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  • 1965-1969  (23,845)
  • Chemistry  (23,845)
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melt flow behavior of straight emulsion-polymerized PVC in a capillary extrusion rheometer has been found to depend upon both the molecular weight and the particle size of the sample. Observations of flow-rate, post-extrusion swell, and extrudate appearance, as functions of extrusion temperature and pressure, suggest that both molecular deformation and particle slippage are involved in the flow mechanism. The relative importance of these two modes of flow varies with extrusion conditions and with the PVC molecular weight and particle size. Particle slippage is favored by large particle size, high molecular weight, and low temperature and by a shear stress above a critical yield value. Apparent melt viscosity, swelling, and roughness are minimized under conditions corresponding to the maximum contribution of particle slippage. In the proper range of temperature and shear rate, straight emulsion PVC yields smooth, low-swell extrudates of excellent physical properties.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 86-89 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Re-examination of our work on internal plasticization of polyvinyl chloride leads us to suggest a number of guidelines in the synthesis of internally plasticized PVC with optimum combination of strength and low temperature properties: (1) use of comonomers of solubility parameter around 8.5 or 10.5, (2) use of a high molecular weight (long chain) comonomers in a low molar ratio, and (3) their non-uniform incorporation in the PVC chain.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of polymers have been “cold” extruded (i.e. at temperatures well below their normal melting temperatures) by the application of relatively high pressures. In all cases extrudates of relatively large cross-sectional area have been produced, and non-circular cross-sections have also been extruded. The extruded products has been evaluated and the results discussed. In general it has been found that whilst extrusion gives an oriented product, the increase in tensile modulus is much less than for a comparably drawn fibre. This phenomenon has been discussed in terms of the changes in crystalline structure produced by extrusion.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer pellets are frequently melted on a melting grid. The melting capacity of the gird depends on the force with which the bed of pellets is pressed against the grid bars and on the difference between the temperature of the grid bars and the melt temperature. In this investigation, this dependence has been examined, theortically as well as experimentally, for the case where the pellets melt on the top of the grid. Agreement with the theory was found.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study was undertaken in order to understand the effect of low molecular weight additives on the visco-elastic properties of polymers and, in particular, Diamond Shamrock Corporation's PVC-40 resin. The viscous response has been reported in Part I of this series (11). This report describes the elastic properties of these mixtures.A new theoretical analysis of elastic response has been formulated. The direct calculation of stored elastic energy from capillary rheometer measurements is now possible.The conclusion drawn from both the viscous and elastic response study is that a change in viscosity is not a necessary nor sufficient condition for improved processability. Increased flow is obtained by lowering the viscous losses, but the melt fracture phenomena may be unchanged. In order to completely characterize the compound, both viscous and elastic response must be measured.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A previously proposed but further modified theoretical model for melting in plasticating extruders, in the form of a computer program, which predicts the amount of unmelted polymer at any point in the extruder, was used to simulate the effect of geometrical and operating variables on the melting performance of the extruder. The results indicate in increasing screw length required to complete melting with increasing throughput and a decreasing length of melting with increasing frequency of screw rotation. They further indicate the existence of an optimum barrel temperature for a maximum rate of melting, an optimum number of threads for a maximum melting rate, and a significant decrease in the rate of melting with increasing flight clearance. The effect of other geometrical variables and of operating conditions on the rate of melting and power consumption are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 108
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The validity of the Busen-Roscoe reciprocity law in flash exposed dichromate sensitized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films was investigated. It was found that the flashlamp operating conditions were an important parameter in an exposure system, since a spectral distribution shift of the lamp output could be obtained by changing the pulse duration from 0.3 to 2.0 msec. The apparent reciprocity failure obtained by varying the pulse duration while maintaining the energy stored in the capacitor bank fixed was consistent with the spectral distribution shift in the lamp output. When this shift was accounted for there was only a negligible reciprocity failure found over the range of these flash exposures; however, comparison with a steady mercury are lamp showed that the flash exposure cross-linked the PVA about 200 times more efficiently.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation of the viscous flow properties of mixtures of low molecular weight materials, such as lubricants and plasticizer, with PVC has been carried out. In all examples studied the PVC exhibited a discontinuity in flow with increasing temperature. This was interpreted as a phase change in the melt. A diffusion fractionation of the low molecular weight species was used to rationalize the shear rate dependent viscous behavior of these melts.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of the room-temperature first-order transition on the plastic yield behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been investigated. Stress-strain curves were measured at different strain rates and temperatures. Tensile creep under constant dead load was also measured as a function of temperature and stress level. The effect of degree of crystallinity was investigated by using both a rapidly quenched and slow-cooled polymer. Observations were extended to large deformations, so that the phenomenon primarily observed was plastic yield rather than linear viscoelastic behavior.The curve of yield stress vs. temperature in the temperature range from -50 to +68°C was found to be almost identical with the curve of elastic modulus vs. temperature; the yield stress shows a marked local decrease at the first-order transition. The yield elongation was almost constant (at about 5%) over this same range, which is in accord with the above result. The more highly crystalline polymer is always more rigid than the less crystalline polymer at small deformations, but above 19°C its stress-strain curve shows a “cross-over” in stress level with the curve of the less crystalline polymer as extension increases. That is, above 19°C the less crystalline polymer shows a more rapid rate of “strain hardening”, even though the strain-hardening effect is pronounced in both polymers. Attempts to apply time-temperature superposition to creep data at different temperatures were partially successful; the lateral shifts required corresponded to an activation energy of approximately 80 kcal.The experimental observations suggest a model of the solid-state structure of PTFE which could be described as an “elastic-plastic network”, in which crystalline domains are connected by elastic amorphous regions, and in which the crystalline domains can flow plastically at sufficiently high stress or temperature.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 319-319 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rheo-optical techniques for the study of crystalline polymers, developed primarily in the United States and Japan, include dynamic birefringence, X-ray diffraction, dichroism, light scattering, and fluorescence. These permit the characterization of the rates of orientation of crystals, amorphous regions, and crystalline superstructures. The application of these methods has permitted the formulation of a model for the deformation of crystalline polymers.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 339-349 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fatigue failure of thermoplastics and glass-reinforced thermoplastics is a function of cyclic stress or deflection level, test frequency, viscoelastic polymer parameters and matrix-to-fiber stress transfer. This paper reports an investigation of the modes of high frequency fatigue failure in glass-reinforced and unreinforced thermoplastics. In particular the effects and control of dissipative heating of a working specimen and the role of efficient matrix-to-fiber stress transfer are considered. A test procedure with which the severity of dissipative heating can be continuously followed and controlled during an accelerated fatigue test is described.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 286-294 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Empirical test data on low-density polyethylenes exposed to the elements for very long times are compared with results on samples of the same materials subjected to artificial “weathering” in a modified carbon arc machine.The test results conform to the expression \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ t_a = B + t_n^k $$\end{document} where ta is hours of accelerated weathering, tn years of natural exposure, and the constants B and k have values of 150 and 2.4, respectively, for the materials and test conditions involved.Earlier results are confirmed in that optimum weather resistance is found to depend on good dispersion of a fine-particle black. Protection improves with concentration up to the limit of about 5% by weight imposed by degenerative effects on mechanical properties from higher loadings of the fine channel blacks. Dependence of weatherability on molecular weight (melt index) is noted.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Existing theory of polymer flow has been applied to a definition of shift factors which reduce the widely different melt viscosity/shear rate diagrams of plasticized PVC compounds to well-defined master curves. The master curves are temperature dependent and also define the flow properties of the unplasticized polymer on which a group of plasticized compounds is based. For given plasticizers, the value of the shift factor was found to depend on melt temperature and plasticizer volume fraction. Explicit relationships have been generated for three plasticizer systems; for these, melt viscosity/shear rate data can be precalculated over several decades of shear, and in the temperature range of 150-200°C. Absolute values of the shift factors depend on the type of plasticizer, and a correlation with polymer/diluent interaction parameters has been attempted. Initial results, valid only at high plasticizer volumes and near the reduced melt temperature of a polymer/plasticizer mixture, support the existence of such a correlation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 116
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    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 350-355 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This discussion will illustrate some of the factors which go into the design of experiments required to solve problems in the field of plastics. Two quite diverse problems were considered. In the first case a series of experiments was described which provided a very general technique for predicting polyethylene flow behavior as a function of shear rate over a wide range of temperatures from a minimum of new data. In this case the experimentation concerned only the viscous aspect of flow and was not limited by the availability of special samples. In the second case it was desired to learn what the effect of a specific molecular structural variable was on the general melt rheological properties of polyethylene. This required the polymerization of special samples followed by detailed characterization by both solution property and melt rheological techniques.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 117
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 370-377 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Derivative stress-strain curves at constant strain rate for polyacrylonitrile copolymer fibers have been obtained by simple modification of conventional tensile testing apparatus. These derivative curves, considerably more complex and eventful than stress-strain curves, have been interpreted as direct records of changes undergone by the apparent Young's modulus during experiments which extend from infinitesimal strain to failure. Analysis of the data shows that these changes in the apparent Young's modulus cannot be accounted for to any significant extent by viscoelastic time effects and must therefore be consequences of the deformation process itself. In the light of this analysis, it is concluded that polyacrylonitrile fibers “soften” considerably in the strain range 0.5-3% and that they exhibit moderate “hardening” in the strain range which extends from ca 3% to the breaking strain (10%).
