spheres, exhibits a maximum in the high Stokes number range, but this changes drastically in the low Stokes number range. Here, maximum deposition can be found on the shielded spheres while the leading sphere shows a markedly lower deposition.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170204
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  • 157
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of viscosity on product distribution of fast competitive chemical reactions (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 102-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The objective of this study was to determine the influence of viscosity on micromixing in turbulent flow. It was first necessary to find a suitable viscosity-raising additive. HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose) proved to be better than previously studied additives [sorbitol and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)]. In concentrations up to 1 wt-%, HEC solutions are almost Newtonian with viscosities independent of pH over the range 2 to 10. HEC had no effect on the reaction rate constants and the spectrophotometric analysis of the fast, competing reactions used - the diazo coupling between 1-naphthol and diazotized sulphanilic acid. The viscosity can then be raised by around an order of magnitude by adding less than 1 wt-% HEC to this reaction system.Diazo couplings were conducted in a 20 1 semi-batch tank reactor stirred by a Rushton turbine at two viscosity levels (0.9 and 6.2 mPa s). Long feed times ensured that micromixing was controlling. More bisazo dye was formed in the more viscous solution, all other conditions being unchanged, indicating more intense segregation and slower micromixing.This was also shown by visualizing the extent of neutralisation zones, with more spreading and slower micromixing being observed in viscous solution. Higher turbine speeds reduced this spreading. One feed point near and one far from the turbine were employed: the strong inhomogeneity of the turbulence led to smaller amounts of bisazo dye when the feed was added to the turbine suction, irrespective of the viscosity. All results agreed with the trends predicted by the engulfment model of micromixing. Its simplest form assigns an average energy dissipation rate to the reaction zone: the values obtained are of similar magnitude to those measured by physical techniques and were related to the spreading of the reaction zone.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170206
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  • 158
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Applications of computational fluid dynamics in the chemical industryDedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 70th Birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 145-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In order to illustrate the use of CFD in providing an understanding of mixing processes, three examples, mixing in a pipe, homogenization with a static mixer and flow in a mixing vessel with a Rushton turbine, are discussed and compared with experimental results. Special attention is focussed on the resultant concentration distribution, which is closely linked to turbulent properties. A semi-empirical model is presented for a quantitative prediction of the initial turbulent conditions. Using special numerical techniques a mixing vessel with wall-separated baffles, which represents a problem generally regarded as beyond the capabilities of numerical analysis, can be simulated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170302
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  • 159
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Liquid phase oxidation of α-pinene initiated by ozone. 2: Formation of verbenol, verbenone and acid products (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The formation of verbenol, verbenone and acids during liquid phase ozone-initiated oxidation of α-pinene has been investigated; temperature, ozone partial pressure and ozone initiation time were the variables studied. While increasing temperature promotes the formation of secondary products, the other two variables affect mainly the selectivity. Thus, an ozone partial pressure and ozone initiation time of 1014 Pa and 10 min, respectively, lead to the highest selectivities. Kinetic expressions for the formation of verbenol and verbenone, which are consistent with experimental data, have also been developed from a free radical mechanism.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170307
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  • 160
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mass transfer and reaction behaviour of a circulating fluidized bed reactorPaper presented at the DECHEMA annual meeting, May 26-28, 1993, Nürnberg, GermanyDedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 70th birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This contribution presents a chemical reactor model of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) which takes into account adsorption effects and provides a description of the vertical profiles of gas concentration in the riser. The oxidation of NO is used as an example of a heterogeneous catalytic reaction. Mass transfer between the gas phase and solid particles in the CFB was investigated at various temperatures and solids mass flow rates. The measurements show that the mass transfer coefficient decreases with increasing solids mass flux and that the CFB resembles a bubbling fluidized bed as regards gas-solid contacting.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170309
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  • 161
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Air purification by catalytic oxidation in a reactor with periodic flow reversalDedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 70th birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The behaviour of an adiabatic packed bed reactor with periodic flow reversal has been studied by means of model calculations. A heterogeneous model as well as a pseudo-homogeneous model have been developed. It is shown that a high degree of conversion can be obtained in an autothermal process even with very low adiabatic temperature rises of some 10 to 20 K. The reactor is insensitive to fluctuations in inlet concentrations and in through-put. Short-cut methods proposed in the literature for calculating the plateau temperature in the pseudo-steady state are studied. The so called countercurrent-flow reactor approach showed reasonable agreement with the plateau temperature obtained by dynamic calculations with the full reactor model.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170402
