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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dimethylsulfoxide enhances the absorption of chemotherapeutic drug instilled into the bladder (1992)
    Springer
    Urological research 20 (1992), S. 233-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Dimethylsulfoxide ; Drug absorption ; Intravesical chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We examined the effect of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on the absorption of a chemotherapeutic drug instilled into the bladder. Female Wistar rats with bladder tumors underwent intravesical instillation of normal saline (S group) or 50% DMSO (D group) prior to the administration of pirarubicin (tetrahydropyranyl-Adriamycin). The absorption of pirarubicin was estimated histologically by observing its fluorescence. In the S group, fluorescence of pirarubicin was observed only in the epithelial layer of normal or hyperplastic regions and in the cells of superficial layers of the tumor. In the D group fluorescence was observed in the entire bladder wall of normal or hyperplastic regions and extended to deeper regions of the tumors than in the S group. These findings indicate enhancement of the absorption of pirarubicin by pretreatment with DMSO.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299723
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central nervous system changes in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy: light and electron microscopic study (1992)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 83 (1992), S. 449-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy ; MELAS ; Neuropathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An autopsy case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is reported. It presented with generalized muscle atrophy, stroke-like episodes, schizophrenia-like mental disorder and progressive dementia. Serum lactate and pyruvate levels were high. In the biopsied muscles, ragged-red fibers were observed by light microscopy and aggregation of abnormal mitochondria with paracrystaline formation by electron microscopy. The most characteristic neuropathological findings were infarct-like lesions widespread in the cerebral cortex. In addition, this case showed some unusual pathological features: (1) diffuse moderate fibrillary gliosis in the whole cerebral and cerebellar white matter, which might have been due to metabolic disturbances; (2) several focal lesions with demyelination and numerous spheroids in the pontocerebellar fibers; and (3) marked degeneration of the posterior columns and spinocerebellar tracts. Electron microscopic examination revealed that abnormal mitochondria were markedly aggregated in smooth muscle cells and endothelium of the cerebral and cerebellar blood vessels. These fine structural findings suggest a “mitochondrial angiopathy”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713541
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aberrant remyelination of axons after heat injury in the dorsal funiculus of rat spinal cord (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 81 (1991), S. 557-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Heating ; Remyelination ; Schwann cell ; Oligodendrocyte ; Spinal cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied the course of demyelination and subsequent remyelination of nerve fibers after heat injury in the dorsal funiculus of the rat spinal cord. Four weeks after heat treatment, we observed, in addition to normally remyelinated axons, a few aberrantly remyelinated axons which had both CNS-and PNS-type myelin sheaths: the CNS-type myelin sheaths were always situated inside the PNS-type sheaths. This finding indicates that in some conditions Schwann cells can form myelin sheaths around those formed by oligodendrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310138
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatosensory evoked potential correlates of psychophysical magnitude estimations for air-puff stimulation of the face in man (1992)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 88 (1992), S. 639-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Tactile air-puff stimulation ; Face ; Stimulus intensity ; Somatosensory evoked potentials ; Psycho-physical magnitude estimations ; Mechanical properties of the skin ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Air-puff stimuli were applied to the skin of the face to obtain psychophysical and neurophysiological responses. Six levels of stimulus intensity above threshold were adopted for numerical magnitude estimation and for recording somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). A power function with an exponent of 0.71 provided an adequate description of the magnitude estimation values as a function of stimulus intensity, as was verified by the high correlation coefficient (r=0.86, P 〈 0.001). Six SEP components (N15, P20, N30, P40, N50 and P65) were recorded during the 100 ms following stimulation. Stimulus-amplitude functions of the various SEP components were well represented by power functions. The P20-N30 component had the highest power exponent (0.66) and also the highest correlation coefficient (r=0.55, P 〈 0.001). The SEP latencies as a function of stimulus intensity had negative power functions. The latency function of the P20 component had the largest negative power exponent (-0.10) and showed the highest negative correlation (r = — 0.62) with the stimulus intensity. These results suggest that processing of intensity information occurs at a relatively early stage within the central nervous system, and that both the amplitude and latency information encoded in the SEPs may contribute to stimulus processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228192
