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  • Cadmium  (4)
  • Chemistry  (4)
  • Urinalysis  (4)
  • Amino acids  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    d-Aminoaciduria in mutant mice lackingd-amino-acid oxidase activity (1991)
    Springer
    Amino acids 1 (1991), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; d-Amino-acid oxidase ; d-Aminoaciduria ; Physiological role ; Mutant mice ; d-Amino acids ; Urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Urine of mutant ddY/DAO− mice lackingd-amino-acid oxidase activity contained more serine and proline than that of normal ddY/DAO+ mice.d-Amino-acid oxidase treatment of urinary amino acids decreased the serine and proline, suggesting that they containedd-isomers. An HPLC analysis confirmed the presence ofd-serine. Urinary serine and proline contents were not decreased when the ddY/DAO− mice were fed a diet which did not contain supplementaryd-methionine or when they were given water containing antibiotics. These results suggest that thed-serine andd-proline do not derive from thed-methionine supplemented in the diet or from intestinal bacteria. In urine of the ddY/DAO− mice, a substance which seemed to bed-methionine sulfoxide and/ord-methionine sulfone was present. It is probably a metabolite of thed-methionine supplemented in the diet. Thed-aminoaciduria in the mutant mice lackingd-amino-acid oxidase activity indicates that this enzyme is involved in the metabolism of thed-amino acids in normal mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00806921
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduced cadmium and lead burden in Japan in the past 10 years (1996)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 68 (1996), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Blood level ; Cadmium ; Dietary intake Japan ; Lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective To investigate the current levels of exposure of the Japanese population to cadmium and lead, in comparison with the levels in 1980s. ⋅ Design A nation wide survey was conducted in 1991–1994 (the 1990 study) in 19 study sites in Japan as a follow-up to a study conducted in 1979–1983 (the 1980 study). Blood samples and 24-h total food duplicates were collected from women who did not smoke or drink habitually. Methods Blood and food duplicates (after homogenization) were analysed for cadmium (Cd-B and Cd-F, respectively) and lead (Pb-B and Pb-F) by graphite furnace atomic absorption after wet-ashing. ⋅ Results Altogether, 467 women volunteered for blood sampling. Of these women, 375 also gave food duplicates. Geometric mean (GM) Cd-B levels in the 1990 study were lower than the corresponding 1980 values in most study sites so that the 1990 grand GM (1.98 ng/ml) for Cd-B was significantly lower than the 1980 GM (3.58 ng/ml). This reduction in Cd-B was related to the reduction in Cd-F (GM for Cd-F was 38.0 μg/day in the 1980 study and 30.0 μg/day in the 1990 study). Dietary intake was almost exclusively the route of Cd burden among the populations studied. Both Pb-B and Pb-F also showed a remarkable reduction, i.e. from 33.9 ng/ml (1980 GM) to 23.2 ng/ml (1990 GM) in the case of Pb-B, and from 32.2 μg/day (1980 GM) to 7.1 μg/day (1990 GM) in the case of Pb-F. Pb-B, however, did not correlate with Pb-F either in the 1980 or the 1990 study, because Pb intake via inhalation of air remained significant when compared with dietary intake. ⋅ Conclusion The Cd burden in Japan has decreased markedly in the past 10 years, although it is still higher than in other countries. The Pb burden has been quite low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050065
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Background exposure of urban populations to lead and cadmium: comparison between China and Japan (1997)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 69 (1997), S. 273-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Lead ; Cadmium ; Food ; Blood ; Chinese women ; Japanese women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To assess and compare the background exposure of the general population to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in China and in Japan. Methods: Food duplicates and peripheral blood samples were collected from nonoccupationally exposed subjects, viz 202 Chinese women in four Chinese cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanning, and Tainan) and 72 Japanese women in three Japanese cities (Tokyo, Kyoto, and Sendai) in the years 1993–1995. Wet-ashing and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric methods were used for the determination of Pb and Cd levels in food and blood samples. Results: Geometric mean (GM) dietary Pb intake (25.8 μg/day) and the GM Pb concentration in blood (56.7 μg/l) in Chinese were significantly higher than in Japanese women (11.6 μg/day in food and 32.1 μg/l in blood), whereas Cd in food (32.1 μg/day) and Cd in blood (1.92 μg/l) in Japanese were significantly higher than in Chinese women (9.9 μg/day in food and 1.07 μg/l in blood). The intake of Pb and Cd via boiled rice accounted for 3.6% and 31.1% of the total dietary burden in Chinese, and 12.1% and 32.7% in Japanese, respectively. The Cd burden was acquired almost exclusively through the dietary route, whereas the Pb burden came from both air and food, especially in the case of the Chinese population. Conclusions:  The background Pb exposure in the Chinese population was higher than that in the Japanese population, whereas Cd exposure was lower in Chinese women than in their Japanese counterparts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050147