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 118
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    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 393-399 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some properties of multilayered films are summarized in relation to the properties of the component materials. Polymers may be selected for co-extrusion into layered films to obtain various combinations of properties, such as barrier, stiffness, heat sealability, optics, and toughness. Properly chosen combinations of high and low modulus materials exhibit mutual interlayer reinforcement. Permeabilities of multilayer films can be calculated from layer geometry and individual component properties.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 119
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Spherulitic films of polybutene-1 have been stressed under biaxial tension. Direct microscopic observations indicate that the deformation is localized at the spherulite centers and at the intersections of boundaries in agreement with previous results obtained with linear polyethylene. The results demonstrate an increasing tendency for brittle failure with decreasing molecular weight. Effects of surfactants and solvents are also presented.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 120
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    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 22-26 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Molten polymer was pumped through an isothermal-wall heat exchanger and the temperature at four radial positions was measured with a hypodermic thermocouple. Temperature profiles were obtained for heating, cooling, and isothermal flow of polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene at Graetz numbers from 1.7 to 9.2. The results show large viscous heating effects, particularly for cooling.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 121
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    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 141-151 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An analog computer-polymerizer system is described which polts continually the rate of polymerization in percent per hour and the total percent conversion. Computer components and their functions are briefly described and the polymerization vessel with its control instruments are shown. Methods of calibration and accuracy of the system are discussed.Polymerization rate curves for various initiators at various temperatures are presented. These curves show the typical autoacceleration of precipitating systems and the rate increase due to the gel effect. Experimental evidence is presented to explain the pressure drop seen in these curves at 70-75% conversion.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 122
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 164-171 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution on the melt rheological behavior of two polystrenes of approximately the same weight average molecular weight, but of widely different molecular weight distribution, was determined. Then, using a series of capillaries with different length-to-diameter ratios in an Instron Capillary Rheometer, the entrance correction methods of E. B. Bagley and the relationships of W. Philippoff and F. H. Gaskins, the recoverable shear strain (SR) in the melt at the capillary wall for these mono- and polydisperse polystyrenes was determined. Shear modulus (G) and normal stress (PN) were calculated using the relationships: G = τRC/SR and PN = 2τRC SR, where τRC is the corrected shear stress at the capillary wall. These are compared to values obtained using a Weissenberg Rheogonimeter. These two polystyrenes were also injection molded into an ASTM specimen mold over a wide range of stock temperature, using a 12 OZ. in-line reciprocating screw injection press, and evaluated for mechanical property values. The effects of the elasticity parameters (SR G & PN) and their magnitude on the rheology, processability and mechanical properties of these polystyrenes are discussed.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 123
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The viscosity of low-density crosslinked polyethylene was studied as a function of gel content and shear rate (3.75-33 sec-1). A simple model relating viscosity with gel content is suggested. It is shown that sol viscosity decreases with cross-linking propagation. The rheological parameters of the sol fraction are changed as a result, and it is natural that this effect should be utilized for flow calculations. Experimental data indicate a high degree of interaction between the sol molecules and the gel, and an experimental technique is presented for measuring it.The rheological parameters of crosslinked polyethylene are closely dependent on the gel content, viscosity and pseudoplasticity increasing with the latter.
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  • 124
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 182-189 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As discussed in this paper, melt treatment prior to crystallization, apparently proceeds by the following stages: partial melting; an insensitive region; and at higher temperatures, deactivation of nucleation sites. The deactivation-region onset temperature is quite dependent on the subsequent crystallization conditions and may not be observed in some polymers during crystallization from the melt. In addition, those polymers capable of being quenched directly from the melt to a non-crystalline glassy state and subsequently crystallized by reheating to above the glass transition, do not exhibit any more than a partial melting type melt treatment effect. The deactivation regime absence is a result of the homogeneous nucleation that occurs during crystallization from the quenched glassy state at temperatures slightly above the glass transition.Use of a metal- or glass-constraining medium does mask (at least partially) the effect of melt history upon crystallization from the melt. In addition to the masking effect of a constraining medium, some of the controversy in the literature pertaining to the existence of a melt treatment phenomenon may arise due to degredation of some polymers prior to the onset of the deactivation regime. The crystallization conditions employed are also quite influential on the possible effect melt treatment can have since the melt history phenomenon is noted by its effect on subsequent crystallization.
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  • 125
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 365-369 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flexural fatigue characteristics of boron fiber reinforced epoxy were shown to be strongly dependent on the aspect ratio of the reinforcing fibers. These composites were evaluated in a stiffness limited, constant maximum stress mode. The failure mechanism was found to be a combination of interfacial failure and brittle rupture of the matrix at 45 deg to the axis of the fibers. These fatigue cracks result in debonding of the outer fibers, thereby reducing the effective moment of inertia of the specimen.
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  • 126
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 388-392 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stress concentration and effective flexure stiffness of an ASTM V-notch Izod specimen is excessive for most cases of plastics use. A more typical stiffness is that of a thin plate in two dimensional bending. Such can be approached with a larger radius and deeper V-notch. Instead of a V-notch, however, a double edge notch with the same radius and thickness at the root is recommended. The special advantage of the double edge notch is that the notch at the back edge reduces the energy loss due to the clamp.
