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  • 1960-1964  (1,389)
  • Chemical Engineering  (1,166)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (223)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dielectric measurements elucidate structure of acrylic polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 34-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric measurements made at 60 cycles per second over a temperature range of -40 to 200°C on small (0.2 g) samples arc most useful in studying acrylic polymers. Not only has this method elucidated structure, but the study of some structures has led to new interpretations emphasizing the value of this type of measurement. Data on a number of acrylic polymers are shown. Several copolymer systems are discussed. It is suggested that 60 c/s measurement of stereospecific PMMA samples can show more about molecular arrangements than has previously been revealed.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040109
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen absorption studies on polypropylene (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation of the effect of sample dimensions on the oxidation of polypropylene is described. The results are used to select testing conditions. Two examples of the utility of the method are presented. First, a control method for uninhibited polypropylene and, secondly, an investigation of the synergistic effect between 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol and dilaurylthiodipropionate.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040110
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fireproofing of polymers with derivatives of phosphines and with halogen-phosphorus compounds (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 45-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemical structures limited to phosphines and their derivatives, including phosphine oxides, phosphonium salts and halogen-phosphorus compounds useful for fireproofing are discussed. In addition to these P-C bond containing compounds, structures containing P-O-C bonds are mentioned only if they are directly formed from halophosphorus substances. The general approaches to fireproofing are described. They include physical changes, unreactive additives, reactive comonomers, substitution of other functional groups and addition to a preformed polymer. Much of the literature is reviewed and the commercial importance of certain methods for both cloth and plastics are indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040111
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pending patent law could impede scientific progress (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 72-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040115
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The transparency of crystalline polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 66-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Much past confusion has originated from attempts to describe the complete optical properties of a plastic in terms of a few ill-defined parameters. Simple light-scattering theory and studies of morphology have been combined in this article to suggest the causes of polymer opacity; methods cited for the improvement of transparency and properties of reflectance have been re-examined in this light. It is concluded that the optical properties displayed by a polymer which is allowed to crystallize without external stress depend on fundamental molecular and morphological parameters. The extent to which these inherent characteristics can be modified depends on such widely different factors as the Tg of the polymer and the physical form of the desired article.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040114
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyrolysis of new fluoropolymersBased on research supported by the Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the Navy and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Presented in part before the Polymer Chemistry Division at the 142nd Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 14, 1962. (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 56-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Four new fluoropolymers were pyrolyzed in a vacuum to study rates of volatilization and to identify decomposition products. The polymers thus studied were polyperfluoropropylene, polyperfluoroheptene, poly-4-chloroperfluoroheptadiene-1,6 and poly (1,2,2-triflluorovinyl phenyl ether). Polyperfluoropropylene yielded 100% monomer at temperatures of 300 to 400°C gave an activation energy of 56.6 Kcal/mole. Polyperfluoroheptenes of different molecular weights also yielded 100% monomer on heating. However, they had lower thermal stability than polyperfluoropropylene, but a higher activation energy and a higher pre-exponential factor. Poly-4-chloroperfluoroheptadiene volatilized at a rate of approximately 1% per minute at 380°C. There was very little monomer produced on thermal decomposition and an activation energy of 60 Kcal/mole was obtained from rates of volatilization at 362, 374, and 381°C. Poly (trifluorovinyl phenyl ether) showed a 25% carbonized residue at 500°C pyrolysis. The polymer decomposes into fragments containing very little monomer. Undesirable low molecular weight components in the polymer are still to be eliminated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040112
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How we may know more (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 77-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040203
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of polyvinyl chloride. Parts II-unstable flow (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Unstable flow involving extrudate distortion have been observed in the extrusion of PVC. Two types of distortion have been isolated and the factors which are operative have been examined. These Factors are discussed in the light of existing knowledge of “melt fracture”.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040214
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of polyvinyl chloride. Parts III-post extrusion swelling (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 136-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The post extrusion swelling behavior of PVC has been studied as a function of the rheological flow variables and as a function of the molecular weight of the polymer. An expression which correlates the swelling with the apparent non-Newtonian viscosity has been found for each of the five molecular weight samples studied. No mechanism for this elastic effect was proposed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040215
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 146-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040302
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theoretical aspects of polymer morphology -  crystallization from solution (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Investigation of the crystallography of the thin platelike polymer crystals precipitated from dilute solution has led to the concept of chain folding in polymer crystallization. This unexpected and unusual phenomenon has produced much speculation about both its origin and its implications concerning the morphology of the polymer crystals. The theories which have been proposed to account for the observed effects fall into two categories: (a) equilibrium theories; and (b) kinetic theories. At the moment the kinetic theories appear to be the more successful in explaining the observed morphology and behavior of the polymer crystals. Essentially it is proposed that the plate-like habit of the crystals results from the formation of crystal uncleii from single polymer molecules followed by a growth process whose rate is controlled by nucleation of new crystal layers on existing completed crystal faces. Quantitative observations of crystal growth rates and of the influence of supercooling on the thickness of the crystals are consistent with the predictions of these theories.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040304
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure-property modifications by fabrication operations (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 165-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies of polymer morphology under ideal conditions approaching equilibrium structures have been shown to be valuable in the development of an understanding of the relationship of properties to structure. Practical fabrication operations do not permit the achievement of equilibrium structures in commercial products and its is therefore necessary to study the effects of processing on the actual structures that result. In addition, an understanding of the effects of processing variables on properties permits the development of fabrication operations which can be directed toward the improvement of properties. Topics covered include the effects of hydrostatic pressure during processing, effects of combinations of pressure and thermal history, relationships between thermal history and crystallization rates in isotactic polymers and the kinetic and morphological effects of flow deformation on crystallizable plastics.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040306
