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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 67 (1998), S. 591-593 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 82.45.+z; 82.70.Dd; 85.65.+h
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) ; Hirntemperatur ; Monitoring ; Ischämie ; Key words Brain ; Temperature ; Cerebrovenous ; Monitoring ; Cerebral blood flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Hypothermia has a considerable protective effect during brain ischemia. On the other hand small increases of brain temperature have a remarkable effect on the exacerbation of neurological damage following an ischemic event. Hyperthermia of the brain tissue after severe head injury is described. The effect of acutely increased intracranial pressure on cerebrovenous blood temperature is not described yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between temperature in the cerebrovenous compartment (Tcv) and changes of the CPP in an animal model of raised intracranial pressure. Methods: A thermocouple was inserted in the sagittal sinus in 9 pigs under general anesthesia. By stepwise inflating a supracerebral and infratentorial placed balloon catheter intracranial pressure (ICP) was increased and CPP concomitantly decreased. The central body temperature was measured simultaneously in the abdominal aorta (Ta) with a second thermocouple. Results: In our model th Tcv was lower than Ta at the beginning of the ICP increase. The mean difference between Ta and Tcv, (ΔTa-cv) was 0,86° C (±0,44) prior to ICP increase and 1,19° C (0,58) at the maximum ICP increase. Thus, ΔTav increased during CPP reduction. This relation was represented by an adjusted R(square) of r2=0.89 (p〈0,001). Conclusions: The CPP decrease, caused by an increasing ICP, results in changes of the cerebrovenous blood temperature. Interpreting the present results the experimental situation of a relative colder cerebral compartment in comparison to the central body temperature has to be considered. However, the results imply, that simultaneous temperature monitoring of the central body temperature and the cerebrovenpus blood temperature is an additional source of information about relative changes of the CBF.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Patienten nach einem primären Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) sind durch die Entwicklung einer sekundären Ischämie gefährdet. Die Genese des konsekutiven Abfalls der Hirntemperatur im Zusammenhang mit zerebralen Ischämien und resultierender neuronaler Schädigung ist weitgehend unbeschrieben. Auf der anderen Seite gewinnt die Überwachung der Hirntemperatur insbesondere bei Patienten nach SHT im Rahmen eines multimodalen Monitorings oder die einer kontrollierten Hypothermie zugeführt werden, zunehmend an Wichtigkeit. Ziel: Zielstellung der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, tierexperimentell zu überprüfen, ob die kontinuierliche globale Hirntemperaturmessung im zerebrovenösen Blut eine Beziehung zu Veränderungen des Cerebralen Perfusionsdrucks (CPP) aufweist und somit bei der Temperaturmessung in diesem Kompartiment eine Blutflußabhängigkeit zu beachten ist. Material: In 9 anästhesierten und kontrolliert beatmeten Schweinen wurde zur kontinuierlichen Temperaturmessung im Sinus sagittalis eine Temperatursonde plaziert (Tcv). Gleichzeitig wurde die zentrale Körpertemperatur in der A. abdominalis (Ta) gemessen. Die Hirndruckerhöhung erfolgte durch schrittweise Kochsalzinjektion in einen infratentoriell plazierten Fogarty Ballon Katheter. Ergebnisse: Die Hirndruckerhöhung führte bei allen Versuchstieren zu einem reproduzierbaren CPP-Abfall unterhalb 50 mm Hg: Der lineare Korrelationskoeffizient zwischen CPP und ICP betrug rmittl=0,79 (p〈0,001). In unserem Experiment fanden wir im Vergleich zur Körperkerntemperatur bereits am Beginn der Beobachtungsperiode bei allen Tieren eine niedrigere zerebrovenöse Temperatur. Die mittlere Differenz (m-ΔTa-cv) aus arterieller Temperatur (Ta) und Tcv betrug zu diesem Meßzeitpunkt 0,88° C (±0,44) und zum Zeitpunkt des maximalen Hirndrucks m-ΔTa-cv=1,19° C (±0,58). Für die nicht lineare Beziehung zwischen ΔTa-cv und CPP errechnete sich ein Bestimmtheitsmaß (r2) r2=0.89 (p〈0,001). Schlußfolgerungen: Die Temperaturmessung im zerebrovenösen Abfluß zeigte in unserem Tiermodell eine enge Beziehung zum aktuellen CPP während des Hirndruckversuchs und wird somit durch relative Änderungen des CBF beeinfluß. Diese Tatsache ist bei Temperaturmessungen zur Verlaufsbeobachtung der globalen Hirntemperatur in diesem Kompartiment zu berücksichtigen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Key words Venous air embolism ; Neurosurgery ; Doppler sensor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity of a newly applied transoesophageal ultrasonic Doppler sensor for detection of air with the traditional precordial ultrasonic Doppler sensor in clinical use. Methods: We studied 16 patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures in a sitting position. Two ultrasonic Doppler devices were compared as to their ability to detect venous air embolisms (VAE): transoesophageal (ODM II, co. Abbott) versus a precordial ultrasonic Doppler sensor (Parks Medical Electronics Inc.). After establishing general anaesthesia and endotracheal intubation, we applied an ultrasonic Doppler sensor to the right sternal border of the patient’s chest and inserted an ultrasonic Doppler probe into the oesophagus. With the patient in the sitting position, microparticularly d-galactose was injected to verify the efficacy of both ultrasonic Doppler devices. Results: Using ODM II by positioning the probe toward the azygos vein, a dosage of 1 ml microparticularly d-galactose was dedected in every patient. When adjusting the ODM II-probe on the right myocardial wall or using the precordial ultrasonic Doppler sensor, the administration of microparticularly d-galactose was detected by the devices in only 11 patients. