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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kompressionstherapie ; Dynamische Anpreßdruckmessung ; Mikrodruckmeßsonde ; Compliance ; Key words Compression therapy ; Dynamic pressure measurement ; Piezometric microprobe ; Compliance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The well-documented positive effect of compression stocking therapy on the venous macro- and microhemodynamics of the legs can only be attained if the stockings fit well. In order to determine the effective pressure exerted by compression stockings, we usually deleted in US journals. One can get this out of journal and author’s address have developed a new measuring method based on piezoresistant microprobes and a microprocessor unit. With our 2-mm-thick, 5-mm diameter probe, the pressure between the compression stocking and skin can be measured at any location desired. A temporal resolution of 50 Hz makes it possible to carry out dynamic measurements while the patient is walking or performing exercises on tiptoes. Here we present 4 typical cases out of a total of over 80 which we have evaluated. We have decided empirically that the pressure exerted by a class-2 compression stocking on the skin at the height of the ankles (b-position) should not exceed 70 mm Hg while resting and a peak of 110 mm Hg while exercising on tiptoes. At the middle of the calf (c-position) these values should not exceed 60 mm Hg at rest and 80 mm Hg on tiptoes. The pressure should decrease from the distal to proximal direction in order to produce a drainage gradient. We have found empirically that a pressure gradient of 30–40% from the b to the c measurement is favorable. Too high a proximal pressure or too high a pressure on a part of the lower leg causes pain and swelling. Too low a pressure, on the other hand, does not produce the desired vascular effect and alleviation of symptoms. Although dynamic pressure measurements take about 20–30 minutes per leg, they markedly improve patient compliance with compression therapy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die gut dokumentierte günstige Wirkung der Kompressionstherapie mit Kompressionsstrümpfen auf die venöse Makro- und Mikrohaemodynamik der Beine läßt sich nur mit gut angepaßten Strümpfen erreichen. Um den effektiven Anpreßdruck zu bestimmen, wurde an der Universitäts-Hautklinik Tübingen eine neue Meßmethode, basierend auf piezoresistiven Mikromeßsonden und einer Mikroprozessoreinheit, entwickelt. Der Anpreßdruck zwischen Kompressionsstrumpf und Haut kann mit den 2 mm dicken und 5 mm im Durchmesser großen Sonden an beliebigen Hautarealen gemessen werden. Die zeitliche Auflösung von 50 Hz erlaubt dynamische Messungen beim Gehen oder bei Zehenspitzenständen. Es werden hier 4 typische Fallbeispiele aus bisher über 80 Messungen dargestellt. Empirisch wurde ermittelt, daß der Anpreßdruck eines Strumpfes mit Kompressionsklasse 2 auf die Haut auf Knöchelhöhe (b-Maß) 70 mmHg in Ruhe und 110 mmHg Spitzendruck bei Zehenspitzenständen bzw. 60 mmHg in Ruhe und 80 mmHg bei Zehenständen in Wadenmitte (c-Maß) nicht überschreiten sollte. Der Anpreßdruck soll von distal nach proximal abfallen, um entstauend zu wirken. Empirisch wurden Druckdifferenzen von 30–40% vom b- zum d-Maß als günstig ermittelt. Zu hohe proximale Drucke bzw. zu hohe Drucke an einem Unterschenkelsegment verursachen Schmerzen und Schwellung. Zu niedrige Drucke führen nicht zur Entstauung und gewünschten Beschwerdelinderung. Die Compliance der Patienten hinsichtlich der Kompressionstherapie läßt sich durch eine dynamische Anpreßdruckmessung, die allerdings etwa 20–30 min Zeit pro Bein in Anspruch nimmt, deutlich verbessern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 245 (1995), S. 80-92 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total of 232 (84%) first episodes of schizophrenia from our epidemiologically defined ABC sample (Age, Beginning and Course) were retrospectively assessed with regard to the onset and early course of the disorder. In a follow-up study a representative subgroup (n=133) was prospectively examined in five cross sections over 3 years from first admission on. Population-based incidence rates for 5-year age groups comprising a range of 〈10-〈60 years were calculated on the basis of two definitions of onset: first sign of disorder and first psychotic symptom. In 40% of adult patients who had been admitted with a first schizophrenic episode after age 20 years the prodromal phase, in 11% the psychotic prephase, began before that age. This demonstrates that schizophrenia often