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  • 1980-1984  (3,708)
  • 1984  (3,708)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3,071)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (637)
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 1980-1984  (3,708)
Year
  • 101
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Welding Engineering in Chemical Systems Construction - Examples for Selection and Welding Processing of Materials as to Their Operational VerificationWelding manufacturing occupies undoubtedly a key position in the construction of chemical apparatus and systems. It is possible to application-specifically select out of a variety of structural materials and welding fillers. Corrosion resistance, thermal and mechanical characteristics, especially any differences in the time-history of loading are the crucial criteria. In addition, the effects of welding on the material properties must be considered.Below examples will be given as to material criteria concerning specifications and selection, but primarily with respect to the corrodibility of stainless CrNi(Mo) steels and the appropriate welding fillers.
    Notes: Die schweißtechnische Fertigung nimmt beim Bau von Apparaten und Anlagen der chemischen Industrie ohne Zweifel eine Schlüsselposition ein.Aus einer Vielzahl von Konstruktionswerkstoffen und Schweißzusatzwerkstoffen kann, auf den Anwendungsfall bezogen, eine Auswahl getroffen werden. Das Korrosionsverhalten, die thermischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften, insbesondere auch die möglichen Unterschiede im zeitlichen Verlauf der Beanspruchung, sind die Hauptkriterien. Hierzu kommen noch die Einflüsse der schweißtechnischen Fertigung auf die Werkstoffeigenschaften.Werkstoffkriterien im Hinblick auf Anforderungen und Auswahl, besonders das Korrosionsverhalten der nichtrostenden Cr-Ni-(Mo)-Stähle und der entsprechenden Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe, werden beispielhaft aufgezeigt und Problemlösungen vorgestellt.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Damage Line of the WöhlerdiagramSometimes, Wöhlerdiagrams are supplemented by so-called damage lines or French-lines, synonymously. Due to the statistical nature of fatigue events, however, Wöhlerdiagrams more and more are statistically ascertained and described by curves which commonly are referred as to probability-stress-cycle curves (P-S-N). Accordingly, it was to find out, whether the feature “damage” might be described in a similar way, aiming at Pd-S-N curves (Pd = Probability of damage) within the expected damage field.Using the steels Ck 35 and 34 CrMo 4 quenched and tempered, the statistically planned and evaluated investigations showed that within the Wöhlerdiagrams of these steels large damage fields can be defined which extend from far before the ranges of finite life till far into these ranges (of scatter). Pd-S-N curves are given. Satisfactory shortcut-methods for estimating such curves using features as specimens' temperature and deformation during cyclic pre-loading could not be developed.By progressively increasing and - another sample - decreasing load tests to the same account of 0,34 Palmgren-Miner-damage specimens showed remarkable differences when compared within French's concept of damage.
    Notes: Wöhlerdiagramme werden bisweilen durch Schadenslinien ergänzt. Eine gängige Ermittlungsmethode ist mit dem Namen von French verbunden. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten setzte sich angesichts der teilweise enormen Streuung der Lebensdauer identisch beanspruchter Prüflinge desselben Kollektivs eine zunehmend statistische Auffassung des Wöhlerdiagrammes durch. Diese Auffassung auch bezüglich des Merkmals Schädigung zu entwickeln und einer experimentell abgesicherten Überprüfung zu unterziehen, war naheliegend.Großzahluntersuchungen an Ck 35 und 34 CrMo 4 erwiesen die Existenz von Schadensbereichen, die weit vor dem Lebensdauerstreugebiet beginnen und sich bis weit in dieses hinein erstrecken. Analog zur Lebensdauer läßt sich die Schädigung statistisch beschreiben, jedoch ist das dazu erforderliche Versuchsaufkommen beachtlich. Umfangreiche Bemühungen, über Temperatur-, Verformungs- und Oberflächenuntersuchungen eine weniger aufwendige Kurzzeitmethode der Schädigungsabschätzung zu entwickeln, verliefen unbefriedigend.Zwei Versuchsblöcke, der eine laststeigernd und der andere lasterniedrigend auf gleiche Palmgren-Miner-Schädigung gebracht, zeigten bei einer Überprüfung ihrer Schädigung nach French erhebliche Unterschiede.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 104
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 10-17 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Gewichtsfunktionen und Spannungsintensitätsvergrößerungsfaktoren für elliptische und halbelliptische Fehler unter beliebiger Normalspannung - Teil IOberflächenfehler unter Spitzenspannungen werden untersucht. Das Berechnungsverfahren basiert auf der allgemeinen Form der Gewichtsfunktion für einen elliptischen Fehler in einem unendlichen Körper. Zwei Punkte auf der Ellipsenkontur werden untersucht. Für die Übertragung der Ergebnisse vom eingebetteten auf den Oberflächenfehler wird das Superpositionsprinzip angewendet. Gewichtsfunktionen für beide Punkte mit dem Halbachsenverhältnis a/c als Parameter werden gefunden. Im Falle des Endpunktes der kleineren Achse sind alle Gewichtsfunktionen durch eine Gleichung beschreibbar (Lambda-Funktion von Heuman). Die Spannungsintensitätsvergrößerungsfaktoren für verschiedene a/c-Werte des Oberflächenfehlers werden bei verschiedenen Spannungsverteilungen angegeben.
    Notes: Surface cracks under peak stresses are investigated. The calculational procedure is based on the general form of the weight function for an elliptical crack embedded in an infinite solid. Two points on the contour of the ellipse are investigated. The superposition method is used for transfer from the embedded crack to surface crack configurations. Weight functions for both points have been found with the crack aspect ratio a/c as parameter. For the point at the end of the minor axis all weight functions are describable by one equation only (Heuman's lambda function). For various a/c ratios of the surface crack under different stress distributions the stress intensity magnification factors are given.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 105
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A7 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 331-338 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Glassy Carbon Sigradur® - a Material for Chemistry and TechnologyGlassy carbon is a carbon modification characterized by its glasslike fracture behaviour. Raw material, manufacturing, microstructure, and studies on fracture mechanics are discussed and examples for the widespread application of glassy carbon are given.
    Notes: Glaskohlenstoff ist eine Kohlenstofform mit glasartigem Bruchbild. Rohstoffe, Herstellungsverfahren und Struktur des glasartigen Kohlenstoffs werden beschrieben, die Ergebnisse bruchmechanischer Untersuchungen diskutiert und ein Überblick über die zahlreichen Anwendungen und Einsatzmöglichkeiten gegeben.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 107
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 378-386 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Low-Cycle Fatigue of Ductile Steels under Multiaxial DeformationsTo investigate the fatigue behaviour of cyclically softening and hardening steels under multiaxial elastic-plastic strains, axial strain and shear strain controlled fatigue tests under constant amplitude loading were carried out. S-N curves under axial strain and torsional pure shear as well as under combined axial strain and shear, in and out of phase, were obtained for the cyclically softening tempered steel 30 CrNiMo 8 (similar to AlSI-Type 4340) and the cyclically hardening quenched stainless steel X 10 CrNiTi 189 (AISI-Type 321) in the region of low-cycle fatigue.For both steels, used in the design of vessels, pipings, shafts, etc. the fatigue life to crack initiation is reduced by an out of phase (δ = 90°) shearing of the strained specimens in comparison to the in phase loading. The decrease of fatigue life under out of phase strains is caused by changing direction of principal strains resulting in an interaction of the deformations in all directions of the surface. This interaction is taken into account by a calculation procedure deriving an equivalent strain and predicting the fatigue life under combined strain on the base of S-N curves for unaxial strain.
    Notes: Um das Kurzzeitschwingfestigkeitsverhalten von zyklisch entfestigenden und verfestigenden Stählen unter mehrachsigen elasto-plastischen Beanspruchungen zu untersuchen, wurden dehnungs- und scherungsgesteuerte Schwingfestigkeitsversuche unter Einstufenbeanspruchung durchgeführt. Für den zyklisch entfestigenden Vergütungsstahl 30 CrNiMo 8 und zyklisch verfestigenden austenitischen Stahl X 10 CrNiTi 189 wurden Anrißwöhlerlinien unter reiner Dehnung, reiner Scherung sowie unter kombinierter phasengleicher und phasenverschobener Beanspruchung ermittelt.Bei beiden Stählen, die im Behälter und Rohrleitungsbau häufig verwendet werden, tritt durch die phasenverschobene Beanspruchung (δ = 90°) gegenüber der phasengleichen eine deutliche Minderung der Anrißlebensdauer auf. Diese Minderung erfolgt durch eine Veränderung der Hauptdehnungsrichtungen und durch eine gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Verformungen in verschiedenen Richtungen der Oberfläche. Dieses Verhalten wird durch ein Berechnungsverfahren erfaßt, mit dem eine Vergleichsdehnung abgeleitet wird. Auf der Basis von unter einachsiger Belastung ermittelten Dehnungswöhlerlinien wird anschließend die Anrißlebensdauer für kombinierte Beanspruchung abgeschätzt.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 108
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermomechanical Properties of Castable Refractories with Embedded Scaleresistant Steel FibersIn the last years steel fibers were embedded in castable refractories for certain application to increase the thermomechanical properties of refractory concrete.When cheap carbon steel fibers were used, the less oxidation resistance in the high temperature range was a serious disadvantage. Stainless steel fibers were oxidation resistant only up to about 1000 °C when practical used at long time.Now, stainless steel fibers with high chromium (24-26%) and high nickel content (34-36%) were put on the market for embedding in castable refractories. The thermomechanical properties of these composites will be compared with those of earlier investigations. Their will be used steel fibers not only fabricated by cutting of drawn wires but also by melt extraction processing. The interfacial area steel fiber/refractory matrix will be examined and the reaction or oxidation products analyzed by microprobe.