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Input-output relation of the somatosensory system for mechanical air-puff stimulation of the index finger in man (1992)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 88 (1992), S. 645-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Air-puff stimulation ; Primary afferent population response ; Cerebral somatosensory population response ; Time-integral ; Input-output relation ; Decelerating power function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study examined input-output relation of the somatosensory system in response to mechanical air-puff stimuli applied to the volar aspect of the tip of the index finger. Compound sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) from the median nerve at the wrist and cerebral somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were simultaneously recorded at six levels of stimulus intensity above threshold. Using the time-integral of the SNAPs and SEPs as measures of peripheral and central neural activity, a strongly accelerating power function with an exponent of 1.35 was found to describe peripheral neural function, while central neural function was described by a negatively accelerating function with a power exponent of 0.50, suggesting suppression of SEPs by recruitment of units with increasing stimulus intensity. It was concluded that input-output relation of the somatosensory system can be described by a decelerating power function with the exponent of 0.37.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228193
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Candidate premotor neurones of skin reflex pathways to T1 forelimb motoneurones of the cat (1993)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 95 (1993), S. 291-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Skin reflex pathways ; Last-order interneurones ; Cervical spinal cord ; Lateral funiculus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study explored the locations and input output properties of a large population of putative premotor neurones of skin reflex pathways in the cat. These neurones, interneurones excited by forelimb skin afferents and antidromically from the T1 motor nucleus (MN) and/or the lateral funiculus (LF, C8/T1 border), termed antidromic cells, were extracellularly recorded at C6-8. Selection of this site was based on data showing that cells retrogradely HRP labelled from the T1 MN were most numerous in C6-8 and the observation that transection of LF at the C8/T1 border abolished most skinevoked postsynaptic potentials of T1 motoneurones. Antidromic cells were located in laminae IV–V, VI and VII. The latencies of antidromic excitation ranged from 0.4 to 1.8 ms, with a tendency for laminae IV–V cells to show longer latencies than laminae VI and VII cells. Latency of skinevoked excitation ranged from 0.6 ms (IV–V cells), 0.8 ms (VI) and 1.4 ms (VII) to greater than 5 ms. The sum of the ortho and antidromic latencies (estimated central latency) of individual cells explained the central latencies of skinevoked postsynaptic potentials in T1 motoneurones. Skin-evoked firing responses (average of eight to ten cells) were earliest and largest in laminae IV–V antidromic cells, and latest and smallest in lamina VII cells. The antidromic cells also received inputs from muscle afferents and descending tracts. The following three results support the suggestion that the sampled antidromic cells are mostly premotor neurones. (1) Projection to the T1 MN via LF was verified in six laminae IV–VII antidromic cells, as tested with threshold mapping for antidromic excitation. (2) Three skinexcited axons of the middle LF projected to T1 MN, as revealed by intra-axonal staining (HRP). (3) PHA-L injection in laminae I–V of C8 anterogradely labelled terminals in lamina IX and LF axons at T1. It is suggested that last order neurones of skin reflex pathways to T1 motoneurones are widely distributed in laminae IV–VII of C6-8 and consist of a variety of neurones with different locations and input patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229787
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatosensory evoked potential correlates of psychophysical magnitude estimations for air-puff stimulation of the foot in man (1992)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 92 (1992), S. 318-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Tactile air ; Puff stimulation ; Skin sensation ; Somatosensory evoked potentials ; Psychophysical magnitude estimations ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Short air-puff stimuli were applied to the sole of the right foot to obtain both psychophysical and neurophysiological responses. The detection threshold (So) was first determined, and six levels of stimulus intensity above threshold were adopted for magnitude estimation. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were also recorded over the foot projection area (2 cm posterior to Cz) for the six stimulus intensities. Six components (N40, P45, N55, P70, N80 and P90) were recorded within 100 ms following stimulation. A power function with an exponent of 0.94 provided an adequate description of the magnitude estimation values as a function of stimulus intensity, as was verified by the high correlation coefficient (r = 0.87; P 〈 0.001). Similarly, stimulus-amplitude functions of P45-N55, N55-P70 and P70-N80 SEP components were well represented by power functions with exponents of 0.62, 0.63 and 0.78, respectively. The SEP latencies as a function of stimulus intensity had negative power functions. The latency functions of the P45 and N55 components had the largest negative power exponents (-0.17 and -0.15) and showed the highest negative correlations (r= -0.70 and-0.71, respectively) with the stimulus intensity. These results suggest that both the amplitude and the latency information encoded in the SEPs may contribute to the magnitude estimation of the stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227974