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  • 127
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 428-433 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Silane coupling agents containing organo-functional and alkoxy groups are applied to glass fiber reinforcements from an acid solution commercially. It is found that finely divided soda glass suspended in a methanol-water solution of various silanes promotes hydrolysis without the presence of an acid catalyst. When acid is present in addition to the glass, as in commercial application baths, rate of hydrolysis is lower than with either acid or glass alone. There is evidence that basic glass components catalyze hydrolysis. Further work under commercial application conditions is indicated.
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  • 128
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 129
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 383-387 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The extraordinary physical properties exhibited by block polymers have been ascribed to the presence of a multiphase microstructure in which the higher modulus phase acts as a quasi-crosslink or filler particle. Recently, the optical examination of these materials combined with mechanical testing has given investigatiors new insight into this complex morphology. In this investigation, simultaneous stress, strain, and birefringence data have been collected on a block polyester urethane elastomer. Stress-softening is observed in cyclic stress-strain experiments, giving rise to significant hysteresis in the stressstrain and birefringence-stress curves. In these tests, prestrain causes a large increase in the stress-optical coefficient, but has little effect on the strain-optical coeffcient. As the temperature is increased, the strain-optical coefficent decreases while the stress-optical coefficient increases with the latter exhibiting a larger temperature dependence than predicted by the kinetic theory of rubber elasticity. The good agreement between the mechanical-optical response of polyester urethanes and that of other block polymer systems provides further evidence of their morphological similarity.
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  • 130
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 415-422 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A machine to measure the creep deformation of plastics under uniaxial compressive loads is described. The problems associated with accurate creep testing in compression, primarily the application of a uniform stress to the specimen and the measurement of the resultant strain, receive particular attention. For the specimen geometries used, the effect on the measured strain of frictional restraints at the specimen ends is negligible provided the strain measurement is made with an extensometer attached to the specimen.The effect of fabrication techniques on the deformation behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been examined. Sintering time and temperature are found to be the most significant variables in the processing of PTFE. A comparison of uniaxial tensile and compressive creep data has shown that the non-linear viscoelastic behavior of the material extends into the low strain region.
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  • 131
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 452-460 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A useful concept in polymer science is the degree of crystallinity - the fraction of the polymer that exists in a relatively ordered state. Methods of determination of the degree of crystallinity using density, infrared, thermal, N.M.R. and X -ray measurements are examined in light of modern notions of the structure of semi -crystalline polymers.
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  • 132
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 133
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A fundamental mathematical model of the plasticating extruder was assembled by combining a previously reported melting model with an improved melt pumping model. The validity of the model was tested with numerous experiments on 2 1/2 in. and 8 in. diameter extruders. The experiments were performed with low and high density polyethylene, plasticized polyvinyl chloride, rigid polyvinyl chloride powder, polypropylene, ABS and nylon 66. The mathematical model proved to be excellent in predicting pressure and plastic temperature profiles in the extruder channel, temperature fluctuation, solids content, and power consumption.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new photoredox catalyst is described wherein a phenothiazine dye in its excited state oxidizes a catalyst to a free radical. This free radical efficiently initiates the polymerization of metal acrylates giving rise to polymers which are insoluble in the monomer-containing medium. The polymers precipitate as insoluble colloidal particles. Optical transmission measurements are used to follow the polymerization and to calculate the number and size of the polymer particles. The effect of various factors such as the nature of the catalyst and the photooxidant, the pH and the temperature of the medium on photopolymerization are described. It is indicated that this new system may be useful for rapid photographic imaging and display applications.
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  • 135
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 56-72 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper is the third in a series describing work done under Air Force sponsorship to develop high temperature polyimide laminates for radomes and other parts for supersonic aircraft.Twelve resin compositions are described and evaluated. Most were prepared from benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and one or more aromatic diamines. Modifying linkages such as amide, ether, benzimidazole, and oxadiazole were present in some cases.A variety of precure and pressing conditions were studied, best results being obtained with a fully cured prepreg pressed at about 700°F and 200-1000 psi. Most of the laminates were made with E glass cloth, but some work was done also with S glass, Refrasil, and carbon cloth.Initial flexural strengths on E glass of 35-60,000 psi at room temperature, and 20-40,000 psi at 600°F were observed for the better resins. On S glass, slightly higher strengths were observed together with values of about 10,000 psi at 700-1000°F. Aging data on E glass laminates show retention of at least 10,000 psi flexural strength at temperature for about 250 hrs. at 650°F, 1000 hrs. at 600°F, 5000 hrs. at 527°F, and 30,000 hrs. at 482°F.Dielectric constant and dissipation factor at 10 Gc were found to be nearly constant at 3.5-4.4 and 0.005-0.01, respectively, for temperatures up to 662°F and for aging up to 1000 hrs. at 600°F. At frequencies of 60 c and 1 Kc, an increase of dissipation factor with temperature was found and was used as a measure of Tg.
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  • 136
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 105-114 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Biaxial creep tests have been performed on thin-walled tubes of polymethyl methacrylate at 116°F and 50% R.H. The tubes were loaded radially up to a specified stress state, which was then maintained for a finite time. Additional tests involved a constant stress state for a period Δt1, after which the specimen was rapidly subjected to a second stress state which was maintained for a period Δt2. The experimental apparatus and procedure are described. The results for the range of stress, temperature, and time investigated show: 1) the creep behavior can be described by the form ∊ = ∊0 + mtn, where ∊ is the strain, ∊0 is the time-independent portion of the strain, and m and n are constants; 2) n appears to be independent of stress state in the fourth quadrant (-σz axial stress, +σθ tangential stress), and m is a linear function (log-log) of effective stress. In the first quadrant (+σz +σθ), the values of m and n are dependent on stress state, the constant m being also dependent on effective stress. Since two measurements are made for tangential strain ∊0, a description of the deformation can be obtained. Some results of pre-strain history and fracture are also presented.
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  • 137
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Epoxy-Versamid specimens were loaded in tension up to failure at different constant strain-rates and temperatures. Results revealed three modes of behavior prevailing at different temperature-strain-rate regions and associated with brittle, ductile and rubbery failure modes. The ductile region was found to be confined within a narrow band on the temperature-strain-rate plane, and is characterized by a yield plateau in the stress-strain curve and by linear dependence of yield stress on log strain rate and temperature. Yield strain seems to be almost unaffected by strain-rate, but decreases slightly with temperature rise.Analysis indicated that experimental data within the ductile region are consistent with Eyring's formulation for non-Newtonian viscoplastic flows. It leads to the evaluation of the “apparent activation energy” and activation volume for the two epoxy systems tested.Comparison with previous work indicates that the above parameters as well as yield stress and elastic modulus tend to increase with the decrease of the Versamid content in the resin.
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  • 138
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 172-181 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Neither the fringed-micelle, fringed-fibril or extreme folded-chain models explain the morphological and mechanical properties of highly drawn polyethylene. The modified folded-chain model, assuming that a substantial fraction (between 5 and 30 percent) of the molecules do not fold back at the crystal surface but go through the “amorphous” surface layer and enter the next crystal, avoids the insufficiencies of the above mentioned models.The elastic modulus and tensile strength of drawn polyethylene, both increasing with draw ratio, are to a large extent the consequence of the molecules bridging the quasi-amorphous layers and interconnecting the folded-chain lamellae oriented more-or-less perpendicular to the machine direction. The folds create enough space for the accommodation of more-or-less extended tie molecules in the quasi-amorphous layers between the lamellae. Electron microscopy and calorimetry of samples as drawn, annealed and/or etched with fuming nitric acid support the model.