    Notes: Für bestimmte Anwendungen werden in jüngster Zeit Stahlfasern in Feuerbetone eingelagert, um das thermomechanische Verhalten der Feuerbetone zu verbessern.Beim Einsatz preisgünstiger. Kohlenstoffstahlfasern war deren ungenügende Oxidationsbeständigkeit bei hohen Temperaturen von Nachteil. Edelstahlfasern (Cr Ni 18/10) genügten auf Dauer auch nur Temperaturen um 1000 °C.Neuerdings sind hochchromhaltige (24-26%) und hochnickelhaltige (34-36%) Stahlfasern auf dem Markt, die in Feuerbetone eingelagert werden. Die thermomechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Verbundwerkstoffe werden mit denen früherer Untersuchungen verglichen. Dabei werden auch Stahlfasern eingesetzt, die nicht durch Ablängen von gezogenem Draht hergestellt werden, sondern nach dem Melt-extraction-Verfahren aus der Schmelze ausgeschleudert werden. Dabei werden in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur auch der Grenzbereich Stahlfaser/Feuerbetonmatrix mit Hilfe der Elektronenstrahlmikrosonde untersucht und auftretende Reaktions- bzw. Oxidations-produkte analysiert.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 109
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 110
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 420-426 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations to Determine the Size of Corrosion CracksFor determining the size of corrosion cracks with ultrasound a multifrequency test method is described. By applying this procedure corrosion cracks of a size smaller than 2 mm are correctly evaluated independent of their position and of the reflection factor. Examples are presented and discussed for some practical applications.
    Notes: Zur Bestimmung der Größe von Korrosionsrissen bei der manuellen Ultraschallprüfung wird ein Mehrfrequenzenverfahren erfolgreich eingesetzt. Dieses liefert - unabhängig von der absoluten Echoamplitude (Reflexionsfaktor) des Risses und ohne Einschränkungen hinsichtlich der axialen Auflösung - selbst bei geneigten Fehlern Genauigkeiten in der Tiefenbestimmung, die bisher speziell bei kleinen Rißtiefen unter 2 mm nicht realisierbar waren. Beispiele werden vorgestellt und praktische Anwendungen diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 111
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 157-172 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Methods to Determine the Behavior of Polyolefines in Contact with Chemical AgentsTwo test methods to determine the behavior of thermoplastics in contact with chemicals were compared. These are the immersion test and the internal pressure creep test of pipes filled with a chemical agent. Concerning the immersion test the mechanical properties of tensile bars after the test procedure were determined. The results only are valid for constructions without any load.In the internal pressure creep tests the influence of a chemical agent and the stress is considered simultaneously. By comparison with the long term behavior under the influence of water the chemical resistance factor is given.The test procedure and the evaluation of the results of the immersion tests were strown at two examples. A test station for internal pressure creep tests with pipes which are filled with a chemical agent is described. Many resistance factors were listed up and their application in two examples explained.
    Notes: Zwei Prüfmethoden zur Ermittlung des Verhaltens von thermoplastischen Kunststoffen bei der Einwirkung von Chemikalien werden gegenübergestellt. Dies sind der Immersionsversuch und der Zeit-stand-Innendruckversuch an Rohrproben mit Mediumfüllung. Beim Immersionsversuch wird die Veränderung der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Zugproben nach der Lagerung im Medium gemessen. Die Ergebnisse sind nur auf mechanisch nicht belastete Bauteile anzu-wenden.Dagegen wird beim Zeitstand-Innendruckversuch mit mediumgefüllten Rohren der kombinierte Einfluß von Medium und Spannungen gleichzeitig erfaßt. Durch Vergleich mit der Zeitstandfestigkeit bei Wassereinwirkung erhält man den Resistenzfaktor, der den Einfluß des Mediums quantifiziert.Die Durchführung und Auswertung von Immersionsversuchen werden an Beispielen gezeigt. Eine Prüfeinrichtung für die Durchführung von Zeitstand-Innendruckversuchen an Rohrproben mit Mediumfüllung wird beschrieben sowie eine große Anzahl von Resistenz-faktoren mitgeteilt und deren Anwendung an zwei Rechenbeispielen erläutert.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 112
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 190-190 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 113
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 399-406 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Vapor sorption data were obtained for the ethylbenzene-poly(ethyl methacrylate) system at 120°C. Successive step-change sorption experiments carried out at two-film thicknesses indicate the presence of maxima in the sorption curves. The fractional amount of overshoot decreased as the final pressure or weight fraction of the experiment increased and as the sample thickness increased. It is proposed that the maxima in the sorption curves are caused by structural rearrangements produced by relaxation of polymer chains.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 114
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 383-397 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method has been developed to quantitatively measure the surface plasticizer levels present on test plaques made from a plasticized PVC compound. The plaque fabrication conditions have been chosen so that the plaque closely models an extruded flexible PVC profile. The analysis method utilized sorption of the surface plasticizer on fumed silica, followed by methanol extraction and liquid chromatographic identification and quantitation of the plasticizer. Typical results are presented for a model compound plasticized with either di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP) or a mixture containing predominantly linear C7, C9, and C11 dialkyl phthalates (DHNUP). The effect of compound work level, as measured by Banbury drop temperature and final processing temperature, has also been studied. These results show that, for the model compound studied, the average surface level of DHNUP is always greater than that of DOP. The DOP levels are essentially independent of compound work level. The DHNUP levels generally increase with increasing mold temperatures. Finally, this data has been correlated with a study of the lifetime of a Neoprene-based adhesive bond to DOP-and DHNUP-plasticized flexible PVC in a 100°C oven. These studies clearly show that a one-to-one substitution of DOP for DHNUP will increase the time to adhesive bond failure by a factor of at least 10 with this particular adhesive system and model compound.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 115
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 437-441 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal oxidation of isotactic polypropylene films at 120-280°C in air was studied. Separation and identification of the volatiles formed was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixteen products were tentatively identified for the first time. Altogether, 50 compounds representing hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and acids are reported. Oxygen deficiency is manifested in diffusion-limited products of olefines, dienes, and aromatic compounds. The relative amounts of acetaldehyde and acetone are almost temperature independent in the range of 120-280°C. This indicates a similarity of oxidative degradation of the polymer in a broad temperature range. Addition of an antioxidant to the polymer depresses the evolution of the main volatiles by 9-10 times at 280°C. The relative amounts of the volatiles formed are, nevertheless, the same as for the polymer without an antioxidant. The mechanism of formation of the degradation products is discussed.
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  • 117
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 691-702 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The nitration of the substituted [(phosphinyl)methyl]benzenes by fuming nitric and sulfuric acid gave the substituted l-[(phosphinyl)methy1]-2,4- and -2,6-dinitrobenzenes (1). The formation of the two dinitro isomers was demonstrated by proton nuclear magnetic ('H-NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The nitration of [di(isopropoxy)phosphinylmethyl]benzene gave mainly the p-nitro derivative due to steric hindrance. The phosphinyl ester groups of 1 were hydrolyzed by acids. The substituted l-[(phosphinyl)methyl]-2,4- and -2,6-diaminobenzenes (2) were synthesized by catalytic hydrogenation of 1. In addition, the corresponding di(benzoy1amino) derivatives of 2 were prepared. Some of the synthesized compounds were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Compounds 2 can be used as starting materials for preparation of phosphorus-containing polymers such as polyamides, polyimides, polyureas, and bismaleimides and as curing agents for epoxy resins.
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  • 118
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 755-762 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends were prepared from two kinds of urethane elastomers, containing 1,4-butanediol or 3,3′-dichloro-4,4′-diamino-diphenyl-methane as chain extenders, with lightly sulfonated polystyrenes. Dynamic mechanical studies show that strong interactions occur between the sulfonic acid and the urethane or urea moieties on the polyurethane chains. These strong interactions are clearly seen in the composition dependence of the loss tangent peaks (due to the glass transitions) for both the high temperature and the low temperature glass transitions of the blends. They are further confirmed by model studies.