begins in an age period in which the social and cognitive development and brain maturation are still unfinished. Early-onset schizophrenias (〈-20 years) were compared with a medium-onset group (21〈35 years) and a late-onset group (35-〈60 years) with regard to age and type of onset, early symptom-related course, social development and social course. The number of schizophrenia-specific positive and negative syndromes in early-onset schizophrenia is comparable to that of higher age groups. However, neurotic syndromes, emotional disorders and conduct disorders are most frequent in younger patients, especially in young men. Paranoid syndromes seem to prevail in late-onset schizophrenia, whereas less differentiated positive syndromes, such as delusional mood, are more frequent in the youngest age group. An earlier onset of schizophrenia has more severe social consequences than onset in adults, because it interrupts the cognitive and social development at an earlier stage. The worse social course of schizophrenia in men compared with women cannot be related to a more severe symtomatology, but to the earlier age at onset and the impairment or stagnation of social ascent at an earlier stage of social and cognitive development. Social disability in the sense of an adaptation to the expectations of the social environment, as well as symtomatology during the further course of schizophrenia, show no major differences between the genders nor between the age groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 249 (1999), S. S14 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Key words Schizophrenia ; Short- ; medium- and ; long-term course of schizophrenia ; Social development ; and schizophrenia ; Psychopathology of schizophrenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In schizophrenia most of the social consequences emerge in the prodromal phase of the illness and before treatment is initiated. Further course is determined by the level of social development at illness onset and by age- and sex-related illness behavior. Despite the sex difference in age at onset the disease process seems to be the same in both sexes, since social course in men and women converges in the long run. Although great variation in outcome between the patients is to be observed at each cross-section, the medium and long-term symptom-related course of schizophrenia shows a high degree of stability at the individual level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 245 (1995), S. 57-60 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Keywords: Key Words Infectious disease service ; Cost control ; Multiresistant pathogens ; Intensive care ; Antibiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background: A routine infectious disease service was established in January 1998 in order to optimize the antibiotic usage and prescription pattern of a neurologic intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: Treatment guidelines for the most prevalent infections wer implemented and individual antibiotic regimes were discussed at the bedside with infectious disease experts. Results: This interdisciplinary cooperation reduced the total number of antibiotics prescribed by 38.1%, from 7,789 in 1997 to 4,822 in 1998, without comprimising patient outcomes (mortality rate: 22/313 patients in 1997 vs 32/328 patients in 1998). Total patient days (2,254 days vs 2,296 days) and average length of stay in the NICU (7.2 days vs 7.0 days) were comparable. Antimicrobial expenditure decreased by 44.8% (71,680 Euros in 1997 vs 39,567 Euros in 1998). Taking into account the costs for the infectious disease service (approximately 8,000 Euros in 1998), a total saving of 24,113 Euros was made. The dramatic reduction in antibiotic usage (mainly of carbapenems) resulted in a statistically significant decreased isolation of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (p 〈 0.05), Enterobacter cloacae (p 〈 0.05), multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p 〈 0.05) and Candida spp. (p 〈 0.05), without any change in the infection control guidelines. Conclusion: These data show that an infectious disease service can optimize and reduce antibiotic usage. This results in a decrease in the occurrence of multiresistant gram-negative pathogens and Candida spp. in intensive care units, and, at the same time, saves costs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 33 (1998), S. 380-386 