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship between crystallization and deformation processes in crystalline high polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationship between crystallization and deformation is two-fold: (1) deformation or flow in polymers prior to crystallization has an important influence on the resultant crystalline morphology and (2) the morphology in turn largely determines the response of the structure to further deformation after crystallization. Thus, an understanding of deformation processes in crystalline polymers is intimately related to the crystallization processes and vice versa. The crystallization process may be approached by considering the observed morphological structures as being analogous to the usual crystal habits with the addition of various crystal-defects which add bending and twisting to the more common crystallographic variations. The crystal habit or morphology may be characterized by its surface to volume ratio. Crystallization of polymers may be considered as three steps (1) the formation of primary nuclei (2) crystallographic growth (also a nucleation controlled process) and (3) the introduction of crystal-defects which cause bending and twisting.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040305
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical and dielectric relaxation of crystalline polymers in relation to degree of crystallinity and morphology (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 169-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical and dielectric relaxation as related to the morphology of crystalline polymers is reviewed. The behavior with temperature of the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant and the mechanical loss factor, tan δ, at constant frequency is discussed in detail for two typical crystalline polymers: poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) and polypropylene. Three relaxations are typically observed: a low temperature relaxation occurring at temperatures below the dilatometric glass transition temperature; a glass temperature relaxation occurring near the glass transition temperature; and a high temperature relaxation occurring between the glass temperature and the melting point. The activation parameters are given for these relaxations, and the influence of morphology on them is discussed along with possible molecular interpretations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040307
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural interpretations of mechanical properties of polycrystalline polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 178-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Structural changes are considered in light of the two differing views of the structure of crystalline polymers involving either a two phase structure or a single phase structure involving detects. A compromise picture is proposed which appears consistent with existing experimental evidence. Optical methods are described for analyzing structural changes accompanying deformation of these polymers. These include x-ray diffraction, static and dynamic birefringence measurements and dynamic light scattering studies. The results are consistent with a two stage deformation process involving first the elastic deformation of a spherulitic or crystalline structure followed by an internal rearrangement of crystals within this structure, taking place by a number of mechanisms such as recrystallization, defect migration, plastic flow and crystal rotation. The time dependence of some of these processes is studied and related to structural features.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040308
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fifteen years of weathering results (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 236-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The work carried out at Picatinny Arsenal on the weathering of plastics over the lat 15 years is briefly described. Although the perid of work was 15 years, individual systems were exposed for only three years. The need for running parallel tests on materials stored indoors for the three years is pointed out as a means of separating the effects of daging from weathering. Also brielfy discussed is the influence which the test method chosen can have on the judgment reached. The requirements of the application are as important as the inherent durability of the material. Improved compounds are becoming available and complete reporting of both favorable and unfavorable resuts is urged as a means of lending guidance in the search for still better compounds.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040315
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Material properties of reinforced plastics (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 267-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The moduli of elasticity of reinforced plastics with uni-directional filaments either parallel or normal to an applied force are evaluated in terms of the material composition. Expressions are then derived which relate its moduli of elasticity and Poisson's ratios for an arbitrary filament orientation with its material properties in the direction of and normal to the unifilament orientation with its material properties in the direction of and normal to the unidirectional filaments. Filaments. The stress-strain relations of filament reinforced plastics are also derived.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040407
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of cellulose acetate butyrate (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 282-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Creep experiments under variable loading conditions are reported for tubular specimens of cellulose acetate butyrate. Experiments include the application of torque loading that corresponded to various loading programs. Results indicate that the material response in creep is nonlinear. The character of the results is described reasonably by assuming the behavior as linear and using the Botzmann superposition principle. However, the interpretation of the data based upon a non-liner creep law and modified superposition principle yields better agreement with experiments in certain cases.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040409
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The criterion of fracture (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 290-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dupre's theory that work of rupture equals increase in surface energy, and Griffith's hypothesis (based upon Dupre's that a crack propagates when strain energy decrease equals or exceeds work required to creat two new surfaces are shown to be incorrect. Work is required for deformation to repture, not for the actual rupture.An alternative criterion, i. e., that crack propagation occurs when strain energy decrease exceeds the increase required for elastic deformation of the “critical domain” to the breaking point, offers the following advantages: (1) continuity between macro- and micro-effects, (2) avoidance of surface energy (unmeasurable for solids), (3) accounting for heat effect, (4) reasonable explanation of unexpectedly high “surface energy” values.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040410
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theoretical aspects of polymer crystallization with chain folds: Bulk polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 315-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Theory of Crystallization of bulk linear polymers with chain folding is discussed in terms of recent developments. Specific topics covered are: (a) Rate of crystal growth and size of folded nuclei, (b) theoretical and experimental estimates of the fold surface free energy, and estimates of the surface free energy of “friged micelle” and “switchbord” type crystals, (c) basic causes of essentially regular folding in bulk, (d) rejection of short chain species during crystallization, (e) melting behavior of thin chain-folded lamellae, (f) gradual thickening of lamellae on isothermal storage, (g) homogeneous, pseudohomogeneous, and heterogeneous nucleation, (h) voids and included point defects as a paret of the concept of the degree of crystallinity, and (i) phenomena occurring in stage 1 and stage 2 of bulk crystallization isotherms (annealing). A comparison of theory and experiment is carried out using data, some previously unpublished, on polyethylene and polychlorotrifluoroethylene. The theory with essentially regular golding is found to be satisfactory.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040413
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How much do we know? (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 5-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040103
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Screw extrusion-flow patterns and recent theoretical developments (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 7-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melt-filled portion of an extruder screw has been examined in a quantitative analytical fashion by numerous workers during recent years. The progress which has been made in defining flow patterns in this portion of the screw is reviewed, with special attention devoted to edge effects of the screw flights and the contribution of the circulatory cross-channel component of flow. More recent work on the complex problem introduced by the existence of curvature in the screw channel is presented, along with consideration of distortion of the streamlines caused by non-isothermal conditions and non-Newtonian fluid properties of the molten polymer.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040104