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  • 162
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Crystallization process optimization using artificial neural networksPaper presented by A. Woinaroschy at the 11th Internationai Congress of Chemical Engineering “Chisa '93”, Praha, August 29-September 3, 1993. (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 269-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper presents a new procedure for optimization of continuous mixed suspensionmixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizing systems. Owing to the difficulties of theoretical modelling, simulation of the MSMPR crystallization process is based on the use of artificial neural networks (ANN). The optimization criterion is a compound objective function corresponding to an intended mean crystal size dimension and a minimal dispersion. The presence of multiple local minima has called for investigation by several optimization techniques. Ultimately, Luus' and Jaakola's random adaptive method proved to be most effective. The results obtained lend support to the general procedure proposed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170408
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  • 163
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170501
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  • 164
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Distribution of energy dissipation rate in an agitated gas-liquid system (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 323-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170506
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  • 165
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Basic characteristics of spinel type manganese mixed oxide/titanium composite anodes for electroorganic redox catalysisDedicated to Professor Dr. Hartmut Wendt on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 338-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Manganese mixed oxide composite layers of about 1 μm thickness on titanium sheet as substrate were fabricated by firing of the corresponding nitrates at a typical temperature of 400°C in air. The activity of these anodes was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (10 mV/s) and the stability was determined by chronopotentiometry (2.5 mA/cm2) in 1M H2SO4. The oxidation of 2-propanol was examined as a simple electroorganic model reaction. The quality of a first category of mixed oxides with general composition MnMe2O4 decresed in the order Me = Co, Ni, Fe. In a second group with the general formula MeMn2O4 a decrease in the order Me = Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Ti, Zn, Cd, Ca, Mg, (Zn, Ge), Li was observed. The corresponding candidates of the second group were superior to those of the first. The anode service life τ of the optimum spinel anode CoMn2O4/Ti is dependent on the current density, according to jλ τ = const. (λ = 1.7). Thus high current densities are precluded. The mechanism has been discussed in terms of a heterogeneous redox catalysis: surface Mn(VII) states are formed in a slow electrochemical step. In a subsequent fast chemical oxidation of the organic molecule the original reduced state is regenerated. This also explains the comparatively good service life of these anodes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170508
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  • 166
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Single and multicomponent adsorption equilibria of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and methane in hydrogen purification processes (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 325-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Single, binary, ternary and quaternary adsorption equilibria of CO2, CO, CH4 and N2 on molecular sieve 5A and activated carbon were experimentally determined over a pressure range from 10-4 to 101 MPa, a temperature range from 303 to 363 K and at various compositions. The adsorption equilibria of steam reformer gases as needed for the hydrogen purification in pressure swing adsorption units were measured by using a circulating volumetric method. For the temperature-dependent correlation of pure gas isotherm fields the Toth equation, which is a favorable model for heterogeneous adsorbents, was extended by two parameters accounting for the temperature-dependencies of the saturation loading and the heterogeneity parameter. Multicomponent equilibria were successfully predicted from single component isotherms by the Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory based on the accurate representation of the pure component data by this temperature dependent Toth equation. Other thermodynamic models like the HIAS, the MIAS, the SPD or the VS theory and the Statistical Thermodynamics Model were also applied to the prediction of the adsorption equilibrium and the temperature and pressure dependence of the selectivity, with comparable success, which is due to the quasi-ideal adsorption behavior even at a high pressure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 24 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170507
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  • 167
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Concept of a sterile concentration process for milk by multistage flash evaporationDedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hansjörg Sinn on occasion of his 65th birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 374-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In the proposed combined sterilisation and concentration method, the original milk is first sterilised under conditions of continuous flow and after reaching the desired sterilisation temperature the product is concentrated by means of flash evaporation during subsequent cooling. Addition of stabilisers to maintain the thermal stability of the concentrate during sterilisation is not necessary in this process. The method presupposes that cooling with concentration is carried out under sterile conditions. This is technically quite feasible on use of multistage flash evaporation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170603
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  • 168