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Connections between utricular nerve and neck flexor motoneurons of decerebrate cats (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 98 (1994), S. 373-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Otolith ; Utricular nerve ; Vestibulocollic reflex ; Neck flexor motoneuron ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the circuitry between the utricular (UT) nerve and ventral neck motoneurons innervating the longus capitis (LC), a neck flexor muscle, in decerebrate cats. We recorded intracellularly from 63 LC (ipsilateral 37, contralateral 26) motoneurons in C1 and C2 segments. UT nerve stimulation evoked disynaptic, excitatory postsynaptic potentials in all ipsilateral LC motoneurons, and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that were at least trisynaptic in almost all contralateral LC motoneurons. UT effects on neck motoneurons innervating muscles involved in flexion and lateral turning are similar to the connections between the UT nerve and neck extensor motoneurons. These neuron circuits may play a role in fixing the head and the neck to the body during horizontal linear acceleration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233975
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is there a three neuron arc in the cat utriculo-trochlear pathway? (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 86 (1991), S. 421-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Utricular nerve ; Otolith ; Vestibulo-ocular ; reflex ; Abducens ; Trochlear ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The utriculo-ocular pathway was examined in decerebrated and anesthetized cats, in which all the vestibular afferents in the labyrinth, except for those innervating the utricular (UT) macula, had been transected. The UT nerve was stimulated with tungsten electrodes which were insulated except for 200 μm at the tips. Stimulation of the UT nerve evoked a small negative (N1) potential in the vestibular nuclei, with a threshold (N1T) less than 25 μA. The stimulus evoked disynaptic EPSPs in ipsilateral abducens (AB) motoneurons. The threshold and latency of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) was 1.3 × N1T and 1.2 ms, respectively, in accordance with the data of Schwindt et al. (1973). On the other hand, EPSPs with a clear rising phase and short latency, suggesting the existence of a disynaptic pathway, were never observed in any contralateral troch-lear (TR) motoneurons, even when triple shocks at intensities of up to 4 × N1T were applied. This stimulus strength was strong enough to activate the UT nerve. Thus it seems very likely that a disynaptic pathway from the UT nerve to contralateral TR motoneurons, is absent or very poorly organized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228967
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Second-order vestibular neuron morphology of the extra-MLF anterior canal pathway in the cat (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 97 (1994), S. 387-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Eye movement ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Semicircular canals ; Three-neuron arc ; Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Second-order vestibular neurons form the central links of the vestibulo-oculomotor three-neuron arcs that mediate compensatory eye movements. Most of the axons that provide for vertical vestibulo-ocular reflexes ascend in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) toward target neurons in the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei. We have now determined the morphology of individual excitatory second-order neurons of the anterior semicircular canal system that course outside the MLF to the oculomotor nucleus. The data were obtained by the intracellular horseradish peroxidase method. Cell somata of the extra-MLF anterior canal neurons were located in the superior vestibular nucleus. The main axon ascended through the deep reticular formation beneath the brachium conjunctivum to the rostral extent of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, where it crossed the midline. The main axon continued its trajectory to the caudal edge of the red nucleus from where it coursed back toward the oculomotor nucleus. Within the oculomotor nucleus, collaterals reached superior rectus and inferior oblique motoneurons. Some axon branches recrossed the midline within the oculomotor nucleus and reached the superior rectus motoneuron subdivision on that side. Since these neurons did not give off a collateral toward the spinal cord, they were classified as being of the vestibulo-oculomotor type and are thought to be involved exclusively in eye movement control. The signal content and spatial tuning characteristics of this anterior canal vestibulo-oculomotor neuron class remain to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241532
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