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal and oxidative degradation of polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oxidation of many polymers occurs by a free-radical, chain mechanism similar to that developed for the oxidation of volatile hydrocarbons. The rate at which various polymers oxidize and the extent of the reaction is influenced both by the physical and by the chemical structure of the particular polymer. Important morphological changes may also occur as a result of oxidation. Polymer degradation by oxidative reactions can be inhibited effectively at several stages in the over-all reaction. Synergistic combinations in which each component of a stabilizer system inhibits primarily at one of these stages are particularly effective.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040309
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time effects on textile fibers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 208-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress-strain relationships and evaluations thereof at testing and evaluation speeds from 1 to 50 inches per minute are presented. Behavior characteristics at “static” and dynamic strain rates are discussed and a brief reference to lateral critical velocity is made.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040311
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why do plastics stress-crack? (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this brief review, environmental stress-cracking in polyethylene is taken as a typical example of the broad phenomenon of stress-cracking and the major variables affecting its operation are enumerated. In addition to stress, these include molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, the amount and nature of the crystalline phase present, the nature of the “environment,” the importance of its ability to alter the surface energy characteristics of the affected polymer, and the effects of temperatrue. The need for selecting an appropriate test procedure is stressed, and the probable significance of certain recent advances in comprehension of the crystallization mechanics of these materials is suggested.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040312
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    On aging of plastics in structural applications (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 224-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Expanding interst in using plastics for structural pruposes immediately focuses attention on their poermanence. This desired quality is broadly defined as the persistence of a specific set of properties of a given asembly or manufactured product, in its appropriate environment, for an economically justified duration. Analysis of existing test methods, primarily those standardized by ASTM, shows no really applicable techniques for measuring permanence. By contrast, more advanced thinking presented by recent ASTM stmposia indicates two general routes to the porediction of performances. Whether a rigorous “micromechanistic” technique is used, or the empirical “macroanalytical” approach, or some combination of the two, is considered irrelevant. What is important is that experimental programs be started to provide better measures of permanence.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040313
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  • 27
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    Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid - a naturally occurring thermoplastic material (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid has been isolated in quantities sufficient for characterization and evaluation of mechanical properties from both Bacillus megaterium and a special strain of Rhizobium. Its presence in a larger variety of bacteria than previously suspected has been demonstrated by a screening method based on density-gradient centrifugation. The intrinsic viscosity of the isolated polymer has been shown to depend on the technique of isolation; basic solvents facilitate hydrolytic cleavage of the polyester. Mechanical properties of the polymer are based on the high crystallinity and polarity of the material; in a highly crystallized state, it is quite brittle, but its rigidity exceeds that of polypropylene. Thermal degradation of molecular weight, due to beta-eliminatin of the carboxyl group from the polyester structure, severely limits processing of the polymer in the melt.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040403
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  • 28
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    Flame-resistant rigid polyurethance foams from monobrominated toluene diisocyanate (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 251-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Toluene diisocyanate was partially replaced by monobrominated toluene diisocyanate in conventional rigid polyurethane foam formulations, producing self-extinguishing foams for thermal insulation, with only moderate sacrifce of compressive strength, and with no significant effects upon reactivity, odor, density, cell structure, or resistance to aging.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040404
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  • 29
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    How to improve glass cloth laminates (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 263-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The combination fo dicyandiamide and diaminodiphenyl sulfone in the presence of a tertiary amine, like 2,4,6-tris (dimethyl amino methyl) phenol, will crosslink liquid epoxy resins (E.E.W. 180-200) of diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A type, or brominated resins, and if used to impregnate glass cloth will produce printed circuit laminated boards combining interlaminar bond and flexural strength retention of NEMA-G-10 and G-11 grades.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040406
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  • 30
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    The correlation of the non-newtonian flow of polymeric melts with the theories of Bueche (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Bueche and Harding [J. Polymer Sci. 32 177 (1958)] obtained an empirical “standard flow curve” to relate viscosity and shear rate by using a particular poly(styrene) solution and positioning the flow curve on a dimensionless rate of shear axis via the viscosity average molecular weight, MV and Bueche's expression for the relation time, τ, where \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \tau = 12\eta _{\rm o} {\rm M}_{\rm R} /\pi ^2 {\rm RTC} $$\end{document} Here R is the gas constant, ηo is the low rate of shear Newtonian viscosity, T is the absolute temperature, C is the Concentration in grams per cubic centimeter, and MR is te molecular weight which determines the relaxation time. Bueche implies by his standard curve that MV correlates with MR. In Gereral, it was found that: 1) MR does not equal MV but it is usually significantly lower than MV or MW; (2) the value of MR increases with increasing polymer concentration and temperature; and (3) the shapes of the flow curves are slightly different from the shape of the standard curve. A survey of the data available in the lon the flow of polymer melts supports these conclusions. Thus, the Bueche-Harding method can only give semi-quantitative help I predicting the flow behavior of polymeric melts.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040408
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    Study of flow properties of polymer melt with the screw extruder (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It has been shown that a standard screw-extruder with a little modification is very useful for the measurement of flow properities of various plastics melt over a wide range. Results obtained are very interesting and it is expected that they have applicability to polymer processing. A range of flow rates covering both extrusion and injection molding applications were considered.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040411
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  • 32
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    Degradation of polymeric compositions in vacuum to 10-9 mm Hg in evaporation and sliding friction experiments (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 306-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Solid compositons studied included PTFE, PCFE, polyimides, both filled and unfilled, and fluorocarbon telomers. Evaporation experiments were conducted at ambient temperatures to fluorocarbon telomers. Evaporaton experiments were conducted at ambient temperatures to 1100°F and pressures to 10-8 mm Hg. Various molecular weights of different polymers were examined. Results indicate that evaporation rates in vacuum for polymers vary with molecular weight. Friction and wear experiments were conducted with a 3-16-inch-radius rider hemisphere (usually polymer) sliding on a flat disk (various materials) at speeds to 1480 feet per minute with a 1000-gram load on the rider specimen and at an ambient pressure of 10-9 mm Hg. Fillers were found to influence markedly the wear of PTFE and PCFE in vacuum as a result of changes in heat dissipation properties, but they showed little or no influence on friction.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040412
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    Masthead (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040101
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  • 34