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Liquid velocity and dispersion coefficient in an airlift reactor with inverse internal loopParts of this paper have been presented in a condensed version at CHISA '93, Praha, Czech Republic.Dedicated to Professor Dr. Manfred Baerns on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 401-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: An airlift reactor with inverse internal loop (annulus sparged) is investigated with regard to liquid velocity and dispersion coefficient for the purpose of reactor design. To distinguish between the influence of the individual parts of the reactor (downcomer, riser, bottom) on the liquid velocity and mixing, several draft tubes with different geometries and draft tube bottom clearances are successively installed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170607
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  • 169
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Applicability of explicit enhancement factors in the modelling of gas-liquid reactors (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 430-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170611
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  • 170
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Size and Velocity Measurements of Large Drops in Air and in a liquid-liquid two-phase flow by the phase-Doppler technique (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Particles comparable in size to or larger than the measurement volume need extra consideration when measured by a phase-Doppler system. The phase of the Doppler burst received when such particles traverse the measurement volume depends not only on the size of the particle but also on its trajectory, since the particle is not uniformly illuminated. This paper presents a strategy for securing correct measurements even under such conditions, taking advantage of the three-detector receiving optics of the Dantec Particle Dynamics Analyzer. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated for sizing drops in liquid-gas and liquid-liquid two-phase flows: water drops in air, water drops in FC72 and FC72 drops in water. The combination of water and FC72 is also of interest because the relative refractive index is close to unity. Measurements of drops size were made on a monodisperse stream of drops about 2 mm in diameter, i.e. substantially larger than the measurement volume, and polydisperse distributions of drops ranging in diameter from below 0.2 mm to about 1 mm.
    Zusätzliches Material: 20 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110109
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  • 171
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reconstruction of Real Size Distributions Hidden in Phase-Doppler Anemometry results obtained form droplets of inhomogeneous liquids (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 84-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Real process fluids such as emulsions and suspensions are optically absordent as well as inhomogeneous. Using phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA)for investigating the spray cone, the inhomogeneites have led to incomprehensible size distributions. In this paper, solutions of instant coffee and condensed milk, representing typical process fluids, were chosen for PDA measurements in comparison with PDA applied to water droplets with the same atomization process in order to clarify the reasons for the measured broad size distributions. By applying PDA to monodisperse droplets and to “monodisperse” and real polydisperse sprays consisting of such fluids, it is shown how the measured size distributions arise, Based on this knowledge, the real size distributions are reconstructed and compared with that of water atomization. Therefore, PDA can in future also be applied to real process fluids, and process control, based on the information provided by PDA, is coming nearer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 23 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110111
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  • 172
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Pulse Displacement Technique  -  a single particle counter with a size range larger than 1000: 1 (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper describes the pulse displacement technique(PDT) to simultaneously measure particle size and velocity in applications characterized by a large size range and high particle concentration. PDT is based on the detection of scattered refraction and reflection pulses which sweep past a detector at different times as a particle traverses a narrow probe volume. Basic analytical relationships are presented which allow the calculation of the spatial and temporal widths and separations of the reflection and refraction pulse as a function of particle diameter and velocity. Two implementations of PDT are discussed using one or two receivers with two laser sheets having the same or different wavelengths. This paper also discusses several methods to measure particle velocity with PDT, discusses the limitations associated with signal broadening in practical systems, and briefly presents experimental results which show that the temporal separation between the refraction and reflection and reflection pulse maxima is independent of collecting lens f-number from f/3 to f/20 for particle sizes ranging from 250 to 2000 μm.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110114
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  • 173
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Floc(k) in Nürnberg (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 120-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110202
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  • 174
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Optimum Seeding Particles for Successful Laser Doppler Velocimeter Measurements (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Seeding particles for laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) measurement have been developed which are of uniform diameter, spherical shape, low loose weight and high melting temperature. Evaluation test results show that the use of the particles can increase the signal quality substantially and extend the measurable field of the LDV, which can hardly be accessed by conventional measurement methods.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110204
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  • 175