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  • 139
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1993-2006 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Shear properties of commercially available polystyrenes with narrow molecular weight distribution have been measured in the transition region from 100°C to 150°C and over a frequency range from 50 Hz to 1000 Hz. The effect of molecular weight or shear properties is established with four polymers ranging in molecular weight from 20,000 to 860,000. A broad, bimodal distribution is also studied. The properties of these polymers, with two different diluents added, illustrate the rather marked qualitative difference in effects caused by diluents.
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  • 140
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1949-1963 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The structure of the cyclic urea influenced the rate of reaction with cotton cellulose and the mechanism by which reaction occurred. Reaction of N, N′-dimethylolethylene-urea (DMEU) and N, N′-dimethylolpropyleneurea (DMPU) with cellulose in presence of inorganic salt catalysts proceeded through methylol hydroxyls and at the same rate; but reaction mechanism differed. With DMEU, N → metal ion coordination occurred and SN2 mechanism prevailed. With DMPU, O → metal ion coordination resulted.Reaction of dihydroxyethylene urea (DHEU), N, N′-dimethyldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMeDHEU), and N, N′-dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) with cotton cellulose proceeded through ring hydroxyls with the formation of a carbonium ion, indicating an SN1 mechanism. The much faster rate of reaction with DMeDHEU than with DHEU was attributed to the more electronegative environment of its ring hydroxyl, while the much slower rate of reaction of DMDHEU was attributed to hydrogen bonding between its methylol and ring hydroxyls.
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  • 141
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2031-2032 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 142
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 17-22 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recently, Chien and Boss calculated rate constants for the autoxidation of isotactic polypropylene based upon a postulated relatively simple scheme. Electron spin resonance, volumetric, and chemical techniques were employed. It behooved the authors of this paper to demonstrate that similar values of these rate constants could also be calculated from a more general scheme. From this general scheme, expressions were derived which involved the rate constants of interest and other constants which had been previously calculated from experimental data based upon the use of infrared absorption techniques. The values of our calculated rate constants at various temperatures agreed well with those reported by Chien and Boss where comparison was possible.
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  • 143
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The authors had previously reported a general scheme with corresponding kinetic expressions for the uncatalyzed thermal autoxidation of polyolefins, such as atactic polybutene-1 (APB), in the bulk phase. Recently, Bawn and Chaudhri reported that similar kinetic expressions and scheme were also applicable to autoxidation of atactic polypropylene (APP) in solution. These workers did not attempt to correlate their results for the effect of oxidation on the molecular weight of APP as evidenced by intrinsic viscosity. In this paper, we have applied expressions, previously reported for changes in intrinsic viscosity as a function of time during the autoxidation of APB in the bulk phase, to the data provided by Bawn and Chaudhri for the autoxidation of APP in solution. The quantitative evidence obtained indicates that the intrinsic viscosity relationships which were found to be valid for the autoxidation of APB in the bulk phase are also valid for the autoxidation of APP in solution (at polymer concentrations of ca. 1.5M and above).
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  • 144
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The products obtained on degradation of poly(m-aminostyrene) in vacuo are described. The effect of molecular weight and pyrolysis temperature are discussed and the behavior of poly(m-aminostyrene) compared with that of polystyrene. Quantitative analytical methods using ultra-violet spectroscopy and gas liquid chromatography are described for m-aminostyrene and m-toluidine. The possible mechanisms of degradation to yield the products are discussed.
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  • 145
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2073-2084 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The pyrolysis of acrylic fiber up to 400°C in an inert atmosphere at 1° and 6°C/min was studied by means of thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The exothermic reaction occuring at 180-300°C was shown to be due to the reaction of nitrile groups by comparing the extent of exotherm with the number of nitrile groups present, determined by infrared spectroscopy. In addition, results of single-fiber tensile measurements, density, and elemental analysis of the pyrolyzed fibers are interpreted in terms of possible molecular structures. The gases evolved on pyrolysis were analyzed for both ammonia and hydrogen cyanide and the liberation of ammonia was attributed to a termination reaction of the polymerization of nitrile groups. The critical conditions necessary for the production of high strength and modulus carbon fiber are discussed briefly in ralation to the chemical changes occurring on pyrolysis.
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  • 146
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2119-2127 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of crosslinked thermosetting resins depend markedly on the completeness of the crosslinking process. Determination of the degree of cure of an unsaturated polyester resin has been studied previously by mechanical, spectroscopic and volume resistivity methods. In this respect the effect of cure time and temperature on the ac dielectric constant and dissipation factor at 1 kc/s and 10 kc/s is considered. The dissipation factor appears to be a most useful parameter for detecting changes in the degree of cure in the later stages of reaction.The electrical properties of the cured resin are discussed, and values for the energy of activation for electrical conduction are compared with literature reports on similar materials.
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  • 147
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2183-2191 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polysulfone, polycarbonate, and phenoxy resins were aged under thermal and ultraviolet light conditions. Thermoxidative processes in polysulfone and polycarbonate are of such minor significance as not to impart noticeable losses in these materials below 125°C. In phenoxy, however, thermal oxidation above 100°C results in rapid deterioration of all physical properties. This probably results from the low glass transition temperature of this polymer. Photo-oxidation rapidly degrades polysulfone. This appears to be a consequence of scission at the sulfone link. In polycarbonate, however, the only serious result of short-term irradiation is discoloration. For phenoxy resin, crosslinking through reactions at the hydroxyl group is the principal result of photo-oxidation. In all processes the bisphenol A portion of the three polymers appears to play only a small role.
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  • 148
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2209-2221 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The difficulties involved in the measurement of the partition coefficient and diffusion coefficient of NaCl in hydrophilic polymer membranes are examined by the initial rate and late-time analysis of desorption data for three nonionic polymer systems. The late-time analysis, based on the plot of the logarithmic relative desorption versus time, was found to be useful when the diffusion is Fickian and the magnitude of D2/l2 is small. Depending on the magnitude of D2/l2, an accurate measurement of k2 and determination of D2 cannot be achieved without correction for the effect of surface salt solution, impossible with late-time analysis. The initial rate measurement was found more versatile for general non-Fickian diffusion and it gave a means of correction of the errors involved in estimating the partition coefficient. In general, the diffusion of NaCl in hydrophilic polymers is not ideal Fickian and the discrepancy between the two analyses is appreciable.
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  • 149
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2235-2245 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chloride) displays a normal DSC of DTA curve for the glass transition when quenched from above its Tg. However if cooled slowly or annealed near the glass transition temperature, a peak appears on the DSC or DTA curve at the Tg. In this paper quantitative studies of the time and temperature effects on the production of this endothermal peak during the annealing of PVC homopolymer and an acetate copolymer are presented. The phenomenon conforms to the Williams, Landell, and Ferry equation for the relaxation of polymer chains, the rate of the peak formation becoming negligible at more than 50°C below Tg. The energy difference between the quenched and annealed forms is small. For a PVC homopolymer annealed 2 hr at 68°C, which is Tg -10°C, the difference is 0.25 cal/g. For a 13% acetate copolymer of PVC similarly annealed, the difference is 0.36 cal/g. The measured rates of the process give a calculated activation energy of 13-14 kcal/mole for PVC homopolymer and copolymer. This appearance of a peak on the Tg curve for a polymer when annealed near the glass temperature appears to be a general phenomenon.