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 2-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040102
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  • 35
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    Correlation of extrudate swelling measurements for polymer solutions by a reduced-concentration technique (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 79-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Previous work has demonstrated the possibility of obtaining curves of normal stress as a function of shearing stress for polymer solutions through the measurement of the swelling of a jet of the solution extruded from a long capillary. A new formulation of reduced variables is offered which allows results obtained at different concentrations to be correlated by a single curve for a given polymer system. Results are presented for water solutions of carboxymethylcellulose, and for xylene solutions of polyisobutylene. For polyisobutylene, the correlation is similar to those obtained by other investigators who measured normal stresses by standard techniques.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040204
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  • 36
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    The relationship between chemical structure and properties of polyester resins (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 90-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Attempts are made, in the light of published information, to decide the factors affecting network structure in commercial polyester resins and the effect of network variations on physical properties of polyfumarate-styrene copolymers. An approach towards the optimum in chemical and heat resistant polyester laminates is suggested by examination of the influence of polyester chain structural variations on these properties.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040206
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  • 37
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    A new second-order transition temperature relationship for copolymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 98-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recent dielectric measurements at 60 cycles per second have shown a good correlation amond α-peak, Vicat and dilatometric Tg temperatures. Other measurements of copolymer systems have suggested a re-examination of existing second-order transition temperature relationships. This study has revealed that the most common of these equations are mathematically equivalent and not fully satisfactory for explaining all observations. A relationship is proposed which is capable of fitting either linear or non-linear second-order transition data for compatible copolymer systems.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040207
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  • 38
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    Comments By Hans Weisbart (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 127-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040212
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  • 39
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    Rheological properties of polyvinyl chloride. Parts I-general flow propertiesPresented in part at the 11th Canadian High Polymer Forum, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 129-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melt flow properties of PVC Resins have been investigated. The Effects of molecular weight, temperature, and plasticizer (DOP) concentration on the Melt rheology have been examined and correlated with molecular properties of polymers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040213
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  • 40
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    Weathering of plastics (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The current status of weathering of plastics is reviewed. As a better understanding of the effective degradative parameters of weather are obtained, it is aparent that complex interactions occur. Present laboratory exposure tests do not simulate natural conditions sufficiently to provide the much neede reliable short term exposure test for predicting long term durability. While a major step forward occurred with the introduction of filtered xwnon lamps, which simulate terrestrial sunlight both in intensity and distribution, industry-wide support of fundamental studies of degradation is necessary if weathering studies are to be conducted scientifically.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040314
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  • 41
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    Masthead (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040401
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  • 42
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 242-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040402
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    Studies of the thicknesses of adsorbed glass finishes by ellipsometryThis work was supported by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 256-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thickness of the adsorbed layer of two glass finishes, vinyl tris (2-methoxyethoxy) silane and gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, was measured by ellipsometry. The vinyl silane was adsorbed on glass from solutions in water and in methyl ethyl ketone. The adsorption from water resulted in a film initially at least 50 Å thick, which increased in thickness with time. Adsorption from methyl ethyl ketone solution resulted in a film of about 10 Å. The amino silane was adsorbed on glass and on chrome from soutions in water. Adsorption on glass resulted in a film at least 60 Å in thickness, which remained constant over a period of about 5 hours. Adsorption on chrome resulted in a film about 10 Å in thickness. From the results it appears that a polymer, rather that small molecules of glass finish, is adsorbed from the water solution on glass and that small unpolymerized “finish” molecules are adsorbed from the methyl ethyl ketone solution.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040405
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  • 44
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    Properties of high density polyethylenes with bimodal molecular weight distribution (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 17-21 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of a bimodal molecular weight distribution on the flow properties and stress crack resistance of polyethylene is investigated. It is found that the melt viscosity of a bimodal polyethylene is less shear dependent at high shear rates than a log normal distribution of equivalent weight average molecular weight and ratio of weight average to number average molecular weight. Spiral mold studies indicate that the bimodal polymer flows more readily under injection molding conditions. The stress crack resistance of the bimodal polymer is shown to be superior to other polyethylenes of the same weight average molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040105
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  • 45
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    Tensile impact properties of thermoplastics (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 25-28 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The impact strength of a thermoplastic is shown to be a strong function of several variables. Among these are type of molding, molding conditions, molecular orientation, test temperature, and notches. Particularly significant is a maximum in the response of impact strength to molding temperature. The tensile impact test was used as a tool for these determinations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040107
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  • 46
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    Vinyl chloride/bicyclo (2.2.1) hepta-2,5-diene copolymers: High softening, easily processed vinyl resins (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 22-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Bicyclo [2.2.1] hepta-2,5-diene, the reaction product of acetylene and cyclopentadiene, and vinyl chloride readily copolymerized by a novel mechanism, to form copolymers containing the nortricyclene group whose softening points rapidly increase with increasing nortricycl one concentration. For each weight per cent copolymerized bicycloheptadiene, the softening point of the vinyl resin is increased about 1°C, making it the most effective comonomer known for this purpose. At the same time increasing nortricyclene concentration disrupts polymer crystallinity, lowers the resin's melting point, and hence its processing temperature, by about 3°C for each weight per cent copolymerized.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040106
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  • 47
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    The quenched state of polypropylene (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 29-33 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: There are several pieces of evidence in the published literature for the existence of a hexagonal crystalline form of polypropylene. Evidence obtained by infrared absorption, x-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and annealing experiments is consistent with the view that the quenched state of polypropylene is a truly crystalline one (presumably of hexagonal type) with a very small crystallite size.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040108
