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  • 1985-1989  (1,638)
  • 1905-1909
  • 1900-1904
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling  (1,638)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 629-647 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two approaches in treating the weak representability problem for density operators are studied. In the first approach this problem is reduced to the minimization of a certain distance function. The second approach is based on inductive generation of linear inequalities for diagonal elements of the second-order density operators. Generalization of Kuhn-Yoseloff's results is also discussed.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 5-14 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ab initio calculation has been performed with the addition pathways of HLi and its dimer to acetylene at the RHF/3-21G basis set. It shows that the reaction mechanisms of these two reactions are rather similar. In either of two reaction pathways, there is a meta-stable molecular complex near the isolated reactant state. This kind of addition can be treated approximately as the unimolecular reaction in which the molecular complex rearranges into the product. We have estimated the activation entropies and the statistical A factors of these two reactions by the use of RRKM theory. Frontier molecular orbital analysis of these two transition states reveals their HOMOS to be formed from both HOMO-LUMO and HOMO-HOMO interactions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 104
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 67-91 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to apply the TDHF equations in the matrix form we established previously, we conceive a model for which the static Hartree-Fock equations are rigorously solved; so we study problems only linked to the TDHF method, independent of any further approximation (for example, of LCAO type). This model is made of a spherical box containing electrons subject to a particular potential. We solve, numerically, the TDHF equations at different orders, and we calculate the third order hyperpolarizability tensor. We then compare our results with the ones given by a variation-perturbation method.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 105
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 287-298 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An empirical potential is introduced that is suitable for calculation of the interaction enegies of biomolecules with thousands of atoms. The potential consists of electrostatic, repulsion, and dispersion energy terms. The approach used for parametrization of the potential is entirely different from that used with other existing potentials. Namely, all the terms were parametrized independently to retain their physical significance. The sum of the electrostatic and repulsion terms mimic the SCF interaction energy calculated using Huzinaga's minimal basis set MINI-1. The dispersion energy is very important and is usually predominant for the interactions of large (polar) molecules in the gas phase as well as in the liquid phase.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 106
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 193-203 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nucleoside antibiotics, which result as a consequence of minor modifications in pyrimidine and purine nucleosides, exhibit a wide variety of antiviral, antibacterial, antitumor, and cancerostatic properties. The conformational properties of a number of these antibiotics have been investigated by using the quantummechanical PCILO method, and the results indicate that the nucleoside antibiotics and their parent nucleosides have very similar conformational preferences. This similarity is strikingly marked in the situations which prevail in an aqueous medium. As a result, these antibiotics easily get incorporated in growing chains of RNA and DNA by mimicking their parent nucleosides and then bring about the inhibition of protein, RNA, or DNA syntheses. The experimental observations corroborate these deductions, and thus a correlation has been obtained between the conformation and the biological activity of nucleoside antibiotics; it is the striking conformational similarity between the nucleoside antibiotics and their parent nucleosides which gives rise to their biological activity. The PCILO investigations carried out on two 3-deazapurine nucleosides demonstrate that the converse of the above correlation also holds true.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 107
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 709-710 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 108
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 735-743 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Since the overlap integral between two functions in position space is the same as the overlap integral between their counterparts in momentum space, there is an intimate connection between orthonormalization procedures in the two spaces. It is pointed out that in certain cases this situation can be used to simplify the orthogonalization.
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  • 109
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 869-885 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Self-consistent-field (SCF) wave functions are used to calculate cross sections for the elastic and inelastic scattering of fast electrons and x-rays from CH4 and C2H2 molecules. The effects of basis set choice and free rotation on these cross sections are investigated. The utility of an approximate scheme to correct SCF inelastic cross sections for the effects of electron correlation is examined. The probability density for the interelectronic distance, or radial intracule density, is obtained and discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 110
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 15-18 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The problem of the validity of the mass-velocity operator in computational quantum chemistry is discussed. The opinion that the mass-velocity operator is incorrect is shown not to be well founded.
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  • 111
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 112
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 189-190 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 113
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 213-223 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Configuration interaction (CI) calculations are carried out for He atom and H2, LiH, and BH molecules in order to obtain the value of the charge density at the nucleus by the use of the Hiller-Sucher-Feinberg (HSF) identity. The HSF density also can be calculated with the double perturbation theory based on the Møller-Plesset-type theory and also on the Epstein-Nesbet type. It is found that each value of the HSF density for these perturbative corrections is very similar to the corresponding value by the CI with single- and double-electron excitations. Especially for the He atom, the HSF density value by the full-CI wave function coincides with the exact value of the charge density in three significant figures. The electron correlation effects are found to be small but cannot be ignored in the HSF density. It can be shown that the superiority of the HSF density over the usual delta-function-type density is excellently confirmed.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 114
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 265-275 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hyperfine coupling constants (HFCC) of the 19F and 35Cl atoms and the 19F2- and 35Cl2- radical anions have been calculated by the unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) method using polarization and diffuse functions with contracted double-zeta as well as uncontracted basis sets. The Adip values are fairly insensitive to changes in the basis set and show good accordance with experimental and other theoretical studies. The isotropic HFCCS aN of 19F, 19F2-, and 35Cl2- show strong dependence on d functions and the state of contraction of the s, p set. Spin-projected UHF wave functions lead to better agreement with experiment.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pi interaction in complexes of (S)-methyl N-(2-naphthyl)alaninate with (S)- and (R)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine n-propylamide was investigated with Hartree-Fock and second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory calculations using the STO-3G basis set. For each complex, the geometry of the model of the pi interaction (i.e., naphthalene and 1,3-dinitrobenzene) was derived directly from the complex geometry which was relaxed by the semiempirical quantum-mechanical AM1 method. At the level of treatment used herein, our results are in agreement with our earlier AM1 interaction energy calculations in which the pi interaction, one of the three primary interactions proposed in models of the aforementioned complexes, is attractive and of equal strength (ca. 0.8 kcal/mol) in both complexes.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 116
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 749-764 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have separated the electrostatic potential of a molecule into two parts: an atomic-like part, which is expanded in spherical harmonics around each nucleus, plus an overlap part, expanded in ellipsoidal harmonics around each pair of nuclei. Neglect of the penetration effect in these expansions yields a superposition of point and line multipoles. We have studied the penetration effect for the case of the hydrogen molecules and suggest an approximation for the elliptical penetration effect as a screening factor in the electrostatic potential.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 117
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 118
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 113-124 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A biological system usually operates under nonstable values of relevant parameters, such as pH, temperature, and ionic strength. The question therefore poses whether such fluctations do affect its relevant processes. Experimental studies on the role of random temperature fluctuations on functional encounters of biostructural polymer molecules, and consequent self-assembly of supramolecular structures, have evidenced an additional, noise-induced order of these structures. This type of effect is the result of nonlinearity in physical systems, and the case of a biosystem is especially interesting. As recent experiments have shown, spinodal decomposition resulting from thermodynamic instability may favor the onset of the supramolecular ordering process. If the random fluctuations of temperature are imposed in such conditions of thermodynamic instability, their ordering effect is further enhanced.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 119
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 120