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  • 119
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 795-802 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel method is proposed of preparing thin Ag-Hg alloy on PAAm film surface at room temperature: The film of interest is formed by holding PAAm aqueous solution with AgNO3 in Hg-saturated atmosphere. Two kinds of films, one of which is a conductor and the other an insulator, can be selectively formed with pH-controlled PAAm solution by ammonia. The conducting surface is assigned to the α phase of Ag-Hg alloy by means of X-ray analysis. Potentiometric titration and IR spectral studies suggest the existence of PAAm-Ag+ complexes. On the basis of their structure and the oxidation and reduction potential of Ag+ and Hg2+, the mechanism of film formation is also discussed.
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  • 120
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 803-808 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fractions of commercial polyvinylbutyral “Movital” were investigated by the “off-line” combination of gel permeation chromatography and viscometry. Parameters of the Mark-Houwink equation were determined for polyvinylbutyral in tetrahydrofuran at 25°C. Real values of the molecular parameters were obtained by the evaluation of chromatographic data using the principle of universal calibration.
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  • 121
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 809-822 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It has been demonstrated that osmotic pressure filled cracks in both epoxy and polyester resins are elastic cracks. Use of classical formulas for elastic cracks has enabled estimates to be made of the time dependence of Young's modulus for both resins. Use of linear elastic fracture mechanics formulas has enabled stress intensity factors to be determined from measurements of crack profiles. Radical crack growth rates are small, in the range 10-12-10-9 ms-1 for hot water tests, and remain constant over a wider range of stress intensity factor, from 0.3 to 0.8 MPa.m1/2. To a first approximation, constant radial growth rate is compatible with a diffusion controlled mechanism. However, analysis of the data indicates an activation energy of ∼50 kcal. Some evidence is presented for concluding that, in polyesters at least, the true nature of crack propagation can be by way of slip/stick.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 845-852 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Permeation rates of helium, methane, and carbon dioxide in miscible blends of polycarbonate and a copolyester were measured at 35°C. The permeabilities for semicrystalline blends having copolyester cyrstallinity induced by annealing were compared to fully amorphous blends. Crystallinity caused a slightly greater impedance to carbon dioxide transport than it did for helium or methane. The relative rates of permeation of one gas compared to another, an issue important for membrane separations, varied greatly with blend composition; however, the effect of crystallinity was not large.
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  • 123
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 877-889 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Photografting of vinyl monomers has been studied to make hydrophilic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces. A chlorine-containing polydimethylsiloxane (C-PDMS) prepared by polymerization of chloromethylheptamethylcyclotetrasiloxane was photocured on a glass plate. The crosslinked C-PDMA was subjected to a reaction with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. The diethyldithiocarbamated PDMS was then photoirradiated in the presence of hydrophilic vinyl monomers such as 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate and acrylamide to afford surface-grafted PDMS. Several vinyl monomers were found to graft onto the PDMS surface, as revealed by their attenuated total reflectance infrared and ESCA spectra. Hydrophilicity of the grafted PDMS surfaces was confirmed by the decrease in their water contact angle.
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  • 124
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 941-953 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Phosphorus-containing polyamides and copolyamides were prepared from 1-[(dialkoxyphosphinyl)methyl]-2,4 - and -2,4-diaminobenzenes. The polymers were characterized by infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Their thermal properties were compared with those of the corresponding common polyamides. In addition, the fire resistance of some polyamides was evaluated by determining their limiting oxygen index value.
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  • 125
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 955-963 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Higher and higher temperatures for vulcanization and storage bulb are being used in order to reduce the time of cure cycle in processes of rubber injection molding. The purpose of this work was to show that the temperature gradients as well as the profiles of the state of cure developed in the rubber mass could be predicted by using the kinetics of reaction, the physical properties of the rubber, and a convenient model. Although vulcanization is a complex series of reactions, the overall result by considering the heat of reaction could be described by a single first-order reaction. The calculation was solved applying an explicit method with finite differences, by taking into account the internal generation of heat due to the cure reaction and the heat transfer by conduction with a temperature dependence of the physical properties of the rubber. The effect of the values of the temperature of the mold and storage bulb on the profiles of temperature and state of cure developed within rubber was studied by considering rubber sheets of different thicknesses.
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  • 126
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The types of molecular architecture commonly present in many commercial elastomers include long branching, which in extreme cases results in crosslinked gel network. This architecture was modeled by preparing a series of ethylene-propylene copolymer samples in which the degree of branching was systematically varied. The frequency-dependent viscoelastic properties of these model systems were measured over a temperature range of 80-230°C with a Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer. Time-temperature superposition was employed to obtain master curves of the storage G′ and loss G″ moduli and complex viscosity. The viscoelastic properties of the model samples change systematically with the variations in molecular architecture. Specifically, the low frequency Newtonian viscosity behavior is progressively replaced by non-Newtonian power-law behavior, and the G′ response relative to that of the G″ is significantly enhanced as long-branching increases. The practical use of a modified Cole-Cole plot, in which the axes are expressed as the logarithms of G′ and G″, for analysis of molecular architecture is demonstrated. Changes in the long-branch architecture of the model samples were readily detected as systematic variations in shape and displacement of the modified Cole-Cole plot. On the other hand, the data of molecularly linear elastomer samples of different Mw but similar MWDs were reduced to a single master Cole-Cole plot.
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  • 127
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1063-1069 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As regards the aromatic ring substitution reactions of various kinds of phenols with tung oil under acidic conditions, an investigation was made on the influences of the kinds and substitution positions of alkyl groups of the phenlos on the reaction. Alkyl phenols increased in reactivity in the order of ortho, meta, and para in the position of alkyl substitution. This can be attributed to the preferential para addition of tung oil to the phenol nucleus as reported in the previous paper. The larger alkyl group gave increased reactivities in the reactions of alkyl phenols with tung oil. This has something to do with compatibilities between phenols and tung oil (differences in solubility parameter between phenols and tung oil).
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  • 128
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1415-1426 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mangrove bark was extracted using either water, ethanol, acetone, or various binary mixtures of these, as solvent. With plywood panels as substrates, joints prepared with adhesives derived from these extracts were tested for strength properties. In terms of the quantity of extracts from mangrove bark, water was the most effective solvent, followed sequentially by ethanol and acetone. However, in terms of the tannin content of these extracts, the order of extraction effectiveness of these solvents was reversed. The use of solvent mixtures in tannin extraction did not produce an observable synergistic effect. The quantity of extract and its tannin content were dictated primarily by the predominant solvent in the binary mixture. The reactivity of mangrove bark extracts is influenced significantly by formaldehyde concentration, cure temperature, type, and pH of the adhesive medium. Adhesive joints of significant bond strength were obtained from mangrove tannin adhesives. Prolonged cure periods, particularly at elevated temperatures, have deleterious effects on the strength properties of these adhesive joints.
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  • 129
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1463-1465 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1449-1462 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An analysis of the cure kinetics of three different formulations composed of tetraglycidyl 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) epoxy resin and diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) was performed. A series of isothermal tests was run, and the experimentally obtained results were checked against the proposed kinetic model. An autocatalyzed mechanism with the overall reaction order of 2 was found to adequately describe the cure kinetics. An increase in reaction rate was observed at higher temperature and higher DDS concentration. For a given formulation, the extent of reaction corresponding to the maximum reaction rate was independent of temperature. A secondary exotherm was detected, particularly in formulations with low DDS concentration, at approximately 40% conversion. At that point, the rate of primary amine-epoxide reaction decreases, and other reactions dominate the curing process. Such a mechanism is likely to cause a formation of an inhomogeneous thermoset morphology.
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  • 131
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1475-1482 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the dyeing process of the copolyester fiber Dilana with the disperse dye Synthene Scarlet P3GL, a deviation from the simple model of Fickian sorption occurs. It manifests itself as a time delay in establishment of the equilibrium dye concentration at the fiber surface. As has been stated, the variation of Cs (the surface dye concentration) with time of dyeing fits the equation; Cs = C∞ (1- e-βt). Regarding the relation of Cs to t, the diffusion coefficient of the dye in the studied fiber has been calculated by the theoretical equation reported in Crank's monograph. It has been proved that the experimental data on kinetics of dyeing the fiber Dilana with Synthene Scarlet P3GL fit considerably better the tested equation than the classical Hill's equation.