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    Pyrolysis of polytrifluoroethylene: Influence of gamma radiation and alkali treatmentBased on research supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Presented in part before the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 14, 1962. (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pyrolysis in vacuum of gamma-irradiated polytrifluoroethylene indicates increased rates of volatilization with increased dosage. At the higher radiation doses, the rate curves no longer show a maximum but resemble those previously obtained with branched polyethylenes. Studies of swelling with acetone indicate crosslinking increases with radiation dose. It is estimated that for each chain fracture caused by radiation there are approximately seven crosslinks formed. However, in addition to the crosslinks a branched structure is also being produced as evidenced by the character of the thermal degradation rate curves. Alkali treatment of the polymer sensitizes it towards dehydrofluorination and double bond formation. Subsequent rate and pyrolysis studies showed the formation of very stable residues, indicating a relatively greater thermal stability of the main chain.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040113
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  • 49
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    Masthead (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040201
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  • 50
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 74-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040202
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  • 51
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    The “ADL ball rebound tester” (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 83-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper presents the “Thermophysical Profiles” of selected plastics and discusses their significance in correlating the mechanical properties with the molecular and crystalline structure of these polymers. The profiles were obtained with a new instrument, by imposing a fixed, forced elastic vibration on the speciments' surface and by recording continuously the energy absorbed by the specimens through a temperature range from -200°F to +500°F The profiles locate the first and second order transition points of the test materials (defining, thus, the temperature limits of their use) and indicate the change in modulus with temperature in the viscoelastic region of the polymers. Profiles of the following materials are discussed, low and high density polyethylene, polypropylene and PVC films and unfilled samples of cast epoxy and polyester resins.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040205
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    Structural characteristics and optimization of filament-wound cylindrical rocket motor cases (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 102-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The basic requirements for optimization of filament-wound pressure vessels are a high strength-to-density ratio of the fiberglass-resin composite and an arrangement of the glass fibers in such fashion that each fiber carries, at a given pressure, the same constant load throughout the cylindrical portion as well as the end closures. The basic relations governing the isotensoidal design are derived, and the ideal shape of the end closure is defined. The relative merits of geodesic and “in-plane” wrapping are discussed. Structrual efficiencies accomplished in several practical applications are reviewed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040208
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  • 53
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    The oscillating shear phenomenon in high density polyethylenes (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies of capillary extrusion measurements using an Instron rheometer show that certain types of high density polyethylene exhibit a discontinuity in the shear stress/shear rate curve. This behavior which is separate and distinct from the phenomenon of melt fracture is caused by a change in the flow regime. It is manifested by oscillation of the recorded load while the rheometer piston is operated at a constant rate. Therefore, this behavior has been termed “oscillating shear phenomenon”. The location and magnitude of the fluctuations are functions of the molecular parameters of the polymer as well as the melt temperature, capillary geometry, and other rheometer variables. Evidence is presented which indicates that the change in flow regime could result from the orientation of the melt as it enters the capillary.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040209
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  • 54
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    The interface microscopy of crystalline linear high polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Solution-grown crystals of polyethylene may reach lateral dimensions large enough for optical microscopy. Interference microscopy represents, in this case, a suitable method of observation of morphology and defects as well as quantitative determinations. The double-beam interference method used in the Baker type microscope has been applied to determine refractive indices and lamellar thicknesses. The Nomarski double-beam interferometer has been used for hot-stage experiments. Multiple-beam techniques involving silvering of crystal surfaces and using an ordinary light microscope for observation have been developed. The applicability of the different types of interference microscopy to polymer research is illustrated in a series of representative photomicrographs of polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040210
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  • 55
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    The effect of glass surface chemistry on glass-epoxy systems (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 120-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Carefully controlled experimental techniques were used to study the effect of variations in bulk E glass surfaces on bound life and wetting. Bond life (stability of the bound in the presence of moisture) was determined visually as the time required for hot water to remove an epoxy resin coating from the glass surface. Wetting was determined by the captive bubble technique. Both properties were significantly affected by variations of the glass surface. The bound life studies emphasized the importance of the coupling agent in promoting bound stability in a hot water environment. The only example of the glass surface not treated with a coupling agent that had a satisfactory bound life was the alkali-deficient glass surface prepared by acid leaching. The surprisingly poor bound lives of the degassed and freshly cleaved (high energy) glass surfaces indicated that the wet strength retention of laminates would be poor when prepared by instantaneously applying epoxy resin without a coupling agent to the glass fibers directly as the fibers are formed. Cleanliness and surface and surface roughness were the only two variables found that promoted wetting. This discrepancy with respect to cleanliness indicated that wetting was not the controlling factor for bond life.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040211
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  • 56
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    Phosphorus-containing phenolic resins (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The character of the residues from pyrolytic decomposition of organo-phosphorus polymers has suggested the use of such materials in ablative materials required for heat shields in reentry vehicles, rocket nozzles, etc.Phosphorus-containing phenolic resol and novolak resins were prepared by condensing di(p-hydroxyphenyl)-phenyl-(phosphine oxide) with aldehydes. The mechanical properties of the basic phosphorus-phenolics were improved by internal plasticization through chemical reaction of the resin in the early stages of polycondensation with acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers (NBR) and with silences and slicone resins. To improve the compatibility of the phosphorus phenolics with NBR copolymers, the phosphorus-containing phenolics were initially etherified by “butanolization” in order to decrease their polarity.The preparation of coatings and molded discs from some modified and unmodified phosphorus-containing phenolic-resin formulations is described. Preliminary observations relating to the properties of the trial products are reported.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040216
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  • 57
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    Masthead (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040301
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  • 58
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    Some aspects of industrial polymer research (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 149-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040303
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  • 59