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New Generation of Phase-Doppler Instruments for particle velocity, size and concentration measurements (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 43-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) is applied for particle size, velocity and concentration measurements in two-phase or multi-phase flows of ever increasing complexity. For accurate measurements the experimenter must be provided with software and hardware which permit an optimal layout of the PDA optics for a given application, reliable detection of signals over a wide particle diameter range, accurate determination of particle concentration and precise discrimination between particles of different composition. Recent work at LSTM, Erlangen, has been directed to developing a complete PDA package for the above purposes. Progress in this direction is summarized in this paper.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110107
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  • 176
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Trajectory Ambiguities in Phase Doppler Systems: Study of a near forward and a near-backward geometry (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 133-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Generalized Lorenz-Mie theory for the scattering of arbitrarily shaped beams by spherical particles has been applied to two standard phase Doppler layouts, employing receiving units at 30° and 150° off-axis locations. It is shown that the particle trajectory effects may lead to inaccurate size measurements for the near-forward receiver and may make the near-backward measurements totally misleading when a large particle size range (1:40) needs to be covered. Only limited improvements can be achieved by using two phase-shift signals from a single receiving unit for discrimination. The errors associated with the trajectories are also detrimental to the concentration measurements based on the existing criteria. However, an extended optical system employing two identical receiving units, located symmetrically about the plane of the laser beams, provides a robust solution to the trajectory ambiguity. It can be used to measure correctly the particle size and the particle location in the measuring volume. The difficulties associated with estimating the effective size of the measuring volume as a function of the particle diameter (in order to determine the true size distribution and the particle number density) may also be resolved by employing an extended system. Hence, despite a higher cost, this arrangement is attractive, at least for obtaining some benchmark simultaneous measurements of sizes and velocities in two-phase particulate flows.
    Zusätzliches Material: 32 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110205
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  • 177
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcements (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 172-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110211
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  • 178
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Particle Image Velocimetry Applied to a Spray Jet (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 156-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Experiments are described in which particle image velocimetry (PIV) is applied to the measurement of liquid droplets in a spray jet. The two velocity components in planes formed by the light sheet originating from a double-pulsed ruby laser are determined. The PIV records are evaluated with the method of Young's fringes. It is shown that this procedure allows the simultaneous measurement of the droplet size within a certain size range.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110208
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  • 179
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Calibration of the electrical aerosol analyzer at subambient pressures (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A commercial Electrical Aerosol Analyzer (EAA, TSI Inc. model 3030) was calibrated experimentally at three subambient pressures (i. e., 0.901, 0.878, and 0.853 atm). Each calibration resulted in a 19 × 11 response matrix and a size dependent sensitivity curve \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left({\frac{{pA}}{{{\# \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\# {cm^3}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {cm^3}}}}} \right) $\end{document}. The results of the calibration were incorporated into a data reduction computer program for size distribution inversion. The accuracy of the calibration was tested by measuring the size distribution of a NaCl polydisperse aerosol at the three subambient pressures. All the tests gave good agreement in the inverted mean geometric diameter and geometric standard deviation of the aerosol number size distribution.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110209
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  • 180
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PARTEC 1995 (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 173-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110212
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  • 181
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Development of a Mathematical Model for Light Scattering by statistically irregular particles (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 200-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A mathematical model is described to predict Fraunhofer diffraction by statistically irregular particles. It is demonstrated that the particles are characterised by a probability distribution of radius and a correlation function in the surface. The results of calculation show that at angles not too far from the forward scattering direction and for irregularity heights within a limited range, the irregular particles may be represented approximately by spheres with a size distribution equal to the probability distribution of radius. However, the calculations are highly sensitive to the exact nature of the probability functions. Comparisons of the results with those of a simpler model are not satisfactory beyond the first forward scattering lobe.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110306
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  • 182