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  • 150
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2269-2276 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Monosodium 1-glutamate, disodium inosine-5′-monophosphate, disodium guanosine-5′-monophosphate, calcium d-pantothanate, 1-arginine, and 1-aspartic acid were found to protect the changes in the internal relationships of the atoms in the protein molecule from radiation damage. The behavior of the optical rotation was determined. The empirical equation for the protective effect is given by [α] f = b - a log X, where [α] f is the final specific rotation of the solution, X is the concentration of the amino acids, and a and b are adjustable constants.
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  • 151
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2297-2311 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The load-compression behavior of a foam reflects its geometric structure and the physical properties of the matrix polymer. Quantitative relations between these parameters have been established in the present study. Based on both theoretical analyses and experimental data obtained on a flexible polyurethane foam, it is shown that the compressive stress can be factored into the product of two terms: (1) a dimensionless function of the compressive strain, ψ(ε), calculated from experimental load-compression data and reflecting the buckling of the foam matrix; and (2) a factor, εEf, where Ef is the apparent Young's modulus of the foam (which is a function primarily of the modulus of the base polymer E0 and of the volume fraction of polymer, ϕ). Thus the compressive stress behavior of a foamed polymer is determined by E0, ϕ, and the matrix geometry, the latter described by the function ψ(ε). Using these established relations, it now is possible to delineate precisely the structural features a foam must possess - density, cell shape and size distribution, and modulus of the base polymer - to meet a given load-compression specification.
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  • 152
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2325-2332 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(α,α,α′,α′-tetrafluoro-p-xylylene) was prepared by the pyrolysis of cyclo-di-(α,α,α′,α′-tetrafluoro-p-xylylene) and by the pyrolysis of α,α′-bis(alkylsulfonyl)-α,α,α′,α′-tetrafluoro-p-xylene. The pyrolysis of α,α′-dibromo-α,α,α′,α′-tetrafluoro-p-xylylene also gave the polymer, but the method is less satisfactory. Poly(α,α,α′,α′-tetrafluoro-p-xylylene) shows remarkable thermal and oxidative stability at elevated temperatures. Useful mechanical and electrical properties are retained after aging for 3000 hr at 250° in air. After initial change due to crystallization, tensile strength remains near 10,000 psi, elongation above 5%, and dielectric constants and dissipation factors at approximately 2.4 and .001, respectively.
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  • 153
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2359-2369 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of a single detector in gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for samples of varying composition leads to erroneous conclusions. With certain simplifying assumptions, a gel permeation chromatograph equipped with properly selected dual detectors yields composition and molecular weight distribution information that is meaningful. Examples discussed are a mixture of homopolymers and a sample supposed to have been a styrene-butadiene block copolymer. The ultraviolet absorption is used in conjunction with the refractive index trace to give qualitative information that is much more informative than could be obtained with one detector. Calibration of the relative responses of the detectors to each of the components of the mixture is described, and these calibrations are used to calculate point-by-point composition, molecular weights, and molecular weight averages.
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  • 154
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2397-2409 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The proper use of the method for correcting instrumental spreading in GPC requires a precise calibration of the spreading characteristics of the instrument. Heretofore, such a calibration could be obtained only through the tedious reverse-flow experiments. A more rapid method of calibrating instrumental spreading is presented in this work. This method uses the leading halves of the chromatograms of several standard polystyrene samples. These chromatograms are normally used in the calibration of molecular weight; additional experimental steps are therefore not required. The calculation of the instrumental spreading characteristics from these chromatograms is also relatively simple. The instrumental spreading characteristics were found to depend on the elution volume but not on the nature of the polymer. Thus, calibration results from using polystyrene standards can be used to treat chromatograms for other polymers. For the present GPC instrument, the spreading was found to reach a maximum at an elution volume near 400,000 in polystyrene molecular weight. The existence of this maximum is in agreement with observations made by other investigators and is and indication that diffusion in the mobile phase is not an important contribution to instrumental spreading. The problem of skewing or tailing is discussed. Indication of skewing was observed for one of the higher molecular weight polystyrene samples but the extent of skewing was not severe at the present flow rate of 2 ml/min.
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  • 155
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 149-168 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Telechelic elastomers, polymers with reactive terminal groups, can be prepared in emulsion and solution systems. Examples of characterization of the polymers and preparation of a mercapto telechelic copolymer in an emulsion system and of mercapto-, hydroxy-, and aziridinyl-telechelic elastomers in solution systems are given. The elastomers were cured in peroxide or sulfur-accelerator formulations. The telechelic polymers exhibited enhanced stress-strain and dynamic properties in comparision to those of the controls. In tread formulations, outstanding properties were obtained for the mercapto-and azieridinyl-telechelic butadiene-styrene copolymers.
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  • 156
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 193-203 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Noncrosslinked copolymers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with ethyl methacrylate (EMA) were prepared and investigated as candidate materials for reverse osmosis membranes. Water and salt flux were calculated from the results of osmosis experiments, compared with cellulose acetate and found to be somewhat smaller. The mobility of water varies by several orders of magnitude between a high flux cellulose acetate membrane and a low flux HEMA-EMA membrane.
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  • 157
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2506-2508 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The method of stress relaxation has been used to study the effect of temperature on the stress decay behavior in the system of polyethylene-benzene. The behavior of stress decay in the polyethylene under benzene at various temperatures was observed and the activation energy of polyethylene-benzene system was obtained.
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  • 158
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2513-2526 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new high-temperature attenuated total reflectance apparatus (HATR) was constructed and used at different temperatures for making infrared measurements on the same liquid or solid sample. It was found that this method was applicable to the continuous quantitative analysis of changes occurring during chemical reactions such as polymerization, isomerization, and crosslinking. In the bulk polymerization of styrene, the process of monomer consumption could be followed progressively. In the crosslinking reaction of high cis-polybutadiene by sulfur-accelerator or peroxide crosslinking systems, the decrease of cis content and its partial isomerization to trans structure was measured. Furthermore, in the crosslinking reaction of ethylene-propylene terpolymers (EPDM), the consumption of double bonds was observed over the course of the reaction with both sulfur-accelerator and peroxide crosslinking systems. The effect was greatest in the case of methylenenorbornene-type EPDM.
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  • 159
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2547-2565 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An analysis of simple shear in a rotating spherical interlayer is presented. The theory provides design criteria and operating equations for a new method of measuring the dynamic mechanical properties of soft viscoelastic polymers. The storage component of the dynamic shear modulus G′(ω) = 3F1hm2/2πr4(3 sin φ + sin3φ) (ΔXt - K1F1) and the loss tangent than δ = [F2(ΔXt - K1F1) - K2F1F2]/[F1(ΔXt - K1F1)- K2(F2)2] are expressed in terms of the inner radius r, thickness, h, and are angle φ of sample extending from the rotational equator; the biaxial dynamometer compliances K1, K2; the imposed dynamometer displacement ΔXt; and the spherical interlayer storage and loss forces F1, F2. New instrumentation involving a rotating spherical interlayer (RSI) transducer and a rotational accessory to the Instron provides measurements from 0.001 to 45 cycle/sec at temperatures from -50° to 200°C. A comparison of RSI data, treated by time-temperature superposition, and literature values of dynamic response in polyisobutylene confirms both theory and method.