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 91-102 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformational properties of some nucleotide sequences result in their ability to bind specifically some ligands or tobe recognized by specific proteins. In order to investigate the dependence of conformational behavior of the DNA duplex on nucleotide sequence, we analyzed the interaction energy of nucleic acid bases as a function of conformational parameters and base sequence. Extended regions of minimum energy values were found for different sequences. Although these regions (valleys) largely overlap, each one shows specificity for a particular sequence. This suggests that a specific pathway of changes in conformational parameters exists for each sequence. the changes may be accompanied by considerable shifts (2-3 Å) of the atom positions and an only slight variation (1-2 kcal/mol) of energy. Even small shifts in other directions can cause a drastic energy increase. For some nucleotide sequences, the energetically preferable conformations are the B-like ones (e.g., ApA, TpA), whereas for others the A-like ones are preferable (e.g., GpG, ApT). IN general, Pyr-Pur sequences have a tendency to a larger τ and smaller H and D than Pur-Pyr sequences. A large body of experimental data on nucleic acid structure in fibers and in solutions can be explained by results obtained.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 121
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ab initio, quantum chemical methods have been used to develop an interaction model for the binding of benzoic and salicylic acids and phenols to cyclooxygenase, leading to their antiinflammatory action. The model is based on a regression analysis of the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital with the potency of the active substances to inhibit prostaglandin production in mouse macrophages and on an analysis of the frontier orbital charge distributions and electrostatic potentials of active and inactive compounds. The model suggests that binding is controlled by an electrostatic orientational factor and a charge transfer or polarization contribution. The observed relative potencies of the phenols and acids can be rationalized with the help of the proposed interaction model.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 122
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 215-221 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 123
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 241-252 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 124
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 583-584 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 125
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 613-628 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We describe how the local equilibrium electronic structure in a large system can be determined by using the recursion method of Haydock. By applying this method to the polyacetylene molecule, the energies of each atomic site and the forces acting on each bond are estimated and the equilibrium structure near the end of polyacetylene is determined. It is found out that the degree of localization of π electrons and the bond length alternation become stronger near the end of the polyacetylene molecule.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 126
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 409-423 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The standard formalism of the perturbation theory for time-dependent perturbations follows from the assumption that the exact solution of the unperturbed time-independent problem is known. The consequences of this assumption are analyzed.Particular attention is given to the methods used for the evaluation of transition intensities. It is shown that the traditional intensity formula in most cases violates the assumptions underlying its derivation. It is shown that for the given ansatz concerning the form of the approximate wave function, the transition intensities should be determined from the variation treatment of the corresponding time-dependent problem. The wave functions of both states involved in the transition should be given the same amount of variation flexibility. This condition is satisfied if the transition intensity expression follows from the complete timedependent perturbation treatment of the perturbed system.
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  • 127
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 441-456 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Previous discussions of the bases and projection operators for projective representations are analyzed and alternatives are proposed. Detailed proofs are provided for a result which is often assumed or proved within unacceptable limitations, namely that the form of the projection operators which is standard for vector representations is also valid for unitary projective representations. These proofs provide necessary conditions for this result, and they are constructed in terms of the definition given for the bases of projective representations. The calculation of Clebsch-Gordan coefficients for projective representations by means of the projection operators is discussed. Whereas in the method of Dirl the work is carried out entirely in terms of the matrix representations, and the symmetrization of the bases has to be considered in a second step, all the work of this paper is conducted starting from the symmetrization of the bases of the projective representations, so that those two steps are carried out simultaneously.
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  • 128
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 793-799 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A microscopic model for nuclear dynamics has been formulated and applied to the collisions between heavy ions. It may be viewed as an extension of the collisionless time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) method to include nucleon-nucleon collisions. The collision term is written in the form of a time relaxation. The relaxation time is obtained from separate calculations. Some results are shown for the collisions between two 16O nuclei. The computations require a storage of several million words and require a super-computer. Calculations have been done on the John von Neumann Center (JVNC) CYBER-205. Future calculations are planned on the JVNC ETA-10.
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  • 129
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 839-850 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A generalization of the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality F ≤ F0 + 〈H - H0〉0 for the free energy F is studied which leads to a variation principle for this quantity that may be of importance in certain computational applications to quantum systems. This approach is coupled with a study of the perturbation expansion of the free energy for a canonical ensemble with H = H0 + λV in the general case when H0 and V do not commute. The second- and high-order derivatives of the free energy with respect to the perturbation parameter λ are calculated. From the second-order term is finally obtained a second-order correction to the previous variational minimum for the free energy.
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  • 130
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 703-703 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 131
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 705-707 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 132
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 721-734 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This is the story about how knowledge of the Compton profile led to the technical development of a useful apparatus. It is also the story of interdisciplinary collaboration between condensed matter theorists and medical physicists.
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  • 133
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 761-767 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The approximation of hyperpolarizabilities through the use of operator inequalities is sketched. Previously applied methods to ordinary polarizabilities are extended. They lead to expressions involving moments of oscillator strength distributions related through sum rules to ground state properties. Systematic applications of new formulae are suggested.
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  • 134
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 801-811 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some aspects of R matrix theory that derive from a finite element method implementation of a hyperspherical coordinate formulation of the quantum mechanical three-body problem are analyzed with a view of designing suitable algorithms. Propagation of the R matrix from a hyperspherical surface to asymptotically appropriate wave fronts is given special attention.
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  • 135
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 851-867 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 136
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 137
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Compton spectra excited by 241Am radiation have been measured on thin single-crystal slices with the scattering vector oriented parallel and perpendicular to the pair of hydrogen bonds in the (HCO3)22- dimers as well as to the plane of the dimers. the reciprocal form factors extracted from the spectra are strongly anisotropic with two extra zero passages in the direction of the hydrogen bonds. the results are in very satisfactory agreement with theoretical data that are calculated for the dimer with and without additional point charges simulating the neighboring ions in the crystal. The calculations have been done with Gaussian basis sets of double-zeta quality within the Hartree-Fock approximation. The theoretical reciprocal form factors of the monomer HCO3- and the dimer show only small differences in the directions perpendicular to the hydrogen bonds, whereas the differences in the hydrogen bond direction are remarkable and account for the experimentally observed features. In comparison to this effect the influence of the neighboring ions by their charges is much smaller, which is even true when taking into account the influence of the neighboring dimers in the crystalline stack in more detail by symmetrical orthogonalization of the combined wave functions. The same orthogonalization procedure applied to a pair of monomers in the spatial arrangement of the dimer yields a reciprocal form factor that in the experimentally reliable range above 1.8 Å accounts for most of the dimerization effect in the direction of the hydrogen bonds. Thus also for this prototype of paired hydrogen bonds (cf., carboxylic acids, DNA, and RNA), it confirms our earlier experimental finding on liquid water now unambiguously, namely that, in the same way as the cohesion in ionic crystals, hydrogen bond formation in bulk matter is distinctly dominated by electrostatic attraction, which is compensated by repulsion owing to the Pauli principle.