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Determination of Size, Evaporation Rate and Freezing of Water Droplets using light scattering and radiation pressure (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 207-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Two independent optical diagnostic techniques for studying the evaporation and freezing of optically levitated droplets are described. In the first technique the size of the droplet is determined by evaluation of the fringe spacing of the light scattered in the forward hemisphere at a scattering angle of 45°. The other technique evaluates the oscillations of optically leviated droplets caused by fluctuations in the radiation pressure. The frequency of these fluctuations is a direct measure for the change of radius with time. In both methods the signals change drastically when freezing of the droplet occurs. Hence the moment of freezing can easily be detected.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110307
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  • 183
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Extinction of Radiations in Sterically Interacting Systems of Monodisperse Spheres. Part 1: Theory (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 212-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: So far, the evaluation of extinction measurements has mostly relied on Bouguer-Lambert-Beer's law (BLBL), even though BLBL is known to be valid in the limit of low concentrations only. With higher particle concentrations, particle-particle interactions such as multiple scattering, dependent scattering and steric interactions can lead to important deviations from BLBL. In a discussion of the various interaction mechanisms, steric interactions are shown to be dominating in a wide and practically important range of parameters. For the theoretical description of steric interactions, different complementary models are introduced, including a statistical model, a layer model and a numerical simulation model. The various approaches coincide to yield a simple extinction equation in two versions, applying to the regimes of Fraunhofer diffraction and straight ray propagation, respectively. In any case, BLBL is found as the low concentration limit of the extinction equation. All considerations are restricted, so far, to the case of monodisperse spherical particles.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110308
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  • 184
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Simultaneous Measurement of Velocity and Equivalent Diameter on Non-Spherical Particles (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The performance of a laser-based optical technique to measure simultaneously the velocity and equivalent diameter of nonsphercial particles was evaluated. The size information was provided by the absolute intensity of diffractively scattered light by a particle crossing a single laser beam, which is concentric with a laser Doppler probe volume. The response curve (size-intensity relationship) of the technique was estimated by calculations using the Fraunhofer approximation. Experiments with spherical glass and polyethylene and non-spherical metal and ceramic particles ranging from 20 to 200 μm confirmed the operation of the technique and in all the measurements the maximum error of the average diameter was 10 μm as compared with size information provided by a microscope.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110310
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  • 185
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Imaging of Drop and Vapour Clouds in an Evaporating Fuel Spray by ultraviolet and visible lasers (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 241-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A laser-based method was developed for the simultaneous and quantitative imaging of drop and vapour clouds in an evaporating fuel spray. The method was based on extinction of two wavelengths, that is, ultraviolet and visible laser light through the fuel spray due to absorption by the vapour and scattering by the drops. α-Methylnaphthalene was selected as an injection fuel, since it absorbs the ultraviolet laser light but does not absorb the visible laser light. Subtraction of the transmissivity of the visible laser light from that of the ultraviolet laser light made it possible to image the distribution of the vapour cloud in the evaporating fuel spray. The distribution of the drop cloud is imaged by the transmissivity of the visible laser light. The method was applied to the fuel spray injected from a nozzle of a direct injection diesel engine into high-pressure and high-temperature nitrogen gas in a bomb.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110312
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  • 186
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Particle size Effects on Optical Transport through strongly scattering media (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 250-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Measurements of transmission and enhanced backscattering from powder beds of α-AI 2O3 consisting of particles with different average sizes are reported. The values of the mean free path and the absorption length, as inferred from these measurements, are compared and good agreement between the two measurement is found when the internal reflections are properly taken into account. A particle size measurement method is suggested on the basis of the linear dependence found experimentally between the transport mean free path and the mean particle size.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110313
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  • 187
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110501
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  • 188
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterization of Agglomerated and Aggregated Aerosol Particles Using Image Analysis (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 426-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Accurate particle size characterization of aggregated and agglomerated particles is only possible by analysis of photographs. Both the primary particle size and the morphology of the aggregate are important experimental results. Since standard image analysis techniques for particle size analysis usually recognize only single particles, a new programme, called here Sparse Hough Transformation, was developed for the automated recognition of spherical particles within an aggregate. The method is shown to perform well, even for images with many overlapping particles. The structure of the aggregate is analysed using the fractal dimension, determined from the density-density correlation function. Finite size effects, important when dealing with aggregates containing few primary particles, are taken into account by including a cut-off function.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110605