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  • 132
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1515-1521 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method of radiation grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer on natural rubber (NR) latex has been studied. The irradiation dose in radiation emulsion polymerization of MMA monomer was lower compared to the irradiation dose for grafting of MMA monomer on NR latex, in order to obtain the same degree of conversion. This is due to the size of the rubber particles which are quite large and, hence, not sufficient to ensure an ideal emulsion polymerization. The irradiation dose for radiation grafting of MMA monomer on latex was around 300 krad to obtain a 75% degree of conversion. However, this irradiation dose was lower compared to the irradation dose for bulk polymerization of MMA monomer, in order to obtain the same degree of conversion. This is due to the gel effect in the viscous media. Radiation grafting of MMA monomer on NR latex does not influence the pH of the latex, but influences the viscosity significantly. The viscosity of the NR latex increased with an increase in irradiation dose, due to the increase of the total solid content in the latex. The MMA monomer converted to P-MMA in NR latex was largely grafted on the NR, or at least insoluble in a solvent for P-MMA, such as acetone or toluene. The hardness of the pure gum vulcanizate with an increase in the degree of grafting or P-MMA content, but the other physical properties, such as tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break, and thermal stability, were not greatly influenced by the degree of grafting.
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  • 133
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Binary mixtures of monomers, e.g., styrene and acrylamide in 1:1 methanol:water solution, were grafted onto cellulose acetate film by taking recourse to preirradiation grafting procedure. The surface modification of the films due to grafting was examined by means of scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties, e.g., tensile strength elongation at break, and elasticity as well as water vapor permeability of the grafted films, were investigated. In the case of ungrafted films or when acrylamide was grafted to a low extent, the film surfaces were smooth and hence were not modified to any significant extent. But when acrylamide was grafted appreciably, or when styrene was grafted singly or in binary mixture with acrylamide, the surfaces were found to be covered with fibrils. The pattern of the surface modification also changes with the increase of the extent of grafting. The observed properties of the grafted films were explained on the basis of the electron microscopic results.
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  • 134
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1595-1609 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crystallization of polypropylene (PP) in the blends of PP with styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene triblock copolymer (SEBS) is studied through differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction measurements. Analysis of crystallization exotherm peaks in terms of crystallization nucleation and growth rates, crystallite size distribution, and crystallinity revealed differences in the morphology of PP component in the blend in the different regions of blend composition. Crystallinity determined by X-ray diffraction and DTA showed identical variations with blend composition. Variations in tensile properties of these blends with blend composition are also reported. Correlations of the various tensile properties with the crystallization parameters, viz., the crystallinity and crystallite size distribution, are presented, which confirm the influence of crystallization of PP component on the tensile properties of these blends.
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  • 135
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1629-1638 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a copolyester of bisphenol A-terephthaloylisophthaloyl (PAr) (2:1:1) have been studied both before and after transesterification. The physical blends exhibit phase separation in their amorphous states: a pure PET phase and a mixed PAr-rich phase. In spite of this phase separation, PET crystallinity in blends, normalized to PET fraction, surprisingly goes through a maximum at 25% PAr content. The transesterfied copolymers are noncrystallizable and exhibit a single Tg between those of starting polymers, PET and PAr.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1661-1673 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies in the epoxidation of natural rubber latices are described. Investigated epoxidation routes include the use of bromohydrin intermediates, hydrogen-peroxide-catalyzed systems, and preformed peracetic acid. The latter reagent allows almost quantitative epoxidation of natural rubber up to high modification levels with no detectable side reactions. Kinetic studies show that the peracetic acid epoxidation is second order in peracid and rubber hydrocarbon with an overall activation energy of 56.2 kJ/mol. Epoxidation leads to a progressive increase in Tg and polymer density with increase in modification level. The effect of modification on solvent swelling and mechanical properties of the DICUP-crosslinked rubbers are reported.
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  • 137
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1709-1721 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Static and dynamic mechanical properties of cured epoxide resins based on ester bonds, ether bonds, or a mixture of ester and ether bonds were investigated. Their network structures were estimated from the results of gel content before and after saponification, and conversion of functional groups. It was found that cured epoxide resins based on a mixture of ester and ether bonds indicate intermediate properties between the resins based on ester bonds and the resins based on ether bonds. Both dynamic and static mechanical properties were strongly affected by their network density and their segmental structures suggested in this paper.
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  • 138
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1749-1760 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of low levels of methacrylic acid (MAA) (less than 4 mol %) and a crosslinker (less than 0.3 mol %) on the equilibrium swelling and water content of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) hydrogels were investigated. Numerous pHEMA disks, some of which were doped with small amounts of MAA, were placed in swelling baths simulating possible urological as well as physiological conditions. Several interesting facts are reported, such as, in dilute urea (0.15M) or in alkali solution, gels containing 2% MAA are capable of swelling to 3600% their size in mild acid, saline, or distilled water, with associated water contents that range as high as 98%. Also, gels containing small amounts of MAA and finite crosslinker content can be made that are soluble in mild urea or alkali solution. The significance of this study is that gels or gel surfaces can be fabricated that are highly responsive to their environment. In addition, since the level of MAA that cause this shrink-swell behavior are well within the impurity levels of MAA found in unpurified commercial HEMA, it is conceivable that this shrink-swell behavior may have occurred in early studies of implanted pHEMA gels, thus confusing the subsequent evaluation of its performance as a biomaterial.
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  • 139
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1797-1814 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The compatibility of polymer blends of poly(∊-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) containing various acrylonitrile (AN) contents was studied to evaluate the influences of copolymer composition and PCL concentration upon blend compatibility. Blend compatibility was characterized by the occurence of a single glass transition intermediate between the transitions of the respective pure components. The glass transitions were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical measurement (Rheovibron). It was found that SAN and PCL form compatible blends when the AN content of SAN ranges from 8% to 28% by weight. These blends are compatible in all proportions except for SAN 28 (AN wt % = 28) and PCL blends containing 70 or 85 wt % PCL. Blends of PCL and SAN were found to be incompatible when the AN content in SAN is greater than 30 wt % or less than 6 wt %. Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior, which can be attributed to phase separation, was found to occur when these blends were heated to elevated temperatures. The cloud point, or phase separation, was found to vary with AN content in SAN and the concentration of SAN in the blend.
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  • 140
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1857-1863 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The balance of the reinforcement and flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams (PUR) may be envisaged by controlling the dispersion and adhesion of the filler. Encouraging results are reported by grafting onto the filler surface a polymer miscible and reactive with the foam-forming ingredients. It appears that polyethers may do for PUR foams what the silanes do for glass fiber reinforced plastics.
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  • 141
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1041-1044 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A dynamical mechanical relaxation study has been made of low density polyethylene films to which methacrylic acid has been grafted by γ irradiation. The grafted films retain the original degree of crystallinity and show only slight changes in melting points and melt viscosities. This indicates that the grafted methacrylic acid side chains are long, few in number, and completely phase separated from the polyethylene matrix. Three dispersion regions are observed in plots of the loss modulus, E″ vs. temperature at constant frequency and these are labeled γ, β, α′, in order of increasing temperature. The α′ peak, above 215°C was assigned to microbrownian segmental motions accompanying the Tg of polymethacrylic acid. The β peak, at -20°C, was assigned to motions accompanying the Tg of branched polyethylene, and the γ peak, at -120°C, was assigned to local motions of a few CH2 sequences in polyethylene.
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  • 142
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1095-1110 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics and equilibria of benzene sorption in poly(ethylene terephthalate) were measured at 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C, with benzene activities ranging from 0.02 to 0.3. At most experimental conditions, diffusion was found to be Fickian; however, evidence of non-Fickian transport was found at the highest activity levels. Values of the diffusion coefficient of benzene range from 10-14 cm2/s at 40°C to 10-12 cm2/s at 60°C in the limit of low concentrations. Nonlinear isotherms observed for benzene sorption were successfully interpreted in terms of the dual mode model for sorption in glassy polymers, whereby the sorbed penetrant exists as two populations: one sorbed according to Henry's law and the other following a Langmuir isotherm. Non-Fickian transport data were correlated with a model that superimposes diffusion of both the Henry's law and Langmuir populations (the “partial immobilization” model) upon first-order relaxation of the polymer matrix.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1111-1123 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hydroxypropylation of lignin in a batch reactor under alkaline conditions at 180°C was studied using propylene oxide (PO) by itself, and PO in combination with several ligninlike model compounds and with kraft lignin. While the PO homopolymerization rate increased rapidly at temperatures above 85°C, and was too fast to be determined accurately at 180°C, the addition of model compounds and lignin was found to delay homopolymerization in relation to the presence of ionizable functional groups. The observations are consistent with a reaction mechanism involving first order kinetics with regard to each alkoxide and PO concentrations. Where the reaction rates toward PO increase with increasing pKa values, the reaction sequence proceeds in the order of declining basicity. Thus lignins with high acidity were found to be subject to greater degrees of modification than those with more neutral character. This explains the earlier observed beneficial effect of lignin carboxylation on the properties of lignin-PO reaction mixtures.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1141-1155 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The morphology of poly(ether esteramide)s (PEEA) of the general formula [(6NT6)k-PTMO]z has been investigated by wide and small angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy techniques. The copolymers are based on poly(esteramide) “hard” segments (containing an average number k of 6NT6 consecutive units) alternating poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) “soft” segments of constant length (MW ∼ 900). The fraction of crystallized 6NT6 increasing by increasing the PTMO content (i.e., by lowering k), approaching unity for k → 1. The morphology is of lamellar type, with both thickness and width of the crystalline domains (6NT6) decreasing with the increase of PTMO content; in the interlamellar amorphous regions both “soft” and “hard” segments tend to segregate in separate domains. For k ≃ 1, crystalline domains, formed essentially by isolated 6NT6 units, alternate with amorphous PTMO interlayers. The mechanism of evolution of the morphological structure as a function of the copolymer composition is discussed.