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  • 138
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 105-118 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of molecular interaction on the O—H stretching force constant of methanol (MeOH) is reported for its associated species. The various electron donors (D) and acceptors (A) considered include organic molecules such as methanol, dimethylether, acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide, pyridine, and ions such as F-, Cl-, Li+, and H+. The variation in the O—H stretching force constant of MeO—H…D species on interaction with the electron acceptor such as in the species is explained on the basis of the cooperativity effect. (CE). The effect is discussed in terms of the relationship CE = (ΔF/F) × 100, where ΔF is the reduction is force constant of the hydrogen-bonded O—H stretching mode of the associated methanol species MeOH…D when the lone pair electrons on oxygen of the methanol molecule are involved in hydrogen bonding with A, and F is the hydrogen-bonded O—H stretching force constant of the species when the lone pair electrons are free. The cooperativity effect (CE) is found to increase with increasing electron acceptor and electron donor capacities of A and D. The calculated force constants are compared with the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 139
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bivariational Hartree-Fock scheme for a general many-body operator T is discussed with particular reference to the complex symmetric case: T† = T*. It shown that, even in the case when the complex symmetric operator T is real and hence also self-adjoint, the complex symmetric Hartree-Fock scheme does not reduce to the conventional real form, unless one introduces the constraint that the N-dimensional space spanned by the Hartree-Fock functions φ should be stable under complex conjugation, so that φ* = φα. If one omits this constraint, one gets a complex symmetric formulation of the Hartree-Fock scheme for a real N-electron Hamiltonian having the properties H = H* = H†, in which the effective Hamiltonian Heff (1) may have complex eigenvalues εk. By using the method of complex scaling, it is indicated that these complex eigenvalues - at least for certain systems - may be related to the existence of so-called physical resonance states, and a simple example is given. Full details will be given elsewhere.
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  • 140
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 525-531 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The derivative of the electron-electron potential energy Uee with respect to internuclear separation R is studied for light homonuclear diatomic molecules at equilibrium. It is readily related to nuclear-nuclear potential energy Unn, the force constant K, and the electron-nuclear potential energy Uen. An approximate expression, based on the simplest form of density functional theory, is then used to eliminate dUen/dR|Re. The result thus obtained for dUee/dR|Re transcends an earlier proposal of Kryachko by including a term 2/3ReK, with K the force constant. Numerical tests at SCF-RHF level are presented for nine homonuclear diatomic molecules.
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  • 141
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 543-543 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 142
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 563-573 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The spectroscopically parametrized CNDO/S3 model is used to provide a quantitative description of the valence electron photoemission and ultraviolet absorption spectra of a series of substituted phenols and anisoles. The CNDO/S3 density of valence states was used to determine the molecular conformation of these molecules via analysis of gas-phase photoemission spectra. These conformations, in turn, were used to quantitatively determine the ultraviolet absorption spectra.
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  • 143
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The isotropic (aiso) and dipolar (Adip) hyperfine coupling constants of 19F2- were obtained from MRD-CI wave functions using a variety of basis sets. In series I, increasing numbers of d functions were added to a 5s4p contracted Huzinaga/Dunning basis. In series II, the 5s3p basis set was uncontracted in several steps until 9s5p was reached, to which were added from one to three d-polarization functions. CI parameters (selection thresholds and the number of reference configurations) were also varied. A study of the R dependence of aiso and Adip was performed. The best values obtained at Re are 260 G for aiso and 308 G for Adip, compared with experimental values of about 280 G for aiso and 320 G for Adip.
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  • 144
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 299-312 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quantum mechanical calculations have been used to study the reaction mechanism of human carbonic anhydrase-catalyzed hydration of CO2. This reaction is responsible for fast metabolism of CO2 in the human body. For each of the reaction steps, possible catalytic effects of active site residues are examined. The pertinent results are as follows. (1) For CO2 binding, the experimentally observed 2.5 cm-1 frequency shift of the asymmetic stretching frequency between measurements taken in the aqueous solution and in the enzyme is reproduced in our theoretical calculations. Our results suggest that CO2 binds to the zinc ion within the hydrophobic pocket. (2) No energy barrier is found for the nucleophilic attack from Zn2+-bound OH- to C of CO2 to form Zn2+-bound HCO3-. (3) For the internal proton transfer within zinc-bound HCO3-, the barrier of 35.6 kcal/mol for the direct internal proton transfer is reduced to 3.5 and 1.4 kcal/mol, respectively, when one or two water molecules are included for proton relay. (4) Displacement of Zn2+-bound HCO3- by H2O is facilitated by the presence of the negatively charged Glu 106-Thr 199 chain and by the association and the subsequent ionization of a fifth water ligand. (5) For the intramolecular proton transfer between Zn2+-bound H2O and His 64, the Zn2+ ion lowers the pKa of Zn2+-bound water and repels the proton. His 64, or a similar proton receptor with a larger proton affinity than H2O, functions as proton receiver; and the active site water molecules visualized by x-ray crystallography are important for the proton relay function. In summary, it is demonstrated that in order to achieve effective catalysis, a sequence of precisely coordinated catalytic events among all participating catalytic elements in the enzyme's active site is essential.
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  • 145
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 325-339 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We describe an efficient new algorithm which extends the range of feasible shell model calculations. This algorithm is applicable to single shell and multiple shell configurations, where two or more quantum numbers (e.g., L and S) are required to label the states within each shell. The algorithm proceeds by factoring the shell model Hilbert space into a product of subspaces, one for each angular momentum. N-particle wave functions are built up recursively from N - 1 particle wave functions. Three kinds of N - 1- to N-particle coefficients are required to carry out the construction of N-particle electron (or fermion) states from N - 1 particle states. These are (1) coefficients of fractional parentage (CFPs) within a single shell, (2) outerproduct isoscalar factors (OISFs) within a single angular momentum subspace, and (3) innerproduct isoscalar factors (IISFs) which describe how multishell states within the complementary angular momentum subspaces are combined to form totally antisymmetric wave functions. All three types of N - 1- to N-particle coefficients are generated recursively using a single powerful and efficient matrix diagonalization algorithm. Matrix elements of single particle creation and annihilation operators are expressed in terms of single particle CFPs, OISFs, and IISFs. We also describe an efficient algorithm for computing matrix elements of products of creation and anihilation operators by inserting and summing over complete sets of intermediate states. This is the Feynman-like sum over path overlaps procedure. Timing benchmarks are presented comparing the new Drexel University shell model (DUSM) code with a state of the art shell model code.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 146
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 369-377 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Experimental works suggest the existence of an oscillating complex in the collisional quenching of Na with N2 molecules. Until now, however, few efforts have been dedicated to the study of these possible complexes. In this work, a diabatic and diabatic-configuration interaction method are proposed in order to investigate the existence of these quasibound levels. The results and their comparison with other available data are presented and discussed.