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    Biodeterioration of plastics (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 193-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The deterioration of plastics by biological agents of considerable concern not only to the U. S. Department of Defense but to the national economy as a whole. Although the importance of the subject was recognized by some since the early days of the plastics industry, widespread investigation first began during World War II when serious problems were encountered in the tropics with electrical and electronic equipment. In the recent past the great developments in oceanography have emphasized that marine biodeterioration of plastics requires much more investigation. Biodeterioration of plastics is characterized according to that caused by microbiological agents, macrobiological agents, and marine biological agents. the important past and recent knowledge in each category is summarized.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040310
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  • 60
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    Continuous cultivation of Escherichia coli possessing high penicillin-acylase activity (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 309-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The authors describe continuous cultivations of Escherichia coli possessing high penicillin-acylase activity in corn-steep liquor, peptone, and ammonium phenylacetate containing nutrient medium. If the cultivation is performed in the absence of ammonium phenylacetate the enzymic activities of cells from the batch as well as the continuous cultures are very low. The enzymic activity of cells in the batch process was considerably increased by the addition of 0.015% ammonium phenylacetate to the nutrient medium. Further increase of ammonium phenylacetate concentration did not result in any further increase of acylase activity. Continuous cultivation of the bacteria at the above ammonium phenyl-acetate concentration was unsuccessful, as the enzymic activity of the bacteria constantly decreased during the process. On increasing the concentration of ammonium phenylacetate in the medium to 0.15% the authors succeeded in maintaining the enzymic activity of the bacteria at the same level as in the batch process performed at 0.015% concentration, throughout the whole continuous cultivation. At the dilution rate D = 0.5 hr.-1 the concentration of cells in the culture effluent from the fermentor at the steady state was equal to cell concentration at the end of batch cultivation. In relation to the cultivation time the output of cells in continuous cultivation is almost seven times higher as compared with the batch process.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060306
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  • 61
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    Steam sterilizable probes for dissolved oxygen measurementSupported in part by grant E-2967 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 457-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steam-sterilizable membrane probes for monitoring the dissolved oxygen level in fermentors, or the oxygen content of gas streams, are described. The probes have a silver cathode, a lead anode, and an acetate buffer as an electrolyte. The membrane is Teflon. The current output of the probes in the absence of oxygen is negligible.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060407
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  • 62
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    Sterile techniques (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 8-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060105
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  • 63
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    Kinetics and continuous culture (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 18-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060109
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  • 64
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    An application of the discrete maximum principle to a stagewise biochemical reactor system (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 243-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060213
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  • 65
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    A continuous culture apparatus for the microbial utilization of hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water in closed-cycle space systemsPresented at the 53rd National Meeting, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 18, 1964.A report on studies under Contract NASr-100(03) with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 441-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two sources of oxygen for man in closed-cycle space system environment have been considered in previous studies: (1) photosynthesis using algae, and (2) electrolysis of water. The latter system appears to be the most promising from the standpoints of energy and weight requirements and ability to operate in a zero gravity field. The surplus hydrogen produced by the electrolysis of water may be utilized together with waste carbon dioxide, part of the oxygen, and waste urea by bacteria of the genus Hydrogenomonas to produce cellular protein which might be used as a source of food. A continuous culture system for the propagation of hydrogen-fixing bacteria consists of a baffled borosilicate glass culture vessel provided with an impeller, a reservoir vessel for the culture medium, and an overflow vessel for collecting the bacterial cells removed from the culture vessel. Complete feedback control of all parameters affecting growth can be provided by hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide sensors, and a pH electrode in the culture medium. In addition, total pressure is monitored. Cell density is controlled in the optimum range by means of a photoelectric cell which dictates the amount of fresh medium to be added and the amount of cells to be removed. Operating data indicate that some of the key parameters are the ratio of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in solution. The harvested bacterial substance is high in protein, which contains all the essential amino acids.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060406
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  • 66
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    Masthead (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060401
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  • 67
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    Design of a laboratory spray dryer for biological materials (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 473-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060409
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  • 68
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    Vitamins (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 82-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060124
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  • 69
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    Separation of cells from fluids (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 87-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060202
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  • 70
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    Resistance to oxygen transfer in fermentation broths (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 243-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060212
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    Reproduction of distillers' yeastsPresented at the 145th National Am. Chem. Soc. Meeting, Division of Microbial Chemistry and Technology, Symposium on Yeasts, September 9, 1963. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 191-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distillers' yeasts, strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, although capable of sexual reproduction, in distillery practice reproduce asexually, by budding. A cell may bring forth another one in 50 min. With every ounce of whiskey produced, 30 billion new cells come to existence. Within a few days, in 4-8 propagation stages, a test tube full of culture will populate 100,000 gallons beer with 150 million cells per ml. Rate of reproduction, the number of new cells per each original cell varies from 5 to 50 in the various propagation stages. The number of new cells produced in a given nutrient is independent from the number of initial cells; and the utilization of the nutrient increases with the dilution of the substrate. Although distillers' yeasts may reproduce at such extremes as 1-46°C, 2½-10½ pH, presence of 0-15% alcohol by volume, and 0.1-25% sugar content, in distillery practice the factors are so selected to maintain conditions close to the optimum. When placed in the nutrient the initial cells will measure the chemical and physical characteristics of the new living space and the cell population, and will prepare a design of reproduction best suited to the conditions. The design includes a symmetry in the grouping of the cells and a rhythmic timing in starting new buds. Each healthy cells is biologically equal to the others and is capable of performing all functions characteristic of the strain. In spite of the sensitive coordination system between the individual cells that regulates their activity, marked differences exist among the cells to the degree of cell individuality. Distillers yeasts are superbly equipped to live and reproduce.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060208
