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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (6)
  • dog  (4)
  • Oral glucose tolerance test  (2)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (6)
Material
Years
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 13 (1977), S. 269-272 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin secretion ; oral glucose ; reflex insulin secretion ; portal vein ; dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of immunoreactive insulin activity and of blood glucose were measured in portal and peripheral venous blood in six conscious dogs after oral administration of 1.0 g/kg glucose. Portal venous samples were obtained either by chronic catheterization or by direct puncture of the portal vein through a London-cannula. Portal venous IRI was already significantly increased 5 min after the onset of the stimulus. Peripheral venous IRI pattern reflected this early increase, but the peripheral venous blood glucose level was unchanged. The results indicate that the early peripheral venous IRI increase reflects a pancreatic insulin secretory reflex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 8 (1972), S. 104-110 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Oral glucose tolerance test ; insulin secretion ; feed-forward ; enterohormones ; N.vagus ; reflex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez des chiens-bergers éveillés et entraînés, après administration orale de glucose, la concentration d'IRI dans le sang veineux périphérique augmente déjà alors que la glycémie n'a pas encore changé. Après un ou deux pics durant les vingt premières minutes, l'IRI augmente parallèlement au glucose sanguin. Comparativement à l'injection intra-veineuse de glucose, le maximum d'IRI, après administration orale, se produit plus tôt. De plus, le quotient des surfaces d'IRI et de glycémie est élevé. Sans aucun changement du glucose sanguin, la concentration d'IRI augmente avec un ou deux pics après administration orale d'eau potable. Ces pics correspondent aux deux premiers pics après administration orale de glucose. Ces résultats sont discutés dans le sens d'une sécrétion d'insuline précédant la digestion via N.vague et via entérohormones. Il faut accorder plus d'attention à l'évolution d'IRI durant la première phase du test de tolérance au glucose par voie orale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei wachen trainierten Schäferhunden steigt die Insulinkonzentration im peripheren Venenblut nach oraler Glucosegabe schon zu einem Zeitpunkt an, da die Glykämie noch nicht verändert ist. Nach Durchlaufen von 1 oder 2 Gipfeln in den ersten 20 min tritt der Anstieg ein, der parallel dem Blutzuckergipfel verläuft. Im Verhältnis zur intravenösen Glucosegabe liegt das erste IRI-Maximum nach oraler Verabfolgung zeitlich früher. Auch ist der Quotient aus IRIÜberschreitungsfläche und Blutzuckerüberschreitungsfläche erhöht. Ohne daß es zu einer Blutzucker Veränderung kommt, steigt auch nach oraler Gabe von Leitungswasser die IRI-Konzentration 1-oder 2gipflig an. Diese Gipfel entsprechen den beiden ersten Erhöhungen nach oraler Glucosegabe. Die beobachteten Phänomene werden im Sinne einer Vorwärtskopplung der Insulinsekretion nach Nahrungsaufnahme via N.vagus und Enterohormone diskutiert. Der Beurteilung des IRI-Verlaufs in der frühen Phase des oralen Glucosetoleranztests sollte größere Beachtung geschenkt werden.
    Notes: Summary In conscious trained dogs (Alsatians) the IRI-concentration in the peripheral venous blood after oral administration of glucose increases when the blood glucose is still unchanged. After one or two peaks during the first 20 min IRI increases parallel to the blood sugar increase. In relation to the intravenous injection of glucose the IRI maximum after oral administration occurs earlier. Furthermore the ratio of the IRI to blood sugar areas is raised. Without any blood sugar change the IRI concentration after oral application of tap water increases with one or two peaks. These peaks correspond to the first peaks after oral administration of glucose. These findings are discussed in the sense of a “feed-forward” of insulin secretion after feeding via N.vagus as well as via enterohormones. More attention should be payed to the IRI course during the early phase of the oral glucose tolerance test.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 8 (1972), S. 385-390 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Oral glucose tolerance test ; insulin secretion ; reflex ; glucose doses ; receptor ; mucosal anaesthesia ; cyclamate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences préalables ont montré que dans un test oral de tolérance au glucose l'insuline est mobilisée au cours de la première phase indépendamment de l'hyperglycémie qui suit. Si l'on administre différentes doses de glucose (0.5–2.0 g/kg) à des chiens éveillés et entrainés, il apparaît que cette première phase de la sécrétion d'insuline est stimulée par des mécanismes additifs indépendamment de la charge de glucose appliquée. Ces mécanismes, au moins en partie, commencent aux terminaisons nerveuses de la cavité buccale: leur paralysie par anesthésie de la muqueuse empêche la première augmentation réflexe d'IRI chez les animaux intacts de même que l'augmentation d'IRI après alimentation simulée de glucose chez des chiens ayant des fistules de l'oesophage. Le fait de pulvériser du cyclamate de sodium dans la cavité buccale ne provoque aucune augmentation d'IRI. Cela signifie que la saveur “sucrée” n'intervient pas dans le mécanisme du réflexe. Les mécanismes des réflexes conditionnés qui sont la conséquence d'un programme d'entraînement ou d'un régime alimentaire journalier étaient exclus par des expériences de contrôle.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Vorangegangene Experimente hatten ergeben, daß bei einem oralen Glucosetoleranztest in einer ersten Phase Insulin unabhängig von der erst darauffolgenden Hyperglykämie freigesetzt wird. Durch Gabe unterschiedlicher Glucosedosen (0.5–2.0 g/kg) an wache, trainierte Schäferhunde wird in dieser Mitteilung gezeigt, daß diese erste Phase der Insulinsekretion von der verabfolgten Glucosedosis unabhängig durch zusätzliche Mechanismen stimuliert wird. Diese Mechanismen beginnen zumindest teilweise in Nervenendigungen der Mundhöhle: ihre Betäubung durch Schleimhautanästhesie verhindert den frühzeitigen reflektorischen IRI-Anstieg bei intakten Tieren sowie den gleichen reflektorischen IRI-Anstieg nach Glucosescheinfütterung an Hunde mit Oesophagusfisteln. Einstäuben von Natrium-Zyklamat in die Mundhöhle ruft keinen IRI-Anstieg hervor. Die Geschmacksrichtung „süß” ist also nicht an den reflektorischen Mechanismen beteiligt. Bedingt-reflektorische Vorgänge als Folge des Trainingsprogramms oder der täglichen Nahrungsaufnahme wurden durch Kontrollversuche ausgeschlossen.