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  • 189
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Application of Fractal Geometry in Quantitative Characterization of Aerosol Morphology (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 436-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The aerosol morphologies of six types of particles plus one other from a different source were characterized quantitatively in terms of fractal dimensions based on boundary, projected area and surface roughness. Except for the particle with a smooth boundary, multifractal features were observed on the projected boundary of aerosols. It was found that the fractal dimensions of the aerosol boundaries in the high-resolution region ranged from 1.00 to 1.13, whereas those in the low-resolution region were distributed from 1.04 to 1.91. The compactness of a particle could be examined in terms of the fractal dimension of its projected area such that a solid particle gave a value of 2.00, a hollow particle with pores inside gave a value of 1.93 and a chain agglomerate gave an even lower value of 1.81. Aerosol topological features retrieved from the gray levels of a microimage were used to illustrate the difference in surface roughness or distinguish particle deposition on the substrate from that of agglomeration. A value of 2.49 was found for a hollow sphere in contrast to a value of 2.26 for a round pollen particle. Finally, a coordinate system was established by employing the computed fractal dimensions as axes to accommodate the particles characterized in this work and the Euclidean distance of a point from the origin was shown to be a potential composite index for aerosol morphology.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110606
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  • 190
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcement (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 403-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110509
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  • 191
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Homogenization of liquids in tanks stirred by multiple impellers (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 95-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The process of homogenization of liquids in a tall vessel equipped with a multiple impeller was studied. Up to four standard Rushton turbines and/or six pitched-blade turbines were used. The mixing time in the system was measured by the conductivity method. A continuous time history of the tracer concentration at several points in the system was recorded. The data were interpreted by means of an adapted cell model of the flow within the stirred vessel with several impellers based on the assumption of well mixed cells and intercellular flow of liquid. The liquid transfer flow rate between the cells, as a parameter of the model, was calculated from experimental data. A good agreement between the time dependence of concentration obtained experimentally and that calculated from theory was obtained. A direct relationship between the flow numbers between cells and those of impellers was established.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170205
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  • 192
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Modelling of coadsorption of different-sized molecules by using methods of statistical thermodynamicsDedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 70th Birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Using methods of statistical thermodynamics, adsorption isotherms for the description of multicomponent chemisorption of different-sized molecular species are derived by assuming the adsorbing surface to be energetically homogeneous and by neglecting lateral interactions between the adsorbed particles. In the first part of this contribution, the adsorption equilibria for a mixture of different-sized chain molecules adsorbed on a lattice of coordination number z are discussed supposing each unit of a given chain to bind to one adsorption site only. In the second part, the coadsorption of molecular species consisting of a different number of segments on a continuous surface is treated. A comparison of the predicted to the measured isotherms for the coadsorption of two freon species on activated carbon shows that the proposed equations describe the results of the coadsorption measurements sufficiently well, provided the adsorption data for the pure components have been determined experimentally.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170209
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  • 193
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A mathematical model describing the ARI “autocirculation reactor” for low temperature conversion of H2S into sulphur (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 141-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A prototype “autocirculation”-type reactor has been designed and constructed at the N.I.O.C. Research Institute, Tehran and a mathematical model describing the concentration versus time profile subsequently developed. The model encompasses mass transfer considerations and kinetic studies of the regeneration reaction. For this purpose, the rate equation for iron complex oxidation, proposed by Japanese researchers, was modified and a new rate equation presented. This rate equation has been widely used in the above mentioned mathematical model. With this model, the vessel volume for a time-dependent H2S feed has been calculated for a “ZDDP” production unit.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170213
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  • 194