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  • 147
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989) 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 148
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 487-501 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A mathematically well-defined measure of localization is presented based on Mulliken's orbital populations. It is shown that this quantity equals 1 for core- and lone-pair orbitals, 2 for two-atomic bonds, 6 for benzene rings, etc., and it is applicable for delocalized canonical HF orbitals as well. The definition of this quantity is general in the sense that ab initio MOS with overlapping AO expansion, and semiempirical wave functions using the ZDO approximation as well, can be treated. The localization quantity is essentially “intrinsic,” i.e., no subdivision of the molecule is required. For N-electron wave functions, mean delocalization can be defined. This measure is not invariant to unitary transformations of the one-electron orbitals, characterizing in this way the localized or extended representation of the N-electron wave function. It can be proven, however, that for unitary transformed wave functions a maximum delocalization exists which depends only on the physical (N-electron) properties of the molecule. It is shown that inhomogeneous charge distribution can cause strong electron localization in molecular systems. The delocalization of the canonical Hartree-Fock orbitals, the Parr-Chen circulant orbitals, and the optimum delocalized orbitals is studied by numerical calculations in extended systems.
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  • 149
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 535-535 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 150
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 151
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 575-586 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A complex multidimensional DNA structure is obtained when treating the elements of the Eco RI restriction set of buffalo rat as a cascade of self-similar units. Fifteen of the 16 (about 94%) Eco RI repeat families, ranging in length from 2300 to 83 nucleotides and in frequency from 500 to 〉 106 units, are sorted into a three-tiered well-ordered fractal/Fibonacci lattice. On the first level, 11 fractal dimensions are defined as unique collinear collections of repeat DNA families in a “graph-invariant” plot of log(fragment length):log(frequency). On the second level, the individual dimensional arrays are clustered as groups, each sharing, at last, one common vertex. On the third level, the entire display is scaled along a stepwise log to the base 6 expansion. This study represents the first successful attempt to unify an “entire” set of repeat DNAs into a single motif, in effect confirming the contention that select repeat DNAs provide a framework for the discrete packaging and unpackaging of genomic information.
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  • 152
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 659-667 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pariser-Parr-Pople Hartree-Fock crystal orbital calculations (both restricted and unrestricted versions) are performed for one-dimensional models of π-electron polymers. The π-electron band structures corresponding to symmetric and nonsymmetric solutions have been calculated. To investigate the influence of the form of the interelectronic interaction, the calculations were performed with the Mataga-Nishimoto (MN) formula and a modified Mataga-Nishimoto (MMN) formula for two-electron integrals. We have found that curves of the points of the minimum total energy per unit cell for the alternating models are very similar, but band structures and energy gaps are quite different when the MN formula was substituted with the MMN formula for two-electron integrals.
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  • 153
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 673-688 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When viewed as a square two-indexed matrix, the array of atomic orbital-based, two-electron integrals (ij|kl) is a positive semidefinite array. Beebe and Linderberg showed, in 1977, that actual or near linear dependencies often exist within the types of atomic orbital basis sets employed in conventional quantum chemical calculations. In fact, large (i.e., higher quality) bases were shown to be substantially more redundant than smaller or more spatially separated bases. In situations where there exists significant basis near redundancy, the rank (r) of the (ij|kl) ≡ Vl,J matrix of integrals will be significantly smaller than the matrix dimension M. When this occurs, it proves computationally tractable to decompose the M-dimensional matrix V into components L (V = LLT) which contain all of the information needed to form the full V matrix. The Cholesky algorithm allow such a decomposition to be carried out and forms the basis of the work described here. The method is found to be highly successful in reducing the number of integrals and integral derivatives that must actually be calculated. In particular, results on the C2 molecule indicate that the algorithm can be superior to traditional methods of integral derivative generation if the orbital basis is large enough to contain appreciable near redundancy. In contrast, results on benzene with a more spatially delocalized basis show that conventional methods are preferred whenever substantial basis (near) redundancy is not present.
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  • 154
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 773-790 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An analysis of the pathways and intermediates for the epoxidation of olefins using a Ru(IV)-oxo model complex is presented. Simple bonding concepts, coupled with INDO/1 semiempirical MO calculations, provide a description of the metal-oxo/olefin interaction that agrees well with experimental facts. Concerted [1 + 2] and [2 + 2] pathways are investigated and found to lead to unfavorable orbital interactions as with organic analogues. Nonconcerted process (those in which one bond is formed before the second), which connect the two concerted pathways, are preferred. A nonconcerted [1 + 2] pathway is preferred over a nonconcerted [2 + 2] pathway on the basis of less steric repulsions between the olefin and the metal ligands. Also, all open structures (those with one C—O bond formed) investigated minimized to bound epoxides. In the most favorable pathway, a nonconcerted [1 + 2] pathway, radical cation character on the terminal carbon increases as the nonconcerted process is induced. Preference for the bound epoxide intermediate over the oxometallocycle is simply explained by partial charge considerations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 155
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 179-186 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A recently proposed (semiclassical) classical path method for treating reactive scattering is reviewed. This method exploits properties of hyperspherical coordinates which allow a collision coordinate to be defined without reference to the arrangement of the particles. The coordinate space is divided into classical and quantal subspaces such that the description of the “arrangement” is quantal. Selected results are presented for the three-dimensional D + H2 → HD + H reaction.
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  • 156
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 141-155 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report here a theoretical formulation of the transport of excitation energy in a three-dimensional molecular crystal containing one impurity. The excitation is assumed to be localized in the jth site at time t, and the expression for the probability of finding the excitation at some other site j′ at a later time t′ is derived. The probability is given by the correlation function \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left\langle {\hat P_j (t)\hat P_j (0)} \right\rangle $\end{document}, where \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left\langle {\hat P_m } \right\rangle $\end{document} represents the site projection operator, |m〉 〈m|. In our derivation we neglect the interaction among excitons of different bands, account for the presence of the impurity by adding a small perturbation term to the pure crystal Hamiltonian, and calculate the exciton solutions through first order. We consider a general impurity; that is, the trap depth is nonvanishing and may even be complex. The exciton-phonon interaction is taken to be linear in lattice displacement vectors; we assume that the short time behavior of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left\langle {\hat X} \right\rangle _{{\rm phonon}} $\end{document} gives the dominant contribution to the physical property X being studied and solve the dynamical problem by using a time-dependent effective potential consisting of fluctuations around the equilibrium average exciton-phonon interaction. Several limiting cases are briefly discussed.
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  • 157
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 319-323 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The solitonic models of proton transfer in a molecular hydrogen-bonded chain have been examined with respect to the shape of protonic interaction potential. The kink-like excitations with quadratic, quartic, Morse, and Toda interactions are reported and analyzed.