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  • 160
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2593-2600 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The degree of crystallinity (DC) in different moisture conditions was studied for jute and mesta holo- and α-celluloses. As in the case of raw fibers the DC was found to decrease as humidity increased, but the rate of change was diminished in the present case. The lower rate is explained on the supposition that some of the regions previously accessible to water have, after removal of lignin and hemicelluloses, assumed more ordered states and are less accessible. The DC increased as lignin and hemicelluloses were removed and tended to approach that of ramie or cotton. The crystalline structure of jute α-celluloses was also found to be similar to that of ramie or cotton.
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  • 161
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2643-2648 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rates and extents of crystallization of nylon 11 and nylon 6/11 copolymers have been measured by dilatometry. As the amount of copolymerization increased there was a decrease in the extent of crystallization and in the rates of crystallization for any degree of supercooling below the melt.
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  • 162
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2649-2656 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Acrylonitrile was grafted onto cellulose with the use of ceric salt as initiator and the grafting was found to be maximum at 0.6N acid concentration. The effect of monomer and initiator concentration on the extent of grafting was studied. A new method for quantitative estimation of extent of grafting on cellulose was developed and its validity was established. The grafted samples with 20% increase in weight were found to be highly resistant to microorganisms.
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  • 163
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2633-2641 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ethyl acrylate was graft-copolymerized with γ-irradiated, purified cotton cellulose from methanol-water systems. The accessibility of the free radicals in the irradiated cellulose to water, methanol, ethyl acrylate, and methanol-water solutions was determined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The maximum scavenging of the radicals was recorded with the irradiated cellulose was immersed in methanol-water solution which had a composition of 50/50 vol-%. When ethyl acrylate was added to methanol-water solution (50/50 vol-%), maximum grafting on the irradiated cellulose occurred at a concentration of ethyl acrylate of about 20 vol-%. As the concentration of ethyl acrylate was decreased, maximum grafting occurred in solutions containing less than 50 vol-% methanol. It was also noted that maximum grafting of ethyl acrylate in methanol-water solutions to irradiated cellulose occurred at boundry conditions, that is, conditions where the ternary mixture was still one phase, slightly different from compositions which caused the mixture to separate into two phases. From methanol solution, maximum grafting occurred at a concentration of ethyl acrylate of 80 vol-%. The extent of grafting from methanol was less that obtained from methanol-water solutions at lower concentrations of ethyl acrylate. The accelerative effects of water was considered to be due to the Trommsdorff effect.
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  • 164
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2677-2687 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermofixation process of dyeing polyethylene terephthalate-viscose union fabric with disperse dyes has been experimentally studied with a view to understanding the phenomena of dyeing polyester blends. It is shown how the distribution of a disperse dyestuff changes on the terylene and viscose portions of a union during different stages of dyeing by the thermofixation process. Equilibrium adsorption isotherm and rate curves of adsorption of disperse dyes on the polyester portion of the union have been determined. The nature of staining of the viscose portion of the union with different disperse dyes has been investigated. From the presented typical data it is possible to deduce fairly simple semiempirical rules regarding the phenomena of the thermofixation process of dyeing polyester-viscose union. It is pointed out that it is not possible to derive an exact thermodynamic theory to explain the data and describe the molecular mechanisms in such systems.
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  • 165
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: During an investigation of various epoxide resin systems, some cases were found in which the room temperature density decreased with increasing curing temperature and increasing degree of cure. In other systems the density was found to be independent of the curing temperature. In these cases it is possible by deliberately stopping the reaction to measure density values which also decrease as the curing progresses. This unexpected behavior can be explained in a purely physical manner from the pattern of the density changes during an entire curing cycle. The density decrease of the noncured mixture, which is due to the increased curing temperature, outweighs all contraction effects consisting of isothermal chemical and cooling shrinkage, whereby the latter is dependent to a great extent on the glass temperature. In those cases where the glass temperature exceeds the curing temperature, the chemical reactions come to a standstill, when the temperature difference reaches a certain value, i.e. it “freezes chemically”. By means of values that can be measured readily at low temperatures, it is possible to construct diagrams from which the variation of the density at higher temperatures of the curing cycle can be estimated.
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  • 166
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 365-368 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study was made of ethylene-propylene terpolymerization with fulvenes and various acetylenes. Vinylacetylene, 2-methyl-1-buten-3-yne (isopropenyl-acetylene) or 6,6-dimethylfulvene in conjunction with ethylene and propylene formed terpolymers which contained conjugated double bonds. The presence of conjugated double bonds was established by infrared and ultraviolet analyses. The terpolymers were randomly unsaturated with sufficient unsaturation to be sulfur-vulcanized.
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  • 167
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 393-394 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 168
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 395-396 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 169
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 437-443 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of varying the nature of crosslinks in phenolic resins has bee studied with the use of resins made from phenol, p-cresol, and bisphenol A. Thermal analysis showed that the methylene bridge was stronger under nonoxidative conditions than the isopropylidene linkage. The result is somewhat affected by the degree of crosslinking.
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  • 170
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An infrared method has been developed for the determination of the isotacticity of polypropylene in the 90-100% range. The method requires the annealing of thin films at 165-167°C. for 3 hr. in an inert atmosphere, followed by slow cooling to room temperature. For approximate answers the ratio of the intensity of the 10.00 μ band to that of the 10.27 μ band can be reported as the fraction of isotactic material. Better results are obtained, however, by using Figure 2 as a calibration curve and reading the values from it.
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  • 171
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 445-458 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationship is shown between the flex life and long-termtensile strength of flexible composite material. The long-term strength is interpreted in terms of a kinetic theory of failure. However, it is not posible to predict the flex life from tensile strength or even long-term strength data unless the stiffness or modulus is considered along with the thickness of the sample. With these factors it becomes possible to predict the flex life of a material and to compare various flex-testing instruments utilizing a new concept, which material and to compare various flex-testing instruments utilizing a new concept, which we call “effective force.” The usefulness of the concept of effective force is explained.
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  • 172
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 459-462 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Corresponding flexural stress and strain data for polycarbonate failure (at yield or break when brittle), at various temperatures are reported. It is shown that a specific failure locus is obtained at each temperature examined and that the results provide a means of construction of an appropriate locus for any temperature within the range 77-373°K investigated.