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  • 145
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to choose the most practical macroreticular chelating resins for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ion from industrial waste solution, the influence of the porosity of macroreticular chelating resins on the adsorption for metal ion was studied. The four macroreticular chelating resins (RST) containing triethylenetetramine side chain with different porosity were used. It was found that the adsorption of zinc ion at its low concentration solution was affected by the porosity of the RST. Among the four resins with average pore radius of 21.0, 24.5, 28.0, and 66.5 nm, a resin with that of 66.5 nm gave the highest initial adsorption rate and the largest breakthrough capacity for zinc ion at a space velocity of 15 h-1.
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  • 146
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2331-2345 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A generalized kinetic model of cure, which is described by a distribution relaxation function, is used to predict physical and mechanical properties of silicone elastomers during isothermal and nonisothermal cure reactions. The model can also predict the effect of filler and cure behavior of filled elastomers. The structural relaxation times of the molecular state of uncured and cured elastomers is also discussed.
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  • 147
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2405-2412 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This work describes a panel made from waste polyethylene, henequen fibers, and mineral fillers. The physical and mechanical properties of the product were determined and compared with the properties of commercial panels. The new material has good mechanical properties and high environmental resistance. Its thermal insulating capacity is about 10 times better than that of asbestos-cement panels. The adhesion grade between fibers and polymer was investigated.
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  • 148
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2421-2429 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cotton fibers were treated with anhydrous mixtures of ethylenediamine and morpholine of varying proportions to study the changes in accessibility (X-ray crystallinity index, swelling by propanol-2 retention, formylaiton, and dyeability) as well as lattice conversions from cellulose I to cellulose II and cellulose III. Positive synergistic influence of the highest order was noticed at 70:30 (molar proportion 3:1) ethylenediamine-morpholine mixture as judged from accessibility and lattice conversion from cellulose I to cellulose II. The same critical proportion was found to give the highest order of negative synergistic effect in the lattice conversion of cellulose I into cellulose III. These opposing trends have been explained on the basis of the different mechanisms associated with the lattice conversions of cellulose I into cellulose II and cellulose III.
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  • 149
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2481-2492 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The curing reaction of a commercial bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) with ethylenediamine (EDA) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Different kinetic expressions were found with isothermal (low temperature range) and dynamic (high temperature range) runs. Two competitive mechanisms are shown to be present: an autocatalytic one (activation energy E = 14 kcal/mol) and a noncatalytic path characterized by a second-order reaction with E = 24.5 kcal/mol. At low temperatures both mechanisms took place simultaneously, showing a significant decrease in the reaction rate after the gel point. At high temperatures only the noncatalytic reaction was present, without showing a noticeable rate decrease in the rubber region. Also, a third-order dependence of the glass transition temperature on reaction extent is shown.
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  • 150
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1433-1447 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Acetals that react with cotton to form cellulose crosslinks are derived from dialdehydes that can form five-or-six-membered tetrahydrofuran or tetrahydropyran rings. These aldehydes themselves are reactive to cotton, but the acetals do not form the aldehyde to react. The acetals were less reactive than the aldehydes and formed crosslinks with a different structure. Intrinsic reactivity of acetals increased with increased branching in the alkoxy group. but the increase was often hidden by the effect from changing solvents. In some instances a greater reactivity with methyl acetals was pronounced. Strength loss in cotton fabric from crosslinking was greater with acetals than with conventional crosslinking agents because even the most reactive acetals were less reactive and required more rigorous reaction conditions than conventional agents.
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  • 151
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1467-1470 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 152
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1483-1490 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The investigations on dyeing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers with disperse dye Synthene Scarlet P3GL have revealed anomalous sorption of the dye in heat-treated samples. In the mathematical solution of the process it has been assumed that anomalous sorption can be treated as superposition in time of two stages of Fickian sorption. The contents of absorbed dye at quasiequilibrium CI, at the final equilibrium CII, and the apparent diffusion coefficients DI, and DII have been calculated using Hill's equation.
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  • 153
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1537-1545 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The microscopic factors relating to the energy dissipation increase in the viscoelastic dynamic crack propagation such as in PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)] were investigated through the observation on the microfracture process ahead of the crack tip up to the microcrack formation. It is found that the energy dissipation remains almost constant in a certain low velocity range but increases sharply in the higher velocity range for the PMMA case. A cleavagelike fracture mode works in the former, and both the cleavagelike and a ductile-fracture mode work in the latter. The increase in energy dissipation is attributed to the secondary cracks which remarkably increase in number depending on the crack velocity. The energy dissipation is proved to be independent of the crack velocity in cases where the crack is propagated by the cleavagelike fracture mode.
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  • 154
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1553-1558 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental studies were carried out on the curing behavior of unsaturated polyester and epoxy resins. The latter were modified with three different fillers (CaCO3, CaSiO3, and glass powder) and their curing behaviors studied. Polyesters exhibited faster cure rates than the epoxy resins. The gel time of the epoxy resins decreased with the addition of fillers. Data indicated that the peak exotherm of these thermosetting resins increased when filled with glass powder. The hardness of the curing mass increased with curing time. The use of gel-hardness number as a quality control parameter has been suggested.
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  • 155
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1581-1593 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The unified viscosity function curves proposed earlier by the authors have an inherent limitation in the low shear rate region. This limitation is the effect of using the melt flow index as a normalizing factor to obtain the coalesced curves, which itself is insensitive to molecular parameters such as molecular weight distribution. A single integral constitutive equation of the BKZ type is used to derive the viscosity function which would be useful in generating unified curves based on the melt flow index but devoid of the limitation of molecular weight distribution effects in the low shear rate region.
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  • 156
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1617-1628 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A few condensate porous polymeric sorbents were synthesized based on m-phenylenediamine-melamine-formaldehyde polycondensation using suitable porosogenic agents. They were characterized for ion-exchange capacity, bulk density, solvent uptake, pH-titration curve, and rate of exchange. Their surface characteristics were studied using mercury porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and the uptake of fast green FCF dye. A selected sorbent was studied for the uptake of phenol in static and dynamic conditions, and the uptake performance was compared with commercially available porous anion exchanger Amberlite-IRA 93. Results obtained clearly indicated that modified products have higher pore volume, higher surface area, and good ion-exchange kinetics as compared to the conventional gel type product.
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  • 157
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1653-1660 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Compatibility and Thermal stability studies have been performed on PVC blends with chlororubber-20-graft polyblend-styrene-vinyl acetate-acrylonitrile (1:1:1) [CR-20gp-SVAAN (1:1:1)]. The grafting of styrene, vinyl acetate, and acrylonitrile onto chlororubber-20 backbone chain generates some amount of heterogeneity in the system. The compatibility behavior of PVC/CR-20gp-SVAAN (1:1:1) blends has been reflected in the ultrasonic velocity and absolute viscosity vs. composition plots of the blend. These blends have been found to be thermally miore stable than PVC/chlororubber-20 blends, but less stable than PVC/KM-365B blends. The rate of degradation is equal to that of the PVC/chlororubber-20 blends. The results have been discussed on the basis of compatibility, stabilizing, and destabilizing behavior of various component polymers with PVC matrix.
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  • 158
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1693-1700 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric behavior of poly(1,4-phenylene terephthalamide) is reported in this paper as a function of frequency (400 Hz-100 kHz), temperature (30-290°C), and the degree of polymerization (134-228). The general behavior of all the samples of different degrees of polymerization is the same except for the occurrence of the peaks at different positions on the frequency and temperature scales. This difference in behavior could be because of the combined effect of the difference in molecular weights and packing of molecules. The data are completely analyzed for the sample with degree of polymerization n = 210. Two distinct processes are observed, one being observed in the entire temperature range, another orginating in the vicinity of glass transition temperature. The former is analyzed in terms of Cole-Cole distribution and the latter is conformed with a nonexponential decay function. Activation energies are calculated from plots of I/T vs. In τ.
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  • 159
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1743-1748 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Residual hydroxyl groups of commercially available cellulose acetate (39.9% acetyl) have been reacted partially with phenyl isocyanate. The characteristics of these modified polymers have been studied. Membranes have been cast from these polymers to study their potentiality as reverse osmosis membranes. The work has been further extended to investigated the stability of these modified CA under the influence of high temperature and γ irradiation.