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  • 158
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 391-415 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A short review of the recent development of the stochastic approach to chemical reactions in condensed media is made. The relations of this approach to a general formulation of chemical kinetics are discussed on the basis of a many-frequency oscillator model. It is shown that the classical transition-state theory is not a particular case of the stochastic theory neither in the case of small viscosity nor in the case of large viscosity. The recent quantum generalizations of the stochastic theory are identical to earlier results of a quantum transition-state theory that correspond to the case of large viscosity. Such generalizations based on previous results of a collision theory are made for the case of small viscosity. It is shown that these quantum generalizations of the stochastic theory are possible only in the temperature range of moderate tunneling defined in terms of a characteristic temperature.
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  • 159
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 455-472 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electronegativity χ and hardness η for 54 atoms and their positive and negative ions are calculated by means of self-interaction-corrected DFT including correlation terms. The exchange potential energy is treated by local spin density approximation corrected to account for self-interaction effects as suggested by Rae. The highest occupied orbital eigenvalues for ions are identified to the chemical potential μ± for positive and negative charged atoms depending upon the developing charge process. Values of χ±δ and η± for the different ionic species are given for several values of δ. Average values for 〈χ〉 and 〈η〉 in the sense of Mulliken finite formula for neutral atoms are also tabulated and compared with Mulliken values from experimental data. The agreement among them is almost quantitative.
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  • 160
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 537-537 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 161
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 495-502 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Basis sets ranging in size from (16, 10, 7) to (20, 14, 11) have been derived for the atoms Y-Cd. Separate sets represent the energy optimized wave functions for each of the s2dn, s1dn+1, and s0dn+2 configurations. The energies from the largest sets are within 3 mhartrees of the values obtained in numerical Hartree-Fock calculations. Reasonable Hartree-Fock s2dn- s1dn+1 and s2dn- s0dn+2 excitation energies may be obtained either using the largest basis sets, or using d-orbitals optimized for the s0dn+2 configurations. The basis sets are slightly unbalanced in favor of the s-functions and in disfavor of the d-functions, but various alternative basis sets may be derived by combining parts of the five parent sets. The convergence of radial expectation values is discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 162
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 529-551 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A method for fitting a smooth ribbon representation of DNA structures is proposed. Following a review of the relevant definitions for classical linear helical DNA and generalizations to curving helices, a parameterization of smooth ribbons is given, which leads to tractable expressions. In addition it suggests a new way to define twist, tilt, and roll for a base step that is free of the ambiguities caused by noncommutativity of finite rotations. A least squares fitting criterion for ribbons is then proposed. In some cases the optimal ribbon with respect to this criterion is not unique. This problem is analyzed, and the circumstances in which it can occur are specified. To resolve the nonuniqueness problem, a variational description of the optimal ribbon is proposed, namely the ribbon of lowest elastic energy achieving a specified level of fit with respect to the least squares criterion. The appropriate level of fit is decided using distances of backbone atoms from fitted ribbon axes. Theoretical tests of the fitting methodology are presented, and as a sample application a smooth ribbon is fit to an existing experimental structure.
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  • 163
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 164
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Molecular recognition in Rebek's cleft was studied with the MM2 force field. A new computational protocol was used to determine the free energies of substrate binding to this topologically unique model receptor. The energies and structural features of substrate-receptor complexes reveal that molecular recognition involves ammonium ion binding to the interior of the cleft and aromatic π-stacking on the exterior of the cleft.
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  • 165
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 635-647 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The molecular mechanics calculations reported earlier for nitrogen heterocycles have now been extended to include the title compounds, and related molecules. It is in general possible to calculate these structures with an accuracy that compares favorably with experiment.
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  • 166
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 748-748 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
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  • 167
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 798-816 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A procedure that finds the most probable conformational states of a protein chain is described. Single-residue conformations are represented in terms of four conformational states, α, ∊, α*, and ∊*. The conformation of the entire chain is represented by a sequence of single-residue conformational states; the distinct conformations in this representation are called “chain-states.” The first article in this series described a procedure that computes tripeptide conformational probabilities from the amino acid sequence using pattern recognition techniques. The procedure described in this article uses the tripeptide probabilities to estimate the probabilities of the chain-states. The chain-state probability estimator is a product of conditional and marginal probabilities (obtained from the tripeptide probabilities), with a penalty factor to eliminate conformations containing α-helices and ∊-strands of excessive length. The probability estimator considers short-range conformational information, medium-range sequence information and some simple long-range information (through the restrictions on helix and strand lengths). Energy minimization calculations can be carried out in the region of conformational space corresponding to a particular chain-state. By selecting the most probable chain-states, the search can be focused on the most probable, or “important,” regions of the conformational space. These energy calculations are described in the third article of the series. The complete procedure described by the three articles is called PRISM, for pattern recognition-based importance sampling minimization.
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  • 168
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 817-831 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A procedure that generates random conformations of a protein chain, and then applies energy minimization to find the structure of lowest energy, is described. Single-residue conformations are represented in terms of four conformational states, α, ∊, α*, and ∊*. Each state corresponds to a rectangular region in the φ, ψ map. The conformation of an entire chain is then represented by a sequence of single-residue conformational states. The distinct “chain-states” in this representation correspond to multidimensional rectangular regions in the conformational space of the whole protein. A set of highly-probable chain-states can be predicted from the amino acid sequence using the pattern recognition procedure developed in the first two articles of this series. The importance-sampling minimization procedure of the present article is then used to explore the regions of conformational space corresponding to each of these chain-states. The importance-sampling procedure generates a number of random conformations within a particular multidimensional rectangular region, sampling most densely from the most probable, or “important,” sections of the φ, ψ map. All values of φ and ψ are allowed, but the less-probable values are sampled less often. To achieve this, the random values of φ and Φ are generated from bivariate gaussian distributions that are determined from known X-ray structures. Separate gaussian distributions are used for proline residues in the α and ∊ states, for glycine residues in the α, ∊, α*, and ∊* states, and for ordinary residues involved in 29 different tripeptide conformations. Energy minimization is then applied to the randomly-generated structures to optimize interactions and to improve packing. The final energy values are used to select the best structures. The importance-sampling minimization procedure is tested on the avian pancreatic polypeptide, using chain-states predicted from the amino acid sequence. The conformation having the lowest energy is very similar to the X-ray conformation.
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  • 169
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 856-860 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Formulas are derived for analytical first and second energy derivatives with respect to nuclear coordinates in molecular mechanics force fields employing lone-pair pseudoatoms. These derivatives may further be used for the calculation of normal modes and vibrational frequencies while properly accounting for the presence of pseudoatoms. The equations are applied using the MM2 force field to calculate the vibrational spectrum of methanol to illustrate the applicability of the method. The results are compared to both experiment and a numerical approximation in which small masses are assigned to the lone-pair pseudoatoms.