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ABC Schizophrenia Study, a large-scale epidemiological and neurobiological research project commenced in 1987, initially pursued two aims: (1) to elucidate the possible causes of the sex difference in age at first admission for schizophrenia and (2) to analyse the early course of the disorder from onset until first contact and its implications for further course and outcome. First, transnational case-register data (for Denmark and Germany) were compared, second, a population-based sample of first-episode cases of schizophrenia (n = 232) were selected and third, the results obtained were compared with data from the WHO Determinants of Outcome Study by using a systematic methodology. A consistent result was a 3–4 years higher age of onset for women by any definition of onset, which was not explainable by social variables, such as differences in the male-female societal roles. A sensitivity-reducing effect of oestrogen on central D2 receptors was identified as the underlying neurobiological mechanism in animal experiments. Applicability to humans with schizophrenia was established in a controlled clinical study. A comparison of familial and sporadic cases showed that in cases with a high genetic load, the sex difference in age of onset disappeared due to a clearly reduced age of onset in women, whereas in sporadic cases it increased. To analyse early course retrospectively, a semistructured interview, IRAOS, was developed. The early stages of the disorder were reconstructed in comparison with age- and sex-matched controls from the same population of origin. The initial signs consisted mainly of negative and affective symptoms, which accumulated exponentially until the first episode, as did the later emerging positive symptoms. Social disability appeared 2–4 years before first admission on average. In early-onset cases, social course and outcome, studied prospectively over 5 years, was determined by the level of social development at onset through social stagnation. In late-onset cases, decline from initially high social statuses occurred. Socially negative illness behaviour contributed to the poor social outcome of young men. Symptomatology and other proxy variables of the disorder showed stable courses and no sex differences. Further aspects tested were the sequence of onset and the influence of substance abuse on the course of schizophrenia, primary and secondary negative symptoms, structural models and symptom clusters from onset until 5 years after first admission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 245 (1995), S. 185-185 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 250 (2000), S. 271-273 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 246 (1996), S. 329-332 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract J. Wertheimer, Professor for psychogeriatrics at the University of Lausanne and Chairman, Geriatric Psychiatry Section, World Psychiatric Association (WPA) and Dr. J. A. Costa e Silva, Director, Division of Mental Health and Prevention of Substance Abuse (WHO) organized a Consensus Meeting which took place in Lausanne from 05.–07.02. 1996. The meeting aimed at the elaboration of recommendations on psychogeriatrics. The meeting was attended by the above mentioned WHO and WPA representatives and also by representatives from the following organisations: International Psychogeriatric Association, International Association of Gerontology, International Union of Psychological Science, Alzheimer's Disease International, International Council of Nurses, International Federation of Social Workers, International Federation of Ageing, World Federation of Occupational Therapists. Further attendants were various experts who participated at the meeting on invitation of Prof. Wertheimer and Dr. Costa e Silva. The discussion was chaired by Prof. H. Häfner (Mannheim). Dr. N. Graham (London) and Prof. C. Katona (Harlow/Essex) acted as co-rapporteurs. The Consensus Statement was unamnimously accepted by all participants. It contains recommendations for the development within a field of great future importance with regard to the current and expected global demographic structure and the increasing knowledge about agespecific diseases and general health, social and personal problems of the elderly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 416-429 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schizophreniemodelle ; Psychopathologie ; Erstepisodenstichprobe ; Positiv- und Negativsymptomatik ; Desorganisation ; Key words Schizophrenic models ; Psychopathology ; First-episode sample ; Positive and negative symptoms ; Disorganisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The issue of this study was the investigation