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  • 160
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1771-1779 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Interesting polyimide materials, possessing good mechanical and thermal properties, are obtained by homopolymerization or reaction of 4,′4-bis(maleimidodiphenylmethane) with a diamine. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used to characterize the crosslinking of such materials using maleimide and amine absorption bands. Amine group reaction on double bonds is readily achieved and appears to be insensitive to the temperature of curing. On the other hand, the decrease of maleimide double bonds is strongly dependent on the reaction temperature. The residual amount of double bonds present in the cured material is a function of the temperature: a linear relationship holds between residual double bond concentration vs. curing temperature. The general behavior during crosslinking of this kind of polyimide was related to glass transition temperature changes.
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  • 161
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several types of hydroxyalkyl lignin derivatives were synthesized from milled wood, organosolv, steam explosion, acid (H2SO4) hydrolysis, and kraft lignin with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and butylene oxide by either batch reaction in toluene at 180°C using KOH as catalyst, or in aqueous alkali at room temperature. The isolated derivatives were characterized in terms of their chemical structures by H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Thermal properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Molecular weights were measured by gel permeation chromatography on polystyrene/lignin model compound calibrated high pressure μ-spherogel columns. Solubilities in various organic solvents spanning a solubility parameter (δ) range from 9.3 to 14.5 and a hydrogen bonding index (γ) range from 1.5 to 18.7 were tested using UV280 absorption of solutions of up to with degrees of substitution of between 1 and 2.6 (except for ethylene oxide derivatives which were higher) and with lignin contents of around 60%. The drastic reduction of glass transition temperature of between 50° and 100° is explained with increased free volume of the copolymer and with disruption of hydrogen bonds involving especially phenolic hydroxy groups. The greatly enhanced solubility in organic solvents indicates absence of the gel structure typical of network polymers. No molecular breakdown was observed as a consequence of oxyalkylation. The derivatives had molecular weights (Mw) of between 2000 and 50,000 at dispersity factors of between 2.5 and 25. The derivatives seem to constitute useful prepolymers for thermosetting engineering plastics.
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  • 162
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3713-3726 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to determine the cure rate of an epoxy resin consisting of Tetraglycidyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) and diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS). Cure rates at 120 and 160°C are shown to increase noticeably when 1% BF3-MEA is added to either TGDDM to TGDDM plus DDS. Fluoroboric acid is shown to increase the cure rates even more than the BF3-MEA. These Results combined with the NMR results in the accompanying article indicate that BF3-MEA is not a catalyst for epoxy resin cure. Instead it is rapidly hydrolyzed to fluoroboric acid which acts as the catalyst.
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  • 163
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3753-3761 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crosslinked copolymers of N-vinylcarbazole and poly N-vinylcarbazole) and formaldehyde have been phosphorylated using PCl3 and anhydrous AlCl3 under different conditions. The cation exchange resins, thus obtained, have been characterized by elemental analyses, evaluation of total ion-exchange capacities and salt-splitting capacities, pH metric titration behavior, and IR analysis. The phosphorylated resin exhibites significantly better thermal stability than the corresponding sulfonated N-vinylcarbazole-formaldehyde cation exchange resin or the unmodified N-vinylcarbazole-formaldeyde copolymer, as well as the phosphorylated poly(N-vinylcarbazole). The phosphorylated resins also behave as polymeric dyes with pH dependent color change. Possible explanations for color change and ion-exchange capacity differences have been attempted on the basis of the structural characteristics of the resins.
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  • 164
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3803-3812 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The addition of IAD pendant groups to PB molecules results in a larger effective chain crosssectional area with consequent decrease in chain entanglements. This causes the rubber to be more complaint at low strains and strain rates. Simultaneously, the IAD structures give rise to polar and H-bond interactions which cause the material to exhibit strong adhesion and to possess high green strength. As a result, the IAD-PB is a relatively rare example of a synthetic polymer with good autoadhesive properties.
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  • 165
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3837-3853 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phase behavior of binary mixtures of copolymers containing varying amounts of styrene and allyl alcohol (SAA) with a wide range of aliphatic polyesters has been examined. All of the copolymers and most of the polyesters had low molecular weights in the oligomeric range; hence, entropy effects were a significant factor in the observed phase behavior. The polyesters employed had CH2/COO ratios over the entire range from 2 to 12. The SAA copolymers were completely miscible with polyesters in the middle of this range based on the observation of a single composition-dependent glass transition for these mixtures. Upper critical solution temperature behavior was observed for blends of SAA copolymers with polyesters having ratios of CH2/COO immediately on either side of this optimum region of Polyester structure. Complete immiscibility was noted for blends with polyesters having CH2/COO ratios at either extremity of the range examined. Interaction parameters were deduced from either melting point depression data or the cloud point observations and correlated with the structure of the components.
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  • 166
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3901-3906 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Carbamoylethylation of wood pulp was carried out at different conditions including acrylamide concentration, time of impregnation, and medium of the reaction (aqueous and nonaqueous). Mechanical properties of paper sheets prepared from the carbamoyethylated cellulose were examined. Carbamoyethylated paper sheets showed improved double-fold breaking length and burst factor irrespective of the reaction medium. Tear strength remained practically unaltered with aqueous carbamoylethylation but decreased in the case of non-aqueous carbamoylethylation. Water retention value (WRV) decreased by carbamoylethylation especially when the latter was performed in nonaqueous medium.
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  • 167
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2997-3011 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The static and dynamic elastic moduli of particulate composites, consisting of two phases, one of which has isotropic-elastic and the other linear viscoelastic properties, were studied. For this purpose a model defining the approximate equations for determining the elastic modulus of a composite from the properties of the constituent materials was used. Classical theory of elasticity was applied to this simplified model of a composite-unit cell. The following assumptions are made: (i) filler particles are spherical; (ii) fillers are completely dispersed; and (iii) the volume fraction of fillers is sufficiently small, so that any interaction among fillers may be neglected. A class of iron-filled epoxy composites was subjected to tests in order to compare the theoretical values with the experimental results. The elastic modulus calculated by the expression derived in this study seems to corroborate with the experimental results fairly well. Finally, by applying the correspondence principle to this expression, theoretical relationships for the dynamic storage and loss moduli were also derived.
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  • 168
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 4017-4027 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) polymer was investigated. The poly(phenylene oxide) was synthesized through oxidative coupling from 2,6-dimethyl-phenol with copper (I) chloride-pyridine catalyst and sulfonated using chlorosulfonic acid. The effects of catalyst concentration, solvent, and other experimental variables on the kinetics of the polymerization of poly(phenylene oxide) and its subsequent sulfonation are reported in detail.
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  • 169
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 4297-4307 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thioetherglycidyl resins produced by condensation of isomeric di(mercaptomethyl)xylene with epichlorohydrin were obtained by heterophase alkaline condensation in water and isopropyl alcohol solution using sodium hydroxide. The structure of thioetherglycidyl resins was determined by elemental analysis, infrared, and NMR spectra, and their physical and chemical properties were defined. Some properties of the resins, cured chemically or thermally with typical for epoxy resins, and thermal and mechanical properties of the cured compounds were determined.
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  • 170
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 4335-4340 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three nonpolar organic polymers containing small amounts of polar functionality were studied with regard to their surface characteristics. Two of the materials, potassium chlorate/sulfuric acid-oxidized polyethylene and poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) display variable surface polarities which can be reversibly accessed by heating films of the polymers in air or aqueous sodium hydroxide. Sodium-reduced Teflon-FEP did not exhibit this characteristic. A combination of contact angle, ESCA, and ATR IR data are used to display that the surface changes are caused by migration of functional groups within the outer few tens of angstroms of the surface.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 4399-4401 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 172
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 4411-4414 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 173
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 4415-4420 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 174
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 175
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 4461-4463 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3883-3899 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Lead compounds and silicone gum when blended into polyethylene act as synergistic fire retardant. The incorporation of lead into the polymer network via lead carboxylate formation through polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride has been studied as a means of improving the metal dispersion and flammability behavior. Lead was also incorporated directly into a polymer backbone via the formation of lead polyesters. The use of other metal compounds as fire retardant additives has also been studied. No special behavior was seen for polymer-bound lead relative to non-polymer bound lead, and other metals were not found to be effective replacements for lead in polyethylene graft maleic anhydride.
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  • 177
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 125-140 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pyrazine mono- and di-N-oxide chromophores included in a polymeric chain induce its photoreticulation. Photosensitivity is higher for dioxidized samples than for monoxidized ones. The mechanism of photocrosslinking is different from the one which proceeds photoreticulation of polymeric chains containing pyridine N-oxide groups.