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  • 170
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 887-895 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: An equation is formulated on the basis of theoretical INDO/FPT calculations which describes the angular dependence of the propanic long-range coupling constant 4JMeH in substituted HCCCH3 fragments. This equation is a truncated Fourier series in the torsion angle φ, HCCMe, which takes into account the dependence of the Fourier coefficients on the bond angle θ, CCMe. The substituent effects are assumed to be additive. Some parameters in the equation may be obtained from the 4JMeH couplings in propane and neopentane derivatives. The calculated effect upon 4JMeH of changes in the bond angle θ is significant and it seems to be in part the cause of some effects which have been attributed to conformational dependence.
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  • 171
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 911-920 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The conformations of various cyclic peroxides have been determined using a molecular mechanics force field developed by the authors and previously applied to linear peroxides. Comparison of the results with those of experimental and ab initio studies shows that this force field may be employed without correction for cyclic compounds.
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  • 172
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 928-934 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: This article shows that with our Hylleras-functional based method1 for generating correlation orbitals, we can determine electronic structures for small polyatomic systems very accurately. The procedure is ab initio, uses conventional Gaussian basis sets, and solves the electronic Schrödinger equation with the coupled cluster method. A comparison is made with MRCI results obtained in equivalent basis sets for the HF, H2O, and NH3 molecules.
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  • 173
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
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  • 174
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 939-950 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Several improvements have been made to the gradient algorithms commonly used to optimize equilibrium and transition-state geometries at the semiempirical level. A gradient algorithm derived from a combination of a variable metric method (Davidon-Fletcher-Powell/Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno) and Pulay's direct inversion in the iterative subspace method for geometry optimization (GDIIS) is compared with the variable metric method combined with an accurate linear search algorithm. The latter method is used routinely in the standard semiempirical program packages, MNDO, MOPAC, and AMPAC. The combined variable metric and GDIIS algorithm is also compared with GDIIS which uses a static metric. The performance of these algorithms is examined for a wide range of systems with respect to both choice of coordinate system (for cyclic molecules) and guess for the initial Hessian. The results show that the GDIIS method is up to ca. 40% more efficient than the variable metric combined with accurate line search algorithm: however, the exact savings vary depending on the coordinate system and initial Hessian. For noncyclic systems, variable-metric GDIIS is usually equal or superior to static-metric GDIIS, and consistently performs ca. 30% more efficiently than the variable metric combined with accurate line search algorithm. For the optimization of cyclic molecules, an improved estimate of the initial Hessian has increased the efficiency by at least a factor of two. Greater efficiencies (usually 〉40%) are also obtained when static-metric GDIIS is used to refine the geometry after the initial application of a transition-state search based on the variable metric combined with line search algorithm. On the basis of these results, we recommend several changes to the algorithms as currently implemented in the standard semiempirical program packages.
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  • 175
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 957-962 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: In this article the matrix elements can be grouped into classes by means of the molecular symmetry. By introducing the concepts of symmetry-matrix and symmetry-supermatrix and determining their operation rules, the storage of the supermatrix can be asymptotically reduced by a factor of ca. g2 (g is the order of the molecular symmetry group) and the calculation of Fock matrix during each SCF cycle can be reduced proportionally. Besides, by using the DIIS method combined with the symmetry-matrices, the convergence behavior for highly symmetric molecules can be improved.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 975-981 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The potent neuromuscular blocker, gallamine, possesses three chemically equivalent, flexible side chains, the motion of which has been proposed as important in its mode of action on the acetylcholine receptor in vivo. The flexibility of the side chains has been investigated in the present initial study by a combination of quantum mechanics and molecular dynamics on the isolated, unsolvated molecule. Net atomic charges for the gallamine molecule have been calculated using the semiempirical program MOPAC for use in the molecular dynamics simulation. The flexibility of the side chains has been shown to correlate with the range of fluctuations in torsion angles observed in the crystal structure of gallamine.
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  • 177
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 982-1012 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A molecular mechanics force field implemented in the Sybyl program is described along with a statistical evaluation of its efficiency on a variety of compounds by analysis of internal coordinates and thermodynamic barriers. The goal of the force field is to provide good quality geometries and relative energies for a large variety of organic molecules by energy minimization. Performance in protein modeling was tested by minimizations starting from crystallographic coordinates for three cyclic hexapeptides in the crystal lattice with rms movements of 0.019 angstroms, 2.06 degrees, and 6.82 degrees for bond lengths, angles, and torsions, respectively, and an rms movement of 0.16 angstroms for heavy atoms. Isolated crambin was also analyzed with rms movements of 0.025 angstroms, 2.97 degrees, and 13.0 degrees for bond lengths, angles, and torsions respectively, and an rms movement of 0.42 angstroms for heavy atoms. Accuracy in calculating thermodynamic barriers was tested for 17 energy differences between conformers, 12 stereoisomers, and 15 torsional barriers. The rms errors were 0.8, 1.7, and 1.13 kcal/mol, respectively, for the three tests. Performance in general purpose applications was assessed by minimizing 76 diverse complex organic crystal structures, with and without randomization by coordinate truncation, with rms movements of 0.025 angstroms, 2.50 degrees, and 9.54 degrees for bond lengths, angles and torsions respectively, and an average rms movement of 0.192 angstroms for heavy atoms.
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  • 178
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 1031-1037 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A continuum and a discrete-continuum models are used to determine the solvation energies of FCH2COO-, FCH2COOH, and F2CHCOO-. For the anions, the continuum model provides results closer to the experiment, while for the acid, the addition of one water molecule improves the continuum-only energy.
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  • 179
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 603-615 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Hartree-Fock 6-31G(d) structures for the neutral, positive ion, and negative ion bimolecular complexes of NH3 with the first- and second-row hydrides AHn (AHn = NH3, OH2, FH, PH3, SH2, and ClH) have been determined. All of the stable neutral complexes except (NH3)2, the positive ion complexes with NH3 as the proton acceptor, and the negative ion complexes containing first-row anions exhibit conventional hydrogen bonded structures with essentially linear hydrogen bonds and directed lone pairs of electrons. The positive ion complex NH4+ … OH2 has the dipole moment vector of H2O instead of a lone pair directed along the intermolecular line, while the complexes of NH4+ with SH2, FH, and ClH have structures intermediate between the lone-pair directed and dipole directed forms. The negative ion complexes containing second-row anions have nonlinear hydrogen bonds. The addition of diffuse functions on nonhydrogen atoms to the valence double-split plus polarization 6-31G(d,p) basis set usually decreases the computed stabilization energies of these complexes. Splitting d polarization functions usually destabilizes these complexes, whereas splitting p polarization functions either has no effect or leads to stabilization. The overall effect of augmenting the 6-31G(d,p) basis set with diffuse functions on nonhydrogen atoms and two sets of polarization functions is to lower computed stabilization energies. Electron correlation stabilizes all of these complexes. The second-order Møller-Plesset correlation term is the largest term and always has a stabilizing effect, whereas the third and fourth-order terms are smaller and often of opposite sign. The recommended level of theory for computing the stabilization energies of these complexes is MP2/6-31+G(2d,2p), although MP2/6-31+G(d,p) is appropriate for the negative ion complexes.