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Deactivation of a vinyl acetate catalystDedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 70th Birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 112-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Kinetic studies as well as morphological and physico-chemical surface studies have been carried out on the deactivation of a palladium carrier catalyst for vinyl acetate synthesis in the ethylene gas phase process. The experiments cover concentration and temperature ranges of technical interest at a total pressure of 900 kPa. The deactivation rate depends on the temperature and the oxygen and acetic acid concentrations. The decline in activity is best described by a rate law of second order relative to the activity number. This behaviour is attributed to the observed aggregation of finely dispersed palladium. It can be concluded that palladium(II) acetate acts as a transport species in a chemically assisted sintering mechanism. At temperatures T ≤ 438 K the more advantageous final texture of the catalyst will only be formed on reaction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170208
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  • 195
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Kinetics and mechanisms of reaction between carbon disulphide and morpholine in aqueous solutions (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 138-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The reaction in aqueous solutions between carbon disulphide and morpholine has been studied experimentally at 303 K using a conductimetric stopped-flow technique. The observed pseudo-first order rate constant does not vary linearly with amine concentration but follows the equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ k_{obs} = k_{Am} [R_2 NH]^2 + k_w [R_2 NH][H_2 O] $$\end{document} .This equation is compatible both with (i) zwitterion intermediate and (ii) single-step termolecular reaction mechanisms which were previously proposed for the corresponding reactions of CO2 and COS. Values of rate constants kAm and kw at 303 K are also reported.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170212
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  • 196
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170301
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  • 197
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reduction of diesel particulate emissions by catalytic filtrationDedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 70th birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 149-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Several kinds of diesel soot filters and filter materials of high melting points with eleven different catalytic coatings were prepared. They were calcined at a maximum temperature of 1000°C. The reaction rate and the kinetic parameters of the combustion of diesel soot were determined in a closed loop laboratory reactor. A packed bed of alumina particulates was the most active filter in soot combustion. Catalytic coatings with oxides of vanadium, copper or cerium accelerated the reaction. In each case the effect of the coating was dependent on specific interactions between the catalyst and the filter material. The manner of filtration and the nature of the soot filter are found to be more important for the overall result than the nature of the catalytic coating.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170303
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  • 198
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Conversion of ethanol over zeolite H-ZSM-5 (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The conversion of ethanol over H-ZSM-5 was studied as a function of ethanol partial pressure, reaction temperature, weight hourly space velocity and Si/Al ratio. The results obtained were in qualitative agreement with most of those in the literature. Combination with all published results to give a significant regression model was not possible due to the large scatter of the data from various scientific groups. In mechanistic investigations, temperature programmed reaction measurements of ethanol, diethyl ether and ethene were performed. The formation of ethene from ethanol via direct elimination or from diethyl ether as intermediate could be confirmed. In the conversion of ethanol/water mixtures, the product distribution did not change significantly up to a water content of 60 wt%. Then, a pronounced increase of ethene formation and a considerable decrease of the yields of aromatics was observed. When several reaction mixtures from syngas conversion to ethanol were converted over H-ZSM-5, the coking rate depended on the product distribution in the feed. Product mixtures from processes with higher amounts of compounds having an unfavourable C/H ratio led to rapid deactivation of the zeolite.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170306
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  • 199
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dynamic response and safety assessment of a batch process on cooling breakdown (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 358-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Cooling breakdown in highly exothermic reaction processes may lead to runaway. The sensitivity and the safety assessment of a batch process on cooling breakdown are studied. The dependence of the minimum cooling time and the maximum allowable time of cooling breakdown for safe operation on the process parameters is investigated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170511
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  • 200
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hydrogen consuming anodes for energy saving in sodium sulphate electrolysisDedicated to Professor Dr. Hartmut Wendt on the occassion of his 60th birthday (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 382-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Gas diffusion electrodes, made of PTFE-bonded carbon with precious metal catalysts, were investigated as hydrogen consuming anodes in sodium sulphate electrolysis. The catalysts used were platinum and palladium and mixtures of both metals, prepared by two different methods. Various metal meshes were used as current collector. The electrodes performed well in pure sulphuric acid (5-15 wt-%) and in mixtures with sodium sulphate (10 wt-%) at temperatures of 30 to 70°C and current densities up to 5 kA/m2. In long-term experiments, at a current density of 2.6 kA/m2, the electrodes were stable over three months. The electrodes were characterised by stationary current density/potential curves and by galvanostatic current interruption measurements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170604
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