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a transoesophageal ultrasonic Doppler sensor (ODM II) is more efficient than the precordial ultrasonic Doppler sensor for monitoring patients who are at risk of VAE by sonification of the azygos vein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 67 (1998), S. 117-119 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 81.05.Tp; 82.70.-y; 82.80.Bg
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Magnetresonanztomographie ; Kontrastmittel ; Eisenoxid ; MION ; Glioblastom ; Key words Magnetic resonance imaging ; Contrast medium ; Iron oxide ; MION ; Glioblastoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: To investigate whether the margins of microscopic tumors can be delineated better with monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION), a superparamagnetic contrast medium, than with Gd-DTPA by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: MRI and histological examinations were conducted in 28 Wistar rats with sterotactically implanted gliomas (C6 gliomas). Of the 28 animals, 14 were examined after intravenous administration of MION [nine animals received 179 mmol Fe/kg body weight (dose 1), and five, 893 mmol Fe/kg (dose 2)]. The other 14 animals were examined first after i.v. administration of Gd-DTPA (0.2 mmol/ kg) and then after i.v. administration of MION. The extent of the tumors as seen on MRI and at histological study were compared. Results: Iron particles were identified microscopically in tumor cells and in the tumoral interstitium. After administration of MION at dose 1, the contrast-enhanced area of tumor was 1.55-fold greater than the extent of tumor identified by histological study, at dose 2, 2.15-fold. Compared with Gd-DTPA the area of contrast enhancement was greater by a factor of 1.38 with MION administration at dose 1 and by a factor of 1.91 at dose 2. Conclusion: MION provides intra- and extracellular contrast enhancement. The area of the contrast-enhanced tumor is dose-dependently greater with MION than with Gd-DTPA and also greater than the extent of tumor seen at histological study.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Verbessert ein superparamagnetisches Kontrastmittel (monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticle, MION) die MR-tomographische Abgrenzbarkeit mikroskopischer Tumorgrenzen im Vergleich zu Gd-DTPA? Methodik: 28 Wistar-Ratten mit stereotaktisch implantiertem Gliom (C6-Gliom) wurden MR-tomographisch und mikroskopisch untersucht. 14 Tiere hiervon wurden nach intravenöser (i.v.) Gabe der MION untersucht [9 Tiere erhielten 179 μmol Fe/kg Körpergewicht (=Dosierung 1), 5 Tiere 893 μmol Fe/kg (=Dosierung 2)]. 14 Tiere wurden zuerst nach i.v. Gabe von Gd-DTPA (0,2 mmol/kg) und anschließend nach i.v. Gabe der MION untersucht. MR-tomographische und mikroskopische Tumorausdehnungen wurden verglichen. Ergebnisse: Eisenpartikel konnten mikroskopisch in Tumorzellen und im Tumorinterstitium nachgewiesen werden. Nach Gabe der MION in Dosierung 1 war die Ausdehnung des KM-anreichernden Areals in der MRT im Durchschnitt 1,55fach größer als der in der Histologie erkennbare Tumor, bei Dosierung 2 sogar 2,15fach. Im Vergleich mit Gd-DTPA war die KM-anreichernde Fläche nach Gabe der MION in Dosierung 1 um den Faktor 1,38 größer, in Dosierung 2 um den Faktor 1,91. Schlußfolgerungen: MION führen zu einer intra- und extrazellulären KM-Anreicherung. Die Ausdehnung des KM-anreichernden Areals ist dosisabhängig ausgedehnter als die KM-Anreicherung nach Gd-DTPA Gabe und auch ausgedehnter als die morphologisch nachweisbaren Tumorgrenzen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1858
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Technology
    Notes: Abstract  We report on recent advances in micro fabrication technology using micromoulding and high-aspect ratio structuring of photopolymer. The direct application is the realization of components for millimeter-size, ultrasonic piezoelectric motors. A new fabrication process using a thick epoxy-based material (SU-8) and the electroplating of nickel is demonstrated. Photopolymer structures have also been realized and released using a positive tone resist as sacrificial layer. The main advantages over past fabrication methods are better design flexibility, simplicity of the fabrication process, the capability to combine metallic materials (Ni) with polymeric materials (SU-8), and the use of positive tone resist as a sacrificial layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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