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  • 180
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 673-682 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A new and accurate method for calculating the geometrically allowed modes of binding of a ligand molecule to a Voronoi site model is reported. It is shown that the feasibility of the binding of a group of atoms to a Voronoi site reduces to a simple set of linear and quadratic inequalities and quadratic equalities which can be solved by minimization of a simple function. Newton's numerical method of solution coupled to a line search proved to be successful. Moreover, we have developed efficient molecular and site data bases to discard quickly infeasible binding modes without time-consuming numerical calculation. The method is tested with a data set consisting of the binding constants for a series of biphenyls binding to prealbumin. After determination of the conformation space of the molecules and proposal of a Voronoi site geometry, the geometrically feasible modes are calculated and the energy interaction parameters determined to fit the observed binding energies to the site within experimental error ranges. We actually allowed these ranges to vary in order to study the influence of their broadness on the site geometry and found that as they increase, one can first model the receptor as a three-region site then as a single region site, but never as a two-region site.
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  • 181
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
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  • 182
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 896-902 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: There are many methods in the literature for calculating conformations of a molecule subject to geometric constraints, such as those derived from two-dimensional NMR experiments. One of the most general ones is the EMBED algorithm, based on distance geometry, where all constraints except chirality are converted into upper and lower bounds on interatomic distances. Here we propose a variation on this where the molecule is assumed to have fixed bond lengths, vicinal bond angles and chiral centers; and these holonomic constraints are enforced separately from the experimental constraints by being built into the mathematical structure of the problem. The advantages of this approach are: (1) for molecules having large rigid groups of atoms, there are substantially fewer variables in the problem than all the atomic coordinates; (2) rigid groups achieve in the end more accurate local geometry (e.g., planar aromatic rings are truly planar, chiral centers always have their correct absolute chirality); (3) it is easier to detect inconsistencies between the holonomic and the experimental constraints; and (4) when generating a random sampling of conformers consistent with all constraints, the probability of achieving satisfactory structures tends to be greater.
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  • 183
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 903-910 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The recently reported Random Incremental Pulse Search (RIPS) technique has been used to probe the conformational energy surface of cyclononane. The stochastic method permits searching of the potential energy surface for all minimum-energy conformations. The search located all previously reported structures together with three additional conformations that were not found by earlier, primitive searching techniques. Two of these structures are high-nergy skew forms, and the third is a low-energy conformer that should contribute significantly to the overall equilibrium set of cyclononane conformations. The global minimum has been found to be the D3 symmetrical twist chair-boat (TBC) form in accordance with previous studies. The newly discovered low-energy structure, which lies only 2.2 kcal/mol above the global minimum, has been designated twist chair-twist chair (TCTC). The two higher energy conformers are skewed chair-chair (SCC) and skewed boat-boat (SBB) forms that are 5.7 kcal/mol and 10.4 kcal/mol above the global minimum, respectively. The seven reported conformations were reanalyzed quantum mechanically (AM1), and a comparison between MM2 and AM1 results is presented.
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  • 184
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 479-487 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Ab Initio charge distributions for amino acid dipeptides are derived utilizing two medium-sized basis sets. Peptide charges differ in two ways from those of existing force fields: the magnitude of the peptide dipole and the dependency on the residue type. The merging of charge distributions of side chain and backbone fragments within a semiclassical model including polarization is investigated. Polarization plays a small, but distinct role in improving the correspondence with ab initio data derived for the complete dipeptide. A description in terms of partly overlapping, interacting fragments correlates well with the ab initio data. The method can be used to derive the electrostatic properties of biological macromolecules by combining accurate descriptions of short range interactions (using good quality basis sets on not too small fragments) with good classical models of long range interactions (using multicenter multipole expansions and atomic polarizability tensors). Factors limiting the accuracy of the present representations are discussed.
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  • 185
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 488-494 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to study the conformations of the pentapeptide fragments of normal adult (Thr-Pro-Glu-Glu-Lys) and sickle-like anemia hemoglobin (Thr-Pro-Val-Glu-Lys). The results show that the energy optimized conformation of normal adult hemoglobin-fragment agrees with the X-ray experiment and the theoretically determined conformation of the sickle-like anemia hemoglobin-fragment is identical with the conformation of the normal adult hemoglobin-fragment.
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  • 186
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The MM2 potential functions for amides and peptides have been further extended by examining the experimental crystal structures for cyclo-(-Ala-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ala-Gly-), I, and cyclo-(-Ala-Ala-Gly-Ala-Gly-Gly-), II. The force field obtained was then applied to a study of the structure of the hydrophobic protein Crambin, for which a high resolution crystal structure is available. The energy minimization was carried out using a version of MM2 adapted to the CYBER 205.
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  • 187
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 520-528 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A method for calculating the number of rotamers of a linear alkane and of the number of rotamers with a given number of gauche conformations along the chain as a function of the total number of atoms in the chain, using general equations, is presented. A graphical method for generating individual rotamers was applied to the homologs up to decane, which has 1134 rotamers. The steric energies calculated by molecular mechanics (MM2 force field) were used as measures of the heat of formation for the coiled conformations relative to the anti conformer for each molecule, whereas the statistical entropy differences were calculated for classes of coiled rotamers grouped by the number of gauche bonds and steric energy. The free energy values calculated from these components show that already at 400 K hexane exists preferentially in conformations containing gauche bonds. For larger chains the free energy advantage for the coiled chains increases very steeply. The implications for the question of reactions of linear alkanes occurring on the surface or inside the channels of small- and medium-pore zeolites are briefly examined.
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  • 188
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The gas-phase analogs of the classical SN1 and SN2 reactions of nucleophiles with a series of protonated oxiranes bearing the substituents CN, Cl, Me, and Ph were studied using MNDO semiempirical molecular orbital theory. The transition states for nucleophilic attack on the intact rings are calculated to become progressively more “SN1-like,” as the ability of the substituent group to stabilize the corresponding ring opened carbenium ion increases. At the same time the activation barriers become progressively smaller and their relative values for different nucleophiles approach the order expected on the basis of a purely electrostatic attraction between the reacting moieties. Exactly the opposite trends are calculated for the transition states for nucleophilic attack on the intermediate carbenium ions. As the stabilities of the latter increase the extent of bond formation, and transfer of charge to the incoming nucleophile also increase. Here, the relative barriers for attack by different nucleophiles approach the order expected on the basis of a superposition of both covalent and electrostatic interactions in which the former dominate. These results support a previously suggested rationalization for the enhanced reactivities of certain alkylating agents towards the exocyclic oxygen atoms, rather than the ring nitrogens, of the nucleic acid bases. They also suggest a new explanation for the tendencies of aralkylating electrophiles to modify the exocyclic amino groups of the nucleic acid bases: sites which are unreactive towards simple alkylating agents.
