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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 238 (1972), S. 91-92 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The existence of an extraterrestrial ring current encircling the Earth was postulated6?8 in the early 1930s in an attempt to account for the global depression of the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic fields observed at low and middle latitudes during the principal phase of magnetic ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 212 (1966), S. 1341-1342 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Absorption in dB is defined as = W log (D (1) where P and P0 are power received and power received if there were no attenuations respectively. If the radio emission is enhanced during the solar flare such that then = H)(logp (2) Absorption of V.H.F. waves during normal ionospheric conditions ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A relatively high dose of amantadine (100 mg/kg i.p.) causes rigidity with humpback and tremor-like movements, but at a milder degree than harmaline. The amantadine induced syndrome is later accompanied with locomotor hyperactivity. Biochemically amantadine produces an increase of acetylcholine (ACh) content (100%) in the striatum, but with no effect on the striatal serotonin or dopamine, while GABA is increased 17% in striatum and 23% in substantia nigra. The enzyme activities involved in synthesis and degradation of ACh and GABA, namely glutamic acid decarboxylase, GABA-transaminase, and cholineacetyltransferase, are not altered after amantadine hydrochloride. The acetylcholinesterase activity in the striatum appears to show a slight decrease. The rigidity and the tremor-like movements after amantadine can be explained by the increased striatal acetylcholine as in the case of harmaline. The locomotor hyperactivity and the circling movements after amantadine hydrochloride may result from the inhibition of recurrent nigro striatal (dopaminergic) fibers influenced by the increased GABA activity in the substantia nigra, thereby causing disinhibition of the pallidar structures for locomotor activity. The cause of stereotypy and convulsions requires further investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 28 (1972), S. 439-441 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 5-OH-Dopa und 5-OH-Dopamin senken in vivo den Serotoningehalt und vermindern in vitro dosisabhängig die Aufnahme von3H-Serotonin im Striatum von Ratten. Es kann daher angenommen werden, dass 5-OH-Dopamin in vivo überwiegend eine Verdrängung von Serotonin aus den serotoninergen Speichern verursacht, während in vitro zusätzlich eine Verdrängung von unspezifisch in katecholaminerge Speicher aufgenommenem Serotonin auftreten kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 14 (1971), S. 95-104 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABA ; Strio-nigral neurons ; Elongated synaptic vesicles ; Hemitransection ; Bouton-degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interference with the neuronal connection between the substantia nigra and striatum of rat by hemitransection at the subthalamic level or lesion of left side of striatum by a simple suction method was studied in relation to the concentration of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in both regions. Time interval studies, at two, six, and twelve days after hemitransection, showed that the GABA concentration in substantia nigra had markedly decreased, whereas only a slight change was shown on the striatum of the operated side. Destruction of the striatum by suction caused a significant fall of the GABA content in the ipsilateral side of substantia nigra. However, destruction of the frontal cortex alone did not cause any marked change in the GABA content of the substantia nigra. In addition, electron microscopic studies disclosed that within the synaptic organization of the substantia nigra approximately 20 % of the boutons contained elongated synaptic vesicles, and that, following coagulation of the striatum, some large axosomatic terminals containing elongated synaptic vesicles also underwent degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: L-glutamate decarboxylase ; Choline acetyltransferase ; Substantia nigra ; Strio-nigral fibre ; Inhibitory system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study investigated the effect of strio-nigral hemitransection on the enzymes necessary for the synthesis and cataboiism of γ-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine and dopamine in the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the pallidum and the substantia nigra of the baboon. After transection, more than 70% of the L-glutamate decarboxylase activity was missing from the substantia nigra ipsilateral to the location of the lesions, leaving all remaining