    Notes: Summary Previous experiments have shown that in an oral glucose tolerance test insulin is mobilized in the first phase independent of the following hyperglycemia. By giving different amounts of glucose (0.5–2.0 g/kg) in conscious trained dogs it was shown that this early phase of insulin secretion was stimulated independently of the administered glucose load by additional mechanisms. These mechanisms, at least partly, were triggered in the nerve endings of the cavity of mouth: their paralysis by mucosal anaesthesia abolished the early IRI-increase in intact animals as well as after feeding glucose to dogs bearing oesophagus fistulas. Spraying sodium cyclamate into the mouth did not produce any IRI-increase. The results indicate that the taste modality “sweet” is not involved in this reflex response. Conditioned reflexes as a consequence of the training programme or of the daily feeding regime were excluded by control experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Alanine metabolism ; insulin-dependent diabetes ; dog ; isotopic study ; portal insulin infusion ; artificial B cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The in vivo flux rates of glucose (6-3H-glucose) and of alanine (U-14C-alanine) were measured in insulin-dependent chronically diabetic dogs which were infused with insulin employing a bedside-type artificial B cell and either the peripheral or the portal venous route. In comparison with non-diabetic control animals the diabetic dogs had near-normal patterns of glucose metabolism and pancreatic glucagon regardless of the route of insulin administration. They also showed reduced basal portal but moderately elevated peripheral insulin levels on peripheral and near-normal peripheral values on portal insulin infusion. Both concentration and production rates of alanine were reduced on peripheral (0.142±0.016mmol/l, 4.73±0.49 μmol·kg−1·min−1, p〈 0.05) but normal on portal insulin (0.206±0.030 mmol/l, 6.33±0.63 μmol·kg−1 ·min−1). The alanine clearance was slightly elevated or normal in the diabetic dogs, and the glucose production from alanine showed a strongly delayed response to an exogenous glucose load on either route of insulin administration. It is concluded that the peripheral hyperinsulinism during posthepatic insulin administration stimulates glucose utilisation to a normal extent, but inhibits the provision of amino groups in resting muscle. Alanine synthesis is thereby reduced, and the carbon moieties are shunted from glucose into circulating lactate. Long-term studies are needed to elucidate the role of the liver under these conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Artificial B cell ; dog ; experimental diabetes ; alanine metabolism ; gluconeogenesis ; tracer study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The flux rates of plasma glucose and alanine were studied isotopically (6-3H-glucose and U-14C-alanine simultaneously) in resting chronically diabetic dogs during short-term treatment with an artificial B cell where the insulin was infused into a peripheral vein. Despite perfect blood glucose control and normal glucose flux rates, the concentration and rates of appearance and disappearance of alanine were significantly elevated in the diabetic animals before, during and after an exogenous glucose load. The incorporation of the carbon moiety of alanine into circulating glucose was also increased, but diminished to a near-normal extent when exogenous glucose was given. The plasma clearance rates for alanine in the diabetic dogs were normal throughout the study. It is concluded that normal blood glucose control in diabetes does not necessarily mean normalization of the entire metabolic network. On the basis of peripheral hyperinsulinaemia alanine formation from glucose and branched chain amino acids is elevated in muscle. This may explain increased flux of alanine despite normal blood glucose control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin secretion rate ; pancreatic blood flow ; mathematic model ; IRI concentration ; blood glucose ; glucose assimilation ; dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreaticoduodenal and portal venous blood flows were recorded electromagnetically in anaesthetized dogs. Blood glucose and IRI were measured in the arterial, portal, and peripheral venous as well as in the intestinal venous blood. By a mathematical model the actual net IRI output of the whole pancreas was estimated. Under basal conditions it is 10.2±2.4 mU/min (n = 30; 26 kg mean body wt). After i.v. glucose injection, IRI output is rapidly enhanced. The biphasic nature of this reaction was unequivocally demonstrated by consideration of the ratio IRI output: blood glucose. Pancreaticoduodenal blood flow increases transiently in relation to the increased blood glucose concentration. The IRI secretion rate is well correlated with the blood glucose concentration and to the amounts of glucose or of blood reaching the whole pancreas. It is also correlated with the portal IRI concentration. The overall peripheral venous or arterial IRI concentrations are correlated with the IRI secretion rate, but not in all individual experiments. The different phases of IRI output (basal rate, stimulated output 1–10 min and 10–60 min) show no influence on each other, nor are they correlated with the peripheral IRI concentration area. Basal IRI output is negatively correlated with the glucose assimilation constants. These constants or the peripheral B G areas, however, are independent of the stimulated IRI output rate. However, both the assimilation constants and the peripheral BG areas are related to the peripheral IRI concentration areas. Hepatic uptake of insulin and dynamics of pancreatic blood flow seem to contribute considerably to the estimated correlation pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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