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  • 173
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 559-559 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 174
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 559-559 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 175
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sulfhydryl groups have been introduced into cotton and into diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cotton by reaction with neat 1-chloro-2,3-epithiopropane or alcoholic solutions of the thiirane. Reactions at room temperature have been compared with those at higher temperatures, and fabric properties obtained with various S/Cl ratios have been compared. The effects of additional external base catalysis on these reactions have been studied. Fabric properties resulting from cotton-1-chloro-2,3-epithiopropane or DEAE-cotton-1-chloro-2,3-epithiopropane reactions have been compared with properties obtained with the corresponding reactions of cotton or DEAE-cotton with epichlorohydrin. Sulfhydryl groups have also been introduced into cotton and DEAE-cotton by the in situ formation of 1-chloro-2,3-epithiopropane in the fabric as a result of the reaction of the oxygen analog with a thiourea or a thiocyanate. These in situ reactions have been carried out in the absence and presence of solvent and external base catalysts. Attempts to vary the wet and conditioned (dry) recovery angles by oxidation of sulfhydryl groups and by reduction of disulfide groups met with little success. Smaller improvement in wrinkle recovery properties imparted by the thiirane than by epichlorohydrin at a given add-on has been explained on the basis of greater tendency of the thiirane to open abnormally in neutral or slightly acidic conditions and thus the greater tendency of the thiirane to form polymers rather than to crosslink cotton. Tendency of the oxirane to open normally and therefore act difunctionally results in finished fabrics with low chlorine contents, a high degree of crosslinking, and little polymer formation.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 685-712 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Time-lag and static sorption experiments were employed to measure permeability, diffusivity and solubility constants of He, A, and CF4 in polypropylene films cooled at various rates from the melt and subsequently annealed at varying temperatures near the melting point. While solubility constants in films annealed above 90°C showed the normal variation with the amorphous content of the polymer, solubility constants for all unannealed, quenched films were remarkably constant and independent of the rate of cooling. In fact, all quenched films appeared to have the same amorphous content (ca. 41%). The remaining material is believed to be a mixture of monoclinic and hexagonal crystallinity, the volume ratio of the two being a function of the rate of quenching, and changing on annealing, in favor of the more stable, monoclinic form; the transition occurring rather sharply at 90°C. X-ray diffraction provided supporting evidence for the presence of the hexagonal crystals. The diffusion behavior in crystalline polypropylene is normal and Fickian but instead of the usual decline with increasing crystallinity, diffusivities showed definite enhancement in the case of the annealed films, i.e., the expected monotonic decline of D with increasing crystallinity is not observed. This behavior is attributed to a reduction in diffusional impedance through formation of defects in existing crystallites, as the lamellae thicken, in a manner similar to that observed on annealing of polyethylene single crystals. The apparent activation energies of diffusion were essentially constant and independent of thermal history. This suggests that in a highly crystalline polymer diffusion is not so much impeded by the restricted mobility of chain segments but rather by the extremely small dimensions of the available diffusive pathways. In support of the argument that the transport properties of polypropylene are controlled at a level of microstructure well below the characteristic dimensions of spherulities, it was observed that bulk-crystallized polypropylene has a spherulitic structure whose size and texture do not change significantly on annealing.
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  • 177
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 745-754 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oxidative embrittlement and stress cracking of high-density polyethylene has been studied by using fuming nitric acid at 60°C as the oxidative agent. Oxidative stress cracking was found to be insensitive to changes in molecular weight in contrast to environmental stress cracking in a surface-active medium. The oxidative attack was found to be influenced by the surface crystalline texture of the polyethylene. Oriented polyethylene showed an increased resistance to oxidative embrittlement and stress cracking, the mode of failure being dependent upon the prior annealing treatment.
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  • 178
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Water-soluble hydroxypropylcellulose having a hydroxypropyl molecular substitution (MS) of approximately 4.0 is a thermoplastic which may be fabricated in conventional plastic-forming equipment. Its high-temperature rheological properties have been measured over a wide range of temperatures, shear rates, frequencies, and diluent concentrations, by using the Weissenberg rheogoniometer. The rheological behavior of such hydroxypropylcelluloses is quite different from that of a nonpolar thermoplastic. This behavior may be interpreted in terms of two types of supermolecular structure: a crystalline phase which persists up to at least 215°C (as established by x-ray examination), which is dispersed in an amorphous but highly hydrogen bonded matrix of stiff molecules.
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  • 179
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 765-774 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Literature data on the non-Newtonian flow of bulk polymer and of polymer solutions are correlated on the basis of a four-parameter equation, η = η∞ + (η0 - η∞)/[1 + (τD)m], η being the viscosity at shear rate D, and η0 and η∞ limiting values at D = 0 and D = ∞, respectively. The parameters η0, η∞, and τ all show dependence on molecular weight, and in general there is good correlation between τ and η0. There is evidence that τ is related to a molecular weight higher than the weight-average. The exponent m shows dependence on molecular weight distribution and approaches an upper limit of unity for a monodisperse linear polymer. For linear unblended polymers it may be expressed empirically by m = (M̄n/M̄w)1/5.
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  • 180
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 989-997 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal properties of polymers derived from resorcinol diglycidyl ether cured with several bicyclo Diels-Alder anhydride adducts have been investigated. Increased char yields and decreased rates of weight loss were observed for these systems as compared to polymers cured by Diels-Alder adducts from acyclic dienes. This is explained on the basis of a reverse Diels-Alder reaction which these bicyclo adducts undergo at lower temperatures than do adducts from acyclic dienes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 181
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 999-1012 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Although creep in thermoplastics, especially for polyethylene, has been investigated throughly, not too much information exists to establish activation energies at different stress levels by the application of high stress-level, short-time creep tests. Extrapolation of data to zero stress gives a true material activation energy which is a measure of internal resistance to deformation. Descriptions of specific creep parameters and equipment with a relatively simple phototube recording device are offered along with a discussion of results and recommendations for future fields of investigation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 182
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1013-1022 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of low concentrations of conjugated triene on the rate of oxidation of polyisoprenes has been investigated. At concentrations similar to those expected to occur in sulfur vulcanizates of NR, conjugated trienes exert a significant accelerative effect on both the uninhibited and the inhibited oxidations of squalene. This accelerative effect is also present, but to a lesser extent, in the inhibited oxidation of carbon-carbon cross-linked NR vulcanizates.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 183
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1037-1048 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reactivity of scoured Acala 4-42 cotton before and after treatment with alkaline and acid swelling agents has been assessed by a number of methods. It is shown that the reactivity depends more on the type of swelling, whether it is interfibrillar or intrafibrillar, than on the degree of swelling achieved. Furthermore, the reactivity of the treated cotton depends on whether the reaction is carried out in a nonswelling or a swelling medium. Thus high intrafibrillar swelling can lead to a loss in reactivity of the treated cotton if the subsequent reaction takes place in a medium incapable of swelling the treated cotton, on the other hand, interfibrillar swelling can lead to an increase in reactivity in the same reaction mixture.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 184
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1023-1036 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: There is a rapid and a slow stage in the decrease of reduced specific viscosity versus time (aging) for a solution of a high intrinsic viscosity polyacrylamide in water. The rapid stage is irreversible and has a fairly high temperature coefficient. Results of the latter type are usually associated with a weak-link scission mechanism, but they can also be reconciled with a disaggregation mechanism. A disaggregation mechanism is also indicated for the rapid stage by an increase in the first-order rate contant with a decrease in the polymer concentration or an increase in the shear rate and by the absence of the rapid stage during the aging of the same sample in formamide. Chemical changes in the polymer are suspected as being responsible for the RSV change during the slow stage in the aging of the high intrinsic viscosity polyacrylamide and also in the aging of a polyacrylamide of low intrinsic viscosity. The aging of the polyacrylamide of high intrinsic viscosity is paralleled by a decrease in the ability of the polymer to increase the subsidence of kaolin suspensions. This decrease in the flocculation activity is attributed to a weakening of the interparticle bridging by a change from a strong adsorption of the bridging polymer to two particles to a strong adsorption of the bridging polymer to one particle but weak adsorption of the bridging polymer to the other particle.