regions unchanged. Choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and monoaminoxidase activities failed, however, to be affected by the lesions, while glutamic-γ-aminobutyric transaminase was slightly decreased in the substantia nigra. These results strongly support our previous view that the strio-nigral neuron system is primarily an inhibitory one, in which γ-aminobutyric acid plays the role of transmitter. Confirming earlier investigations, a marked reduction of L-DOPA decarboxylase activity was induced by the lesions in the caudate nucleus and the putamen, which indicates that the nigro-striatal neuron system in the baboon is also dopaminergic. Neither the striatum nor the substantia nigra had a markedly diminished acetylcholine content after hemitransection. This strongly suggests that the acetylcholine in the striatum does not depend on the integrity of the strio-nigral connexions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABA-Regional distribution ; Rabbit ; Rat ; Guinea pig ; Baboon ; CNS ; Substantia nigra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The regional distribution of GABA in the CNS of rabbit (17 regions), rat (14 regions), guinea pig (12 regions) and baboon (11 regions) was determined by sensitive enzymatic and fluorometric assay. In all species studied a high concentration of GABA was found in substantia nigra (8.5–10.1 mmoles/kg) and pallidum (6.5–8.2 mmoles/kg). Fairly high amounts were found in hypothalamus, superior and inferior colliculi, nucleus oculomotorius and dentate nucleus. The GABA concentration in spinal cord (white matter) had the lowest value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 448-462 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoamine depletion ; Oxypertine effect ; Ultrastructure of nerve endings in hypothalamus, and substantia nigra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Biochemisch wird gezeigt, daß optimale und schwache Dosen von Oxypertin die Konzentrati on von Noradrenalin am stärksten, diejenige von Dopamin nur halb so stark und diejenige von Serotonin — wenn überhaupt — nur ganz gering, für kurze Zeit senken. Nur durch sehr hohe, toxische Dosierung von Oxypertin (35 und 70 mg/kg) werden Noradrenalin, Dopamin und Serotonin anfänglich etwa gleich stark aus dem Rattenhirn ausgetrieben, wonach aber die Serotonin-Depots viel schneller wieder aufgefüllt werden als diejenigen des Noradrenalins. Beim Versuch, den subcellulären Wirkungsort verschiedener Dosierungen des Oxypertins zu bestimmen, zeigen sich substrukturelle Veränderungen der noradrenalinhaltigen Granula im caudalen Hypothalamus und in der Epiphyse, wobei das elektronendichte Material der noradrenalinbindenden Vesikel verloren geht. Die Wirkung der Substanz auf die granulierten Vesikel in der Substantia nigra ist dagegen viel geringer oder fehlt sogar. Dieser unterschiedliche Effekt des Oxypertins auf die katecholaminhaltigen Vesikel im hinteren Hypothalamus und in der Substantia nigra weist in Übereinstimmung mit chemischen Bestimmungen darauf hin, daß die Substantia nigra kein Noradrenalin, sondern überwiegend Dopamin in den Speichervesikeln enthält. Der Freisetzungsmechanismus der Katecholamine durch Oxypertin kann auf einer Störung der Monoaminbindung in den Speichergranula beruhen. Toxische Dosen von Oxypertin dagegen zerstören die Membran der Monoaminspeichervesikel, so daß diese fast unterschiedslos auslaufen.
    Notes: Summary It is biochemically shown that optimal and lower dosages of oxypertine produce a differential depletion in norepinephrine and dopamine concentration in rat brain, and a slight, if any, effect on 5-HT concentration. Only after toxic doses (35 and 70 mg/kg) does the effect include also a fall in 5-HT concentration; it is quantitatively similar for all three amines, in the first few hours at least. The serotonin is restored earlier than noradrenaline. Electron microscopic studies were carried out in order to determine the precise action of the drug. At various dosages, ultrastructural alterations of norepinephrine-binding vesicles in the hypothalamic region and in the pineal gland occur with loss of dense core material from the norepinephrine-binding vesicles. However, in the substantia nigra the alteration of the monoamine-binding vesicles is much less. This differential effect of oxypertine on the catecholamine-binding vesicles in the hypothalamic and nigral regions provides in accordance with chemical determinations some evidence that the latter may contain not norepinephrine, but rather dopamine. The releasing mechanism of oxypertine may be due to the interference of monoamine binding at the different storage vesicles. However, toxic doses result in disruption of the vesicular membrane of granulated storage vesicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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