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  • 189
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 683-697 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: An algorithm for obtaining the matching polynomial of an arbitrary catacondensed unbranched benzenoid molecule is presented. It is based on multiplication of only three 5 x 5 transfer matrices I, J, K, and an appropriate terminal vector. The choice of the matrices is dictated by the history of the growth of the hexagonal “animals” (i.e., by the pattern of the successive fusions of the benzene rings). The approach also gives the number of Kekule valance structures, the count of conjugated circuits, the values of the topological index Z, and the characteristic polynomials.
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  • 190
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 698-710 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Computational algorithms are described which provide for constructing the set of associated edge-weighted directed graphs such that the average of the characteristic polynomials of the edge-weighted graphs gives the matching polynomial of the parent graph. The weights were chosen to be unities or purely imaginary numbers so that the adjacency matrix is hermitian. The computer code developed earlier by one of the authors (K.B.) is generalized for complex hermitian matrices. Applications to bridged and spirographs, some lattices and all polycyclic graphs containing up to four cycles are considered.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 191
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 718-732 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The enantioselective binding of optical analytes on chiral stationary phases used in column chromatography is investigated with molecular modeling techniques. By rolling the analytes over the van der Waals surface of the phase, configurations are sampled and free energies of transient diastereomeric complexes are computed. These free energies allow us to compute chromatographic separability factors and a linear relationship between computed and observed values is found. The intermolecular potential energy surfaces of these diastereomeric complexes are flat with gentle rolling hills and multiple minima. The binding sites are ill-defined and the analytes are found to freely slide over the chiral stationary phases. An energy partitioning algorithm is used to determine how much of the total binding energy is attributable to a given molecular fragment on the phase. It is found that the fragments of the phase bearing the stereogenic carbons are the least cognizant of differences between optical antipodes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 192
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 770-797 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A procedure that uses pattern recognition techniques to compute tripeptide conformational probabilities is described. The procedure differs in several respects from the many “secondary structure” prediction algorithms that have been published over the last 20 years. First, the procedure classifies tripeptides into 64 different conformational types, rather than just α, β and coil, as is commonly done. Thus, the procedure can attempt to predict regions of irregular structure. Second, the procedure uses the methods of pattern recognition, which are powerful but conceptually simple. In this approach, amino acid properties are used to map peptide sequences into a multivariate property space. Particular tripeptide conformations tend to map to particular regions of the property space. These regions are represented by multivariate gaussian distributions, where the parameters of the distributions are determined from tripeptides in the protein X-ray data bank. Finally, rather than making simple predictions, the procedure computes probabilities. Tripeptide conformational probabilities are calculated in the multivariate property space using the gaussian distributions. In a prediction, the procedure might find that a particular tripeptide in a protein has a 36% chance of being in the ααα conformation, a 17% chance of being αα∊, a 14% chance of being ααα*, etc. The α-helical conformation is thus the most probable, but, in predicting the structure of the protein, a search algorithm should also consider some of the other possibilities. The values of the probability provide a rational basis for selecting from among the possible conformations. The second article of this series describes a procedure that uses the probabilities to direct a search through the conformational space of a protein. The third article of the series describes a procedure that generates actual three-dimensional structures, and minimizes their energies. The three articles together describe a complete procedure, termed “pattern recognition-based importance-sampling minimization” (PRISM), for predicting protein structure from amino acid sequence.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 193
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 194
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 863-868 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The steric energy difference (ΔEst) between tertiary carbenium ions (R+) and the corresponding alcohols has been calculated by MM2 for a series of tertiary nonbridgehead substrates and correlated with their rate of solvolytic reactivity. Satisfactory correlation is obtained, except for p-nitrobenzoates of highly congested substrates. The slope and intercept of the correlations remain almost unchanged if bridge-head substrates are included in the plot. However, the quality of the fit is better for bridgehead substrates alone.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 195
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 875-886 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The effect of the parent basis set on the basis set superposition error caused by bond functions is investigated systematically. An important difference between BSSE at the SCF and correlated levels is pointed out. Three new basis sets are defined, denoted 6-311 + G(d,p)B, 6-311 + G(2d,p)B, and 6-311 + G(2df,p)B. BSSE for the first-row hydrides seems to increase uniformly with increasing atomic number of the central atom. Expansion of the valence part of the basis set from 6-31G to 6-311G, as well as adding f functions, has a significant effect on the BSSE. Additional BSSEs incurred by bond functions are less than or equal to 1 kcal/mol for the 6-311 + G(2df,p)B basis set. For the dissociation energies of the first-row hydride species, agreement with experiment within only a few kcal/mol can be obtained even without resorting to isogyric reaction cycles. For high-quality calculations, adding bond functions seems to have definite advantages over expanding the polarization space beyond the [2d1f] level.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 196
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 921-927 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A new algorithm is proposed for the evaluation of nonbonded interactions in Molecular Dynamics simulations. The algorithm is based on a grid search and on partitioning of the atoms into boxes rather than on calculations of distances. The effort associated with the generation of the box list grows only linearly with the number of atoms. The algorithm is particularly advantageous for solvated systems. Test calculations show significant savings in CPU time and storage compared to commonly used algorithms for systems containing in excess of ca. 600 atoms.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 197
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 935-938 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Explicit formulas are given for the characters of symmetric and antisymmetric powers of an arbitrary representation up to the sixth, and a general method for obtaining the higher ones is described. The results allow, among others, the determination of nonvanishing higher force constants in symmetrical molecules. The benzene molecule, for instance, has 237 nonvanishing cubic and 1890 quartic force constants. Other potential applications are a general method for the symmetry species of vibrational overtones, the determination of the number of independent centrifugal distortion constants, and the symmetry classification of vibrational multiplets.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 198
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 965-974 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A modified scheme of a previously developed concept of atomic valence numbers in molecules is presented. The relation to population analysis is demonstrated. The scheme is suitable for ab initio wave functions with extended basis sets. The procedure involved a combination of symmetric orthogonalization and contraction of the basis set. The method is used for a systematic investigation of a series of compounds with first-row atoms from Li to F. The predicted atomic charges and valence numbers are in line with results from infrared spectroscopy and multipole moment analysis.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 199
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 951-956 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: We present a simple recipe for calculating and differentiating cosine of bond angle and dihedral angle expressions. The resulting formulas can be incorporated in a straightforward manner into the bond angle and dihedral angle components of potential energy functions. These formulas rely only on expressions and derivatives of dot products, and, in particular, they avoid cross products as well as excessive Fortran function references. Consequently, the expressions derived in this article can be written compactly and evaluated rapidly.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 200
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 1013-1015 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Two new methods of bivariate interpolation suitable for experimental designs are summarized. The methods use experimental data obtained in usual manner. The programs are short and rapid and are often more accurate on test functions than the standard method.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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