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    Investigations of conditions for production of penicillin and chlortetracycline in submerged fermentation (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 329-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During investigations of submerged fermentation of penicillin and chlortetracycline, we reached the conclusion that production in relation to oxygen transfer is relatively uninfluenced by the composition of the fermentation medium. The maximum penicillin production, using the strain Penicillium chrysogenum NG in flasks on a shaker was uniformly achieved in all investigated media with an oxygen transfer rate of 0.81; and in chlortetracycline, using strain Streptomyces aureofaciens BMK-11, with an oxygen transfer rate of 0.59 ml. O2/ml./hour. The primary factor which influences the antibiotics production is the transfer of oxygen into the liquid. The absolute volume of production is, however, partly influenced by mechanical conditions of fermentation and the composition of the medium.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060308
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  • 73
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    Extracellular guanosine 5′-monophosphate and guanosine 5′-diphosphate in Bacillus subtilis Broths (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 361-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of Bacillus subtilis to accumulate guanosine 5′-monophosphate (5′-GMP) extracellularly was demonstrated by isolation of 85% pure 5′-GMP from the broth. In addition, a compound with the properties of guanosine 5′ diphosphate was obtained from the same broth.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060310
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  • 74
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    Measurement of the kinetics of biological systems at elevated temperatures utilizing flow techniques (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 367-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous flow-type reactors have been used to study the kinetics of biological systems for quite some time. For continuous media sterilization, tubular flow reactors are particularly useful being simple in character and easy to control. However, one aspect quite often neglected in sterilization calculations is the residence time distribution of the reactor system. Serious errors in estimating the degree of bacterial destruction can be encountered if the residence time distribution is neglected; especially when a high degree of destruction is desired. This paper reports a study made to characterize and use the residence time distribution of a tubular reactor in the interpretation of high-temperature, short exposure time data for inactivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores. Mathematical models accounting for the residence time distribution of the tubular reactor have been proposed and employed to obtain high-temperature death-rate data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060402
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    Flexibility in cultivation equipment. I. A small-scale continuous culture apparatus for the study of complex processesThis work was supported by a grant from the Swedish Technical Research Council and performed at the Swedish Medical Research Council Unit for Bacteriological Bioengineering. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 419-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A cultivation apparatus made up from six small (80-800 ml.) glass units with independent pH-, aeration-, and foam control is described. Exchangeable attachments made it possible to run the unit both batchwise and continuous and to connect up the units in various fashions.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060405
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    Rapid estimation of 1-dehydro-17-α-methyltestosterone produced by microbiological oxidation of 17-α-methyltestosterone (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method has been devised for the estimation in fermentation media, of 1-dehydro-17-α-methyltestosterone in the presence of 17-α-methyltestosterone. This method involves the extraction of the steroids with chloroform, and spectrophotometric measurement of the chromogen formed by a specific color reaction with sulfuric acid and 1-dehydro-17-α-methyltestosterone. The fermentation liquor and 17-α-methyltestosterone do not interfere. With this rapid (30 min.) method, quantitative tests on the progress of the steroid transformation can be made at frequent intervals during one fermentation run, these tests yielding the necessary information for an adequate control of the optimum conditions of production.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060205
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  • 77
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    Effect of pretreatment on the extraction of proteins from plant sourcees (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 167-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solubilization of proteins from cereals, legumes, and oil seed cakes by alkali peptization and isoelectric precipitation is adversely affected if the source material is pretreated by ethanol or cooked under pressure. The degree of hydrolysis by trypsin of protein isolates obtained from unautoclaved materials is, however, considerably raised by heat treatment prior to enzymatic digestion.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060206
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  • 78
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    Growth of a yeast of normal alkanesSupported in part by grant AI 02967-05 from the National Institutes of Health. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A soil isolate, HD-5, identified as closely resembling Candida intermedia, was grown on normal alkanes ranging from dodecane (C12) to octadecane (C18). The growth rate of the organism increased with increasing length of the alkane chain. The shortest generation time was 4.5 hr. with octadecane as the carbon source. Cell yields of 82% were common with even numbered alkanes from C14 through C18. The cell yields appeared to decrease with shorter chain (C12 or below) and odd-numbered chain alkanes. The cellular nitrogen ranged from 6.9 to 7.5% and the highest lipid content found was 10.3% (with C17).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060305
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  • 79
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    Studies on the purification of vaccinia virusIn conducting the research reported herein, the investigators adhered to “Principles of Laboratory Animal Care,” as established by the National Society for Medical Research. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 321-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various methods for the removal of extraneous matter from vaccinia virus suspensions are described and compared. Of ten procedures tested, differential centrifugation and Freon extraction were the most successful. Both the partially purified suspensions and the dried products prepared from them had high virus titers in embryonated eggs and high infectivity for mice. Although both processes resulted in products with the same titers, the differentially centrifuged product was approximately tenfold more purified as shown by the percentage solids of the suspensions before freeze drying.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060307
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  • 80
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    Hydrocarbons (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 57-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060117
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  • 81
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    Fermentation process equipment (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 10-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060106
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  • 82
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    Statistics and process improvement (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 22-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060110
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  • 83
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    Antibiotics (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 36-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060114
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  • 84
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    Miscellaneous products (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 59-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060118
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  • 85
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    Steroids (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 73-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060123
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  • 86
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of pressure on the α-amylase catalyzed hydrolysis of starch (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 469-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It was found that moderate pressures (16.0 to 43.1 atmospheres) perceptibly decreased the rate of α-amylase catalyzed starch hydrolysis. The decreased rate was apparently due to pressure induced deactivation of the enzyme.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060408
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  • 87