of the dimensional structure of non-psychotic and psychotic symptoms in 232 first-episode schizophrenic patients (ICD-9 295., 297., 298.3, 298.4). The study was conducted within the ABC-Schizophrenia-Study. The three-factor-model of Liddle with three factors (psychomotor poverty, disorganisation, reality distortion) was replicated for the time at first admission. The model is also valid for first-episode-patients as well as to chronic patients. The comparison of the three-factor-model of Liddle with Crow’s dual process model, Andreasen’s bipolar model and the „severity-liability” model was done by means of confirmatory factor analysis. The comparison shows that at first admission, the three-factor-model fitted in best with the data. In contrast to previous analyses within the ABC-Study, in which positive correlations have been found between positive and negative symptoms, no positive correlation exists between Liddle’s negative and positive dimensions. This may be the consequence of the subdivision of the positive dimension into the two dimensions disorganisation and psychotic symptoms. As within the three-factor-model only the negative dimension and disorganisation correlated weekly, the three dimensions are best viewed as relatively independent for the time at first admission. There are no associations between sex, type of onset, age at onset and the three dimensions of Liddle’s model. Patients with the familial load are more disorganized and patients with obstetric complications show more negative symptoms. While the negative dimension shows a high stability over five years, the dimensions „disorganisation” and „positive symptoms” are not stable over time. However, there is a high degree of correlation for the dimensions „disorganization” and „positive symptoms” among cross-sections while the negative dimension was independent of the other two dimensions. The negative dimension is a highly significant predictor for social disability and social development over five years, whereas the dimensions „disorganization” and „positive symptoms” have no prognostic importance for the outcome in the long term.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie ist die dimensionale Analyse der Symptomatik von 232 schizophrenen Patienten mit einer ersten Episode (ICD-9 295., 297., 298.3, 298.4). Die Arbeit wurde im Rahmen der Mannheimer ABC-Schizophrenie-Studie durchgeführt. Das 3-Faktoren-Modell von Liddle mit den 3 Dimensionen Negativ- und Positivsymptomatik und Desorganisation ließ sich für den Zeitpunkt der stationären Erstaufnahme konfirmatorisch bestätigen. Damit hat dieses Modell nicht nur für die Symptomatik chronifizierter Patienten Gültigkeit. Im Vergleich mit der Positiv-Negativ-Dichotomie von Crow, dem bipolaren Modell von Andreasen und dem „severity-liability” Modell mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalyse erklärt Liddles 3-Faktoren-Modell die Symptomatik am besten. Gegenüber bisherigen Analysen innerhalb der ABC-Studie, in denen positive Korrelationen zwischen Negativsymptomatik und Positivsymptomatik gefunden wurden, besteht zwischen Liddles Dimensionen der Negativ- und Positivsymptomatik zum Zeitpunkt der stationären Erstaufnahme keine positive Korrelation. Letzteres ist auf eine Auftrennung des Positivfaktors in die beiden Komponenten Desorganisation und Positivsymptomatik im Sinne psychotischer Denkstörungen zurückzuführen. Da nur zwischen Negativsymptomatik und Desorganisation eine schwache Korrelation besteht, können diese Dimensionen für den Zeitpunkt der stationären Erstaufnahme als relativ unabhängig voneinander angesehen werden. Kein Zusammenhang fand sich zwischen Geschlecht, der Art des Beginns, dem Erkrankungsalter und den 3 Dimensionen des Liddle-Modells. Patienten mit einer familiären Belastung sind desorganisierter, und Patienten mit Geburtskomplikationen zeigen mehr Negativsymptomatik. Während die Negativsymptomatik von einem Querschnitt zum nächsten eine hohe Stabilität aufweist, zeigen die Dimensionen Desorganisation und Positivsymptomatik keine Stabilität im Verlauf. Jedoch finden sich hohe Korrelationen zwischen Desorganisation und Positivsymptomatik von einem Querschnitt zum nächsten, während die Negativsymptomatik keinen Zusammenhang mit den beiden anderen Dimensionen aufweist. Die Negativsymptomatik korreliert hoch mit der sozialen Behinderung und sozialen Entwicklung nach fünf Jahren, während der Desorganisation und Positivsymptomatik keine prognostische Bedeutung für den Verlauf zukommen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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