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  • 185
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1065-1068 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 186
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1049-1063 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Capillary viscometer measurements for a number of polyethylenes and polystyrenes reveal deviations from linearity in plots of applied pressure versus capillary length to diameter ratio, at constant rates of shear, resulting in apparently negative end corrections. This is contrary to previous physical considerations. Some polymers obey Hooke's law in shear permitting the separation of the end correction into two components. A Couette correction, dependent upon the capillary dimensions, is constant for any given polymer, shear rate, and temperature; an elastic shear strain correction, dependent upon the transit time through the capillary, may be determined by post-extrusion measurements. Determination of these two correction leads to linear plots of pressure versus capillary length to diameter ratio and enables flow curves to be calculated independent of the capillary dimensions and the swell properties of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 187
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1069-1072 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 188
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1083-1111 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Environment assisted fracturing, or stress corrosion cracking of adhesive joints in liquid water or a humid atmosphere was shown to occur at values of applied crack extension force ςa considerably below those required for onset of opening-mode rapid fracture ςc. The minimum value of ςa below which no cracking was observed, ςSSC, was dependent on the relative humidity and the particular adhesive used. For two adhesive systems, the one with the lower hardener content and post cure temperature showed both a lower absolute value of ςSSC and a lower ratio of ςSSC to ςc. The value of ςSSC for both adhesive systems decreased as the humidity was increased. As the relative humidity approached 100%, the value of ςSSC approached its value for liquid water. Values of ςc for the two adhesives differed by a ratio of approximately 2:1. When water was introduced to the crack tip, ςc for the less tough material increased while it was not significantly changed for the tougher material.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 189
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1113-1127 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The chlorination of poly(vinyl chloride) takes place preferentially at the methylenic carbon, leading to 1,2-dichloroethylenic units, and to a lower extent at the methynic, leading to 1,1-dichloroethylenic units. The ratio between 1,2- and 1,1-dichloroethylenic units tends to decrease with increasing degree of chlorination, and it seems to depend also on the chlorination conditions. The number-average sequence length of 1,2-dichloroethylenic units does not differ significantly from 1 during a great part of the process, substantially in agreement with a random distribution of these units along the chain. The 1,1-dichloroethylenic units can be found either between two unchlorinated units or at one end of a sequence of chlorinated units. Since among the unchlorinated units more racemic units are present than expected for a completely random chlorination, it can be suggested either that chlorination is affected by stereoregularity or that it does not take place in the crystalline regions of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 190
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1175-1189 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies have been made of the γ-induced emulsion polymerization of styrene and comparisons made with chemically initiated emulsion polymerization. The polymerization proceeded smoothly to high conversions at 0 and 60°C, the reaction showing a high G (monomer) value. Complete conversions were obtained with total doses of less than 0.05 Mrad. In accordance with the behavior expected of systems having a constant rate of initiation, the molecular weight was found to decrease with decreasing temperature. The molecular weight and particle size distributions were narrower than those obtained in chemically initiated emulsion polymerizations at the same temperature. The radiation-induced emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate proceeded smoothly at temperatures in the range 0-50°C to give polymers of much higher molecular weight than these obtained from chemically initiated polymerizations at the same temperature. Complete conversion was attained after a dose of 0.02 Mrad for latices approaching 50% solids. The elimination of ionic endgroups in the poly(vinyl acetate) radicals tends to drive the polymerization from the aqueous phase, resulting in faster rates and higher molecular weights than are obtained from chemically initiated systems. Rates of polymerization were found to be independent of temperature and the molecular weight of the polymer to be independent of dose rate. Latices of poly(vinyl acetate) of high solids content were evaluated for latex and film properties and found to have improvements over commercially available samples in both areas, especially in clarity of film and scrub resistance. A number of acrylate and maleate esters were copolymerized with vinyl acetate in a radiation-initiated emulsion system. High molecular weight copolymers were produced after low dose.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 191
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1201-1214 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thiol-disulfide exchange reaction is shown to be applicable to cleavage of disulfide crosslinks in accelerated sulfur vulcanizates of natural rubber. The reaction, in conjunction with the previously reported selective cleavage of polysulfide crosslinks, is used to determine the distribution of crosslink types for several accelerated sulfur vulcanization systems as a function of cure time. Discrepancies between the results and published results obtained using the reagent sodium di-n-butyl phosphite for disulfide crosslink cleavage are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 192
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1215-1229 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by the cupric sulfate-hydrazine system in the presence of oxygen have been evaluated.A maximum rate of polymerization occurs at a cupric sulfate concentration of 1.8 × 10-4 mole liter-1. The adsorption of cupric ion on the micelles and the adsorption of soap on cupric hydroxide are discussed as an explanation of this effect.A reaction between hydrazine and methyl methacrylate produces a surface active agent which enhances the rate of polymerization and increases the number of particles at high ratios of monomer concentration to soap concentration.The kinetics follow the mechanism of Gershberg rather than that of Smith and Ewart, and the initiation of the emulsion polymerization appears to take place inside the micelle rather than in the aqueous phase as was proposed by van der Hoff for styrene.The activation energy for the complete process is 23.7 kcal mole-1.
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  • 193
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1247-1252 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 194
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1253-1264 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A correlation has been made between dynamic mechanical properties and impact resistance of a multicoat paint system. It has been determined that the shear or rigidity modulus and damping of free primer films are some of the parameters that control the impact characteristics of the system. Those films of low modulus and high damping show the best chip resistance. A series of physical and chemical modifications were made on the primer and chipping results were compared with dynamic mechanical properties of free paint films. It was found that increasing cure temperature, addition of catalysts, decreasing the oil length of the resin, increasing the amount of pigmentation and increasing the tension and strain rate all led to increased paint chipping and increases in the modulus of rigidity. Two new primers were synthesized which incorporated the above results and were found to give increased gravel impact resistance.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 195
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1265-1275 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of electron transfer polymers were prepared by reacting various α, ω-alkanediamines with benzoquinone. The resulting polymers, through the formation of inter and intramolecular complexes, displayed high thermal conductivity with a strong temperature dependency. The mechanism contributing to the increased thermal conductivity was attributed to strong interchain complexing.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 196
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1289-1296 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The autoxidation of a film of isotactic polybutene-1 (IPB) containing a relatively large amount of metallic ash (≈0.2%) was studied by means of infrared spectroscopy. Reaction temperatures were varied from 105 to 120°C and oxygen concentrations from 25 to 100% by volume. A reaction scheme previously reported for the autoxidation of atactic polybutene-1 (APB) was utilized for the IPB. Various results obtained for IPB were compared with those previously reported for APB.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 197
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 198
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1325-1325 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 199
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1373-1380 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Depending on heating rate, differences as large as 15°C in polymer transition temperatures may be observed in DCS measurements. A heat transfer analysis of the method shows that this rate dependence is a result of a lag in the heat path to the test sample and lag in heat transfer within the sample. Experiments confirmed the analysis. Methods for obtaining the correct values of transition temperatures are given.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 200
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1435-1446 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The catalytic solid-state polymerization of trithane to polythiomethylene has been studied. The polymerization can be initiated by wide varieties of substances such as metal salts, halogen, and active organic halides. The polymerization proceeds in solid-state without topochemical process. The catalytic irreversible degradation of polythiomethylene to dimethyl sulfide and carbon disulfide has been observed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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