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    Dissolved oxygen electrode (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 491-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060410
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  • 88
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    Electronic Resource
    Waste disposal and treatment (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 26-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060112
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  • 89
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    Enzymes (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 53-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060116
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  • 90
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    Electronic Resource
    Organic acids (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 65-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060120
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  • 91
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    Electronic Resource
    An apparatus for continuous electrophoresis on a preparative scale (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 223-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of performing electrophoretic separations in a thin horizontal layer of continuously flowing buffer has been developed. The theoretical considerations that make possible the use of a thin layer for stabilization against convection effects, without the assistance of a packing material, are discussed. The apparatus is described together with an example of its performance, and a comparison with that of other workers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060209
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  • 92
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    A method of automatic pH control of a bicarbonate-CO2 buffer system for the submerged culture of hamster kidney cells (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 147-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equipment and operational techniques are described which were found suitable to control pH in the range 6.8-7.8 pH, within ±0.03 pH units of the desired value, at cell concentrations up to a maximum of 2.5 × 106/ml. The results of batch growth of a suspension strain of the BHK cell (clone 13) under conditions of controlled pH are given and the significance of these results is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060204
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of radioactive biochemicals by use of yeast (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 127-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sugar molasses of high specific activity is prepared by photosynthesizing C14O2 into sugar in a leaf of the Canna plant and then extracting the sugar. When T. utilis is grown in such a medium about 45% of the radioactivity is incorporated into the yeast cell; the remaining radioactivity is carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds. The cells are now randomly labeled in all carbon compounds. Distribution of C14 in the major cell components, such as protein, polysaccharide, and nucleic acids is shown.Nucleic acid is extracted from the cells and subject to chemical and enzyme action, for the preparation of randomly labeled ribonucleotides. Proteins are isolated and hydrolyzed to yield high specific activity amino acids, up to 150 mc. per millimole. Similarly polysaccharides are also isolated and from them high specific activity glucose and mannose are obtained by acid hydrolysis.By growing T. utilis in a medium containing C14-8-adenine and C14-2-uracil, these bases are about 90% incorporated into the nucleic acids of the cell. Using the same methods described for the uniformly labeled nucleic acid only base labeled nucleosides and nucleotides are prepared.Preparative procedures for the isolation of some of these compounds are discussed. The latest biochemical techniques for their purification are described. Methods for assaying for radiochemical purity and problems concerining stability of high specific activity compounds are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060203
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  • 94
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    Problems of design and ecological considerations in mass culture of algae (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 173-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 2000 l. 1 m. deep mass culture of algae was operated with continuous stirring, as an open system. The system behaved as an ecological unit selecting the most favored species. The ecological conditions could be modified by stirring speed and pattern in the tank. Methods for improving yields and utilization of CO2 are described. Assessment of algal species for suitability in mass cultures is discussed. Yields obtained were 13 g. dry matter/sq. m. illuminated area/day.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060207
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Mathematical preparation of prospective graduate students (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 245-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060214
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  • 96
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    Some experiments on the disintegration of yeast by high intensity ultrasound (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 247-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of ambient pressure and ultrasonic power on the disintegration of yeast suspension have been investigated. The results obtained are, in the main, consistent with the theory that cell breakage is primarily a phenomenon dependent on producing gaseous cavitation in the medium. The importance of the experimental results and techniques applied to Commercial cell disintegrators is briefly discussed. A simple flow system is described which is easily attached to probe-type disintegrators. The use of a crystal pickup for tuning and control purposes is described.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060302
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  • 97
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    Oxygen transfer mechanisms in the gluconic acid fermentation by Pseudomonas ovalis (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 347-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The oxygen uptake rate to suspended cells of Pseudomonas ovalis was measured in two ways using the same cell suspension. Initially the rate was found by measuring the rate of production of gluconic acid by cells suspended in a nitrogenfree, aerated medium. Then, an oxygen electrode was used to measure the rate of transfer of dissolved oxygen to cells suspended in a liquid that was being agitated but not sparged. These rates were markedly different. It was found that agitation affected the oxygen transfer rates in aerated solutions at dissolved oxygen concentrations well above the critical level, but had no affect on the oxygen uptake rates by cells suspended in an unsparged but agitated medium. The data suggested that an additional path existed for oxygen transfer. This alternate route, parallel to the conventional pathway of oxygen transfer, becomes operative when the liquid films surrounding the cells and bubbles merge. The resulting shorter path presents a mechanism for direct transfer of oxygen which increases in importance as the gas-liquid interfacial area increases.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060309
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    The “Bilthoven unit” for submerged cultivation of microorganisms (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 381-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A unit of four fermentors, which is specially designed for batch and continuous cultivation of pathogenic microorganisms in vaccine preparation, is described. Each unit consists of a panel with controls and recorders. The fermentor itself consists of a stainless steel lid, to which a spherical or cylindrical glass vessel is attached. Holding volumes are from 1 to 100 l. (3 and 7 l. being mostly used) and can be obtained by simply exchanging the vessels which have similar flanges.Interchangeability, not only of the glass vessels, but also of the stirrers, pipes, pH electrodes, etc., together with variable control of temperature, stirrer speed, air or gas flow, and pH value gives the unit a maximum of versatility.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060403
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  • 99
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    Composting conversion of solid wastes for mushroom growing (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 403-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for composting small quantities of organic materials have been developed in order to be able to better study the composting process. A composting bin was developed which holds 27 cu. ft. of compost and which provides uniform conditions of temperature, moisture, and aeration within the compost mass. A system for indoor composting of less than one cubic foot of material has been developed and is described. The methods have been shown to be reliable and reproducible. The composts were evaluated for their suitability for mushroom growing and were found to give high yields of mushrooms.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060404
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060101
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