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  • 178
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 141-151 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: N-octadecylated PPTA's with various molecular weights were synthesized from PPTA and n-octadecyl bromide via the metalation reaction. The polymer exhibited side-chain crystallization at 314 K due to the long alkyl side chains and both crystallinity and the perfection of the crystal increase with increasing in the molecular weight. The results of IR spectra and the wide angle X-ray indicate that the polymer crystallizes in hexagonal form. The mechanical and the dynamic mechanical properties of N-octadecylated PPTA's were measured. Two tan δ peaks were observed in a temperature range of 310-350 K and at 260 K, respectively, which can be designated αc and αa relaxation, respectively. The concentrated solutions of N-octadecylated PPTA's in tetrahydrofuran, dichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, and bromoform showed liquid crystalline behavior of lyotropic type.
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  • 179
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 175-185 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In dry-formed polymer-bonded networks of cellulose fibers and in other types of nonwovens, the fiber-polymer joint is considered to be the primary factor determining the ultimate properties of the network structure. In an attempt to develop a model describing the joint failure, the well-known fiber pullout test has been applied to a system consisting of regenerated cellulose fibers and three different polymer matrices: a styrene-acrylate copolymer, poly(vinyl alcohol), and high density polyethylene. For each system, the interfacial bond strength was evaluated. The results are, to some extent, discussed in relation to the mechanical behavior of dry-formed networks bonded with similar polymeric materials. It is suggested that both the interfacial properties and the cohesive strength of the polymer binder are of importance for the mechanical strength of the bonded network.
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  • 180
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 187-195 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties, i.e., the tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at rupture, and tensile energy absorption (work of rupture), of a dry-formed network of cellulose fibers are shown to be substantially improved by impregnation of the network with organic solutions of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAC). With the exception of the tensile strength, the improvement of the mechanical properties in the dry state is, however, dependent not only on the polymer content, but also on the interaction between the solvent and the cellulose fibers constituting the network. A solvent which interacts strongly with cellulose produces a stiffer and less ductile network than a more inert liquid. It is suggested that this effect is the result of a change in the cellulose network structure itself. The solvents used in this study were methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and toluene.
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  • 181
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 197-209 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fire-resistant compositions were prepared using 1-[di(2-chloroethoxyphosphinyl)methyl]-2,4- and -2,6-diaminobenzene (DCEPD) as a curing agent for typical epoxy resins such as EPON 828 (Shell), XD 7342 (Dow), and MY 720 (Ciba Geigy). In addition, compositions of these three epoxy resins with common curing agents such as m-phenylenediamine (MPD) or 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl-sulfone (DDS) were studied to compare their reactions with those of DCEPD. The reactivity of the three curing agents toward the epoxy resins, measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), was of the order MPD 〉 DCEPD 〉 DDS. The relatively lower reactivity of DCEPD toward epoxy resins was attributed to electronic effects. It was shown that the heat of polymerization (ΔHpol) increases with increasing epoxy functionality of the resin. The polymers obtained were characterized by DSC, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR). The polymers of DCEPD showed a relatively lower polymer decomposition temperature (PDT) and a higher char yield than the polymers of the common curing agents. Furthermore, it was shown that the thermal characteristics of the compositions were dependent upon the ratio of the reactants. The fire resistance of the polymers was evaluated by determining their limiting oxygen index (LOI) value. The DCEPD polymers, especially those with polyfunctional epoxy resins, showed a significantly higher fire resistance as compared with those polymers of common curing agents.
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  • 182
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The zero-shear viscosity η0 of polychloroprene samples of different molecular weights over a wide range of concentration in good and poor solvents has been studied. Butanone and cyclohexane were used as θ solvents and benzene at two different temperatures (25 and 45.5°C) was used as two good solvents. The zero shear specific viscosity η0sp in θ solvents, at the high concentration region is found to be higher compared to the values obtained in good solvents. whereas in a moderately concentrated region the values are just opposite in θ and good solvents. The high values of specific viscosity in poor solvent at the concentrated region have been explained as due to the fact that the efficiency of entanglements is much bigger in θ solvent than in good solvent. There are indications from our data that, at the crossover point concentration, the onset of entanglements begins, and from this concentration the entanglement begins to play a role in the viscosity. The superposition of viscosity data for each solvent was carried out by shifting vertically the curve along log η0 axis at constant concentration by a factor (M/M0)3.4, where M0 is the molecular weight of the reference sample. The shift factor was found to be exactly proportional to M3.4 in the range of higher concentration (beyond the crossover point concentration) and approximately to M in the lower concentration range (below the crossover point concentration). This showed that the relation η0 ∝ M3.4 was obeyed by the present data. To correlate the viscosity data obtained at good and θ solvents, the method as given by Graessley has been employed, which has taken into account the contraction of dimensions of chains with concentration in good solvents. It has been observed that, though this approximate correction for variation of chain dimensions on correlating variable, C[η], has moved the correlations for θ and good solvents closer to a common curve, complete superposition of data has not been effected by this correction. On the other hand, the correlation of the data by the method given by Dreval and co-workers showed the plot of log{η0sp/(C[η])} vs. C[η] produced a single curve for solutions of polychloroprene samples in two different θ solvents (butanone and cyclohexane) over the entire concentration range. But in the case of good solvents (benzene at 25°C and benzene at 45.5°C) the similar plots yielded, instead of one, two curves. However, the normalization of the correlating variable, C[η], by the Martin constant KM, which is related to the flexibility of macromolecular chain and polymer-solvent interaction, reduced all data of the polymer samples to a common curve. This zero-shear viscosity master curve is valid for the entire range of concentration independent of molecular weight and the nature of solvents.
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  • 183
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 211-217 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to regulate the release of a water-soluble organic substance from a polymer device, an amphiphilic polymer membrane having a dinitrophenyl group was prepared and the effects of an amino compound on the release of such a substance in an aqueous medium were investigated. When the amino compound, triethylamine (TEA), was added to the medium, the release rate of methyl orange (MO) in solution from the polymer device increased; the same was noted with an increase in the concentration of TEA. However, on removal of the TEA from solution, the rate resumed its initial level of that in water. These results were explained by the change in the swelling degree of the polymer membrane induced by the addition of TEA. This change was considered to result from the formation of a charge transfer complex between the dinitrophenyl group in the polymer membrane and the added TEA, since a charge transfer spectrum was observed in the polymer membrane-TEA system.
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  • 184
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 219-222 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The heat associated with drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber is estimated on the basis of equations developed in the literature on films undergoing deformation by neck propagation. The deformation process is divided into two steps: neck propagation or drawing to the natural draw ratio and uniform deformation accompanied by crystallization. The results show that heat loss is negligible during deformation by necking and the temperature rise is estimated to be about 60K in yarns with a spun birefringence of 0.011. The heat released in step 2 is sufficient to raise the fiber temperature about 55K under adiabatic conditions, of free air convection, the temperature rise is estimated to be only about 5-1 0K.
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  • 185
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 223-235 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To elucidate the insolubilization mechanism of iodinated polystyrene (IPS) upon exposure to an electron beam and deep UV, the effects of additives on exposure characteristics of IPS and its parent polymer, polystyrene, are clarified. Results indicate the following mechanism. Iodine atoms produced by homolytic dissociation upon exposure undergo competitive reactions: the radical recombination which is the reverse of dissociation and the formation of other radicals that leads to insolubilization. The proposed reaction mechanism can explain the relationship between the sensitivity and degree of iodination. The G values for crosslinking of IPS, G(X), are also obtained according to Charlesby's theory. The calculated lithographic characteristics on the basis of G(X) are discussed.
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  • 186
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 251-259 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polymer-grafted carbon black (GC) was prepared by an anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of carbon black previously treated with n-butyl lithium. The electrical properties of the resistors obtained using the GC material were studied. For a comparison with the above resistors, resistors with a smaller grafting ratio or without grafting were also prepared. It was found that the resistivity increased with an increase of the grafting ratio and that, by comparing resistors with similar resistivities, resistivity variation with temperature was less for higher grafting ratios. The resistors with a resistivity in the range of ca. 103-106 Ω·cm showed a remarkably large positive anomaly, but, for a resistivity larger than 107 Ω·cm, the temperature coefficient was negative.
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  • 187
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 237-249 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Degradation mechanisms have been investigated for graphite/polysulfone and graphite/epoxy laminates exposed to ultraviolet and high-energy electron radiations in vacuum up to 960 equivalent sun hours and 109 rads, respectively. Based on GC and combined GC/MS analysis of volatile by-products evolved during irradiation, several free radical mechanisms of composite degradation have been identified. All the composite materials evaluated have shown high electron radiation stability and relatively low ultraviolet stability as indicated by low G values and high quantum yields for gas formation. Mechanical property measurements of irradiated samples did not reveal significant changes, with the possible exception of UV exposed polysulfone laminates. Hydrogen and methane have been identified as the main byproducts of irradiation, along with unexpectedly high levels of CO and CO2. Initial G values for methane relative to hydrogen formation are higher in the presence of isopropylidene linkages, which occur in bisphenol-A based resins.
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  • 188
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 261-268 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We report the permeabilities of deuterium and helium-4 through poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) over the temperature range of 25-125°C. For deuterium, permeabilities ranged from 0.5 × 10-18 to 50 × 10-18 mol·m/m2·s·Pa at these two extreme temperatures. Helium permeabilities were roughly five times higher. We also studied the effects of different curing temperatures and time on the deuterium permeability and found that, to within experimental error, results were the same for samples heat treated at any temperature between 100°C and 140°C. Aluminizing the samples using a special process decreased the permeabilities by a factor of at least 5. A sensitive apparatus constructed around a quadrupole spectrometer was used to measure the very low permeabilities. The apparatus is described in detail.
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  • 189
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 291-298 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyethylene was mechanochemically produced by milling of alumina powder at room temperature in the presence of ethylene monomer. Nearly 50% of the produced polyethylene was chemically bonded with the matrix of the alumina. The other 50% of the polymer was extracted by the organic solvents. The polyethylene extracted by the hot n-heptane was characterized as having a structure similar to that of the branched polyethylene of low density, and the toluene extracted polyethylene had a structure similar to that of the high density polyethylene. The molecular weights of the mechanochemically produced polyethylene were found to distribute from 102 to 106 by gel permeation chromatography. The weight average molecular weight was estimated as 260,000 after the 3 days milling. Mechanochemical polymerization of ethylene was also demonstrated by milling of silica in the presence of ethylene monomer. Polymerization of propylene by milling of alumina under propylene atmosphere was performed. The obtained polymer was found to be an atactic by IR measurement and the molecular weight of the extracted product was determined as ≃ 400 by the vapor pressure osmometer.
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  • 190
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2289-2297 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: 2,3-Dicarboxy cellulose and partially oxidized 2,3-dicarboxy cellulose were prepared in good yields from the corresponding dialdehyde cellulose obtained by periodate oxidation of cellulose according to a modification of the method described by Hofreiter, Wolff, and Mehltretter [J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79, 6457 (1957)]. The 2,3-dicarboxy cellulose oxidized to nearly 100% oxidation level was completely soluble in water, but the 2,3-dicarboxy cellulose of 70% oxidation level was not. The former 2,3-dicarboxy cellulose took up various metallic ions other than alkali metals to form a precipitate or solid. The metal contents taken up corresponded to the theoretical values calculated as combined in the form of metallic salt of the carboxylic acid group. 2,3-Dicarboxy cellulose combined with metallic ions such as copper, cobalt, and nickel ions gave viscous, gel-like products, which solidified when exposed to air. The properties of products combined with such metallic ions are discussed.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2453-2466 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sorption and desorption data are reported for water in epoxy at 25°C and 70°C. A Monte Carlo model based on the dual-sorption theory is formulated to explain observed diffusion behavior. Random walk of particles is followed through a regular lattice with randomly distributed adsorption sites. Comparison of predicted results with experiment shows that the model predicts sorption data well. A modification to the model is proposed to improve prediction of desorption data.
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  • 192
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2501-2515 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Reprocessing of used polyethylene serves as a promising solution to a severe ecological and economical problem. This material, however, has frequently been exposed outdoors and demonstrates poor workability and inferior mechanical properties. In this study, we attempt to explore ways for the improvement of flow and product performance by intensive shear processing. When shearing reclaimed polyethylene (LDPE) containing some degree of crosslinking and oxidation, either by repetitive injection molding, extrusion or roll milling, the fluidity of the recycled polymer is gradually increased, frequently with rising ductility of the product and a decrease in melt elasticity. As a result, a practical way of reclaiming poor-flowing, partially gelled polymer has been found. Additionally, the recycled material can be blended with virgin polyethylene, preferably of the linear low density type. Virgin polyethylene by itself, however, demonstrated an opposite response to intensive shear. There was a drop in fluidity, a rise in melt elasticity, and usually a decrease in ductility. All this is believed to result from the degradation processes that may consist of initiation of microgels and recombination of polymer chains by free radicals, as shown by an actual increase in intrinsic viscosity and in the higher modes of molecular weight averages. It was noted that the controlling mechanism of shear modification of virgin polymer differs from that occurring with a partially crosslinked structure. Results of the shear modification of both virgin and reclaimed polyethylene, by continuous kneading in a Brabender Plastograph, indicate mainly a chain scission mechanism. In all cases the melt viscosity dropped together with the ductility of the final product.
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  • 193
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2573-2580 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cotton cellulose has been subjected to continuous and repeated enzymatic hydrolysis for different periods. It has been observed that the length of hydrocellulose particles obtained on repeated enzyme action is reduced to about 300-500 Å as compared to 900-3000 Å obtained on prolonged enzyme treatment. Corresponding changes in moisture regain, crystallinity of the hydrolysates, and weight loss brought out by the hydrolysis are also discussed.
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  • 194
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2713-2718 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method is discussed for the immobilization of cellulase using porous polymer matrices, which were obtained by radiation polymerization of hydrophilic monomers. In this method, the immobilized enzyme matrix was prepared by enzyme absorbtion in the porous polymer matrix and drying treatment. The enzyme activity of the immobilized enzyme matrix varied with monomer concentration, cooling rate of the monomer solution, and hydrophilicity of the polymer matrix, taking the change of the nature of the porous structure in the polymer matrix. The leakage of the enzymes from the polymer matrix was not observed in the repeated batch enzyme reactions.
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  • 195
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2749-2762 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Laser Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the structures of urea-formaldehyde resins. Band assignments were made on the basis of Raman studies of model compounds. Methylol and certain methylene functionalities could be differentiated in both the model compounds and the resins. Spectra of the resins at various stages of cure were also examined. Trends noted agreed with earlier studies on the kinetics and the proposed mechanism of the cure process. Laser Raman spectroscopy offers promise for elucidating the structures of urea-formaldehyde resins and for providing insight into the molecular phenomena of the cure and degradation of these resins.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 196
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3621-3640 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this investigation, a numerical model was developed to predict the temperature distribution in a fiber during melt spinning. This model uses the implicit Crank-Nicolson method to solve the governing differential equation for the problem. The model was applied to a series of numerical experiments on a liquid crystalline fiber which is melt-spun. These simulations used typical sets of operating conditions to determine the effect of various operating parameters on the predicted radius profile, spinline tension, and temperature distribution. The effects of spinneret capillary diameter, mass flow rate, ambient air temperature, spinning temperature, and elongational viscosity were investigated. The results of the various runs showed that ambient air temperature and mass flow rate had a significant effect on the predicted radius profile, spinline tension, and temperature distribution. The spinning temperature was an important parameter, but its only significant effect was on the spinline tension. Spinneret capillary diameter and elongational viscosity had little effect on the predicted results.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 197
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal conductivity detection has been applied for determining the mass transport coefficients of vapor through polymer membranes in the presence of another vapor being in equilibrium with polymer. Apparatus and measuring technique have been described. Diffusion, permeability, and solubility coefficients have been determined for systems comprising polyethylene membrane and two-component vapor mixtures of selected substances. It has been found that the presence of nonpolar substances affected diffusion, permeability, and solubility coefficients of polar penetrants in the systems investigated. Analysis of the results obtained in evaluating the possibility and correctness of the determination of diffusion and permeability coefficients derived from mathematical descriptions of the process of permeating a single substance has been carried out.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3947-3954 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Depolymerization reactions of nylon 6 [poly(∊-caprolactam)] have been modeled based on an existing mechanism for reversible polymerization reactions. The method of moments proposed by Min has been used together with kinetic and equilibrium constants for polymerization reactions to simulate depolymerization reactions. Simulation results thus obtained for batch and semibatch processes compare well with the corresponding experimental results.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3991-3998 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The competition between methyl orange dye and various polymers [gelatin, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyacrylamide, etc.] for the binding sites on quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole) in aqueous solutions was studied. The method used was based on a well-known effect of dissolved polyelectrolytes on the rate of diffusion of solutes through semipermeable membranes. The final results are expressed as the ratio of C1″(bound)/C1′(bound), where C1″(bound) is the amount of the solute adsorbed to a mixture of two polymers and C1(bound) is the amount of solute bound to a single polymer. In the case of quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole) it was found that as much as 15% of the solute bound to the polymer can be replaced by another, “nonadsorbing” polymer.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thin film composite membranes of sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) (SPPO)-polysulfone (PS) (SPPO-PS) were prepared by coating the hydrogen or sodium form of SPPO onto various porous substrates such as polysulfone (PS). The effects of membrane preparation conditions and feed water variables on the salt rejection and production rates were investigated using reverse osmosis. Purification of the waste waters from the Alberta heavy oil fields for desalination and recycling use was carried out. Production rates and salt rejections for the various feeds were found to be in the range of 5-20 gfd (gallons/ft2 day) and 80-99% respectively at 600 psig and 20°C, depending on the experimental conditions and membrane properties.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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