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toluene itself as the best urinary marker of toluene exposure (1996)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 68 (1996), S. 289-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words o-Cresol ; Exposure marker ; Hippuric acid ; Toluene ; Urinalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Head-space gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (with fluorescence detectors) methods were developed for toluene (TOL-U) and o-cresol (CR-U) in urine, respectively. In order to identify the most sensitive urinary indicator of occupational exposure to toluene vapor (TOL-A) among TOL-U, CR-U, and hippuric acid in urine (HA-U), the two methods together with an HPLC (with untraviolet detectors) method for determination of HA-U were applied in the analysis of end-of-shift urine samples from 115 solvent-exposed workers (exposed to toluene at 4 ppm as geometric mean). Regression analysis showed that TOL-U correlated with TOL-A with a significantly higher correlation coefficient than did HA-U or CR-U. With regard to the TOL-A concentrations at which the exposed subjects could be separated from the nonexposed by the analyte, TOL-U achieved separation at 〈10 ppm TOL-A, whereas both HA-U and CR-U did so only when TOL-A was 30 ppm or even higher. The ratio of the analyte concentrations at 50 ppm TOL-A to those at 0 ppm TOL-A was also highest for TOL-U. Overall, the results suggest that TOL-U is a better marker of exposure to toluene vapor than HA-U or CR-U.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050063
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible metabolic interaction between hexane and other solvents co-exposed at sub-occupational exposure limit levels (2000)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 73 (2000), S. 449-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Acetone ; Biological monitoring ; Hexane ; 2 ; 5-Hexanedione ; Toluene ; Ethyl acetate ; Urinalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To investigate whether metabolic interactions exist between hexane (HEX) and other solvents when co-exposed at the levels below occupational exposure limits. Methods: Workers, 219 men in ten workshops in total, volunteered to participate in the study. They were occupationally exposed to mixtures of HEX and one or more of toluene (TOL), ethyl acetate (EA) and acetone (ACE). Time-weighted average intensity of vapor exposures was monitored by diffusive personal sampling. `Free'- and `total'-2,5-hexanedione (HD) levels in the end-of-shift urine samples were determined by gas chromatography (GC) before and after acid hydrolysis of urine, respectively, and expressed as observed (HDob) or after correction for creatinine concentration (HDcr) or urine specific gravity (HDsg). Possible interaction was examined by multiple regression analysis (MRA), taking either free- or total-HD as a dependent variable, and the four solvent concentrations as independent variables. Results: In most cases, exposure intensity did not exceed the current occupational exposure limits even when additiveness was assumed. In addition that HEX was the most influential independent variable in all cases as expected, the MRA showed that, in cases of free-HD, ACE was also influential to HDob although weakly, but not to HDcr or HDsg. With regard to total-HD, ACE was weakly influential to HDob and HDsg, and EA also weakly to HDcr. The effect of ACE on free- or total-HD was not detected, however, when 22 men exposed only to HEX and ACE were subjected to the same analysis. Similarly, the effect of EA on total-HD was not observed among the remaining 197 men exposed to HEX, TOL and EA only. Conclusions: When the exposures were below occupational exposure limits, the free-HD levels in urine after HEX exposure will not be modified by co-exposures to TOL, EA or ACE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200000165
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GLC analysis of alkylphenols, alkylcatechols and phenylphenols in the urine of workers as a measure to prevent occupational leucoderma (1978)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 41 (1978), S. 125-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Amylphenol ; Biological monitoring ; Butylcatechol ; Butylphenol ; Isopropylcatechol ; Methylcatechol ; Nonylphenol ; Octylphenol ; Phenylphenol ; Urinalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary GLC systems are developed for quantitative urinalysis of leucodermogenic phenols and catechols, i. e., p-tert.-butylphenol, p-tert. Amyphenol, p-octylphenol, p- and o-phenylphenol, 3- and 4-methylcatechol, 3-isopropylcatechol, and 4-tert.-butylcatechol. The systems were successfully applied for the exposure assessment of the workers in factories producing p-tert.-butylphenol, p-octylphenol and/or 4-tert.-butylcatechol. In accordance with estimated exposure intensities, the concentrations in the urine of product packers were higher than those of plant operators and engineers. The levels were reduced by the improvement of hygienic conditions in the workshops. Importance of biological monitoring is discussed in relation with the possible skin penetration. From the data obtained, BP concentration in urine, 2 μg/ml, is tentatively proposed as a urinary biological threshold limit value to prevent leucodermogenic effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381797
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible effects of environmental cadmium exposure on kidney function in the Japanese general population (2000)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 73 (2000), S. 15-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Biological exposure monitoring ; Blood ; Cadmium ; Environmental exposure ; Food ; Urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To examine whether the current level of environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd) is associated with kidney dysfunction among general populations in Japan. Methods: A nationwide survey was conducted in Japan from 1991 to 1997 at 30 survey sites (with no known environmental heavy metal pollution), by the collection of 24-h food-duplicate samples, peripheral blood specimens and morning spot urine samples. In practice, 607 non-smoking adult women provided these samples. After being wet-ashed, the samples were analyzed for Cd in food duplicates (Cd-F), in blood (Cd-B) and urine (Cd-U) by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Urine samples were also analyzed for α1-microglobulin (α1-MG), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and retinol-binding protein (RBP), creatinine (cr) and specific gravity. Possible tubular dysfunction in association with Cd exposure was examined by simple, multiple and logistic regression analyses, and comparison among three different Cd-dose groups. To minimize the confounding effects of aging, 367 women from 41 to 60 years old were selected and subjected to the same statistical analyses. Results: The analysis of a whole population of 607 women showed that α1-MG and possibly β2-MG increased as a function of Cd-F, Cd-B and Cd-U. When the analysis was repeated with the selected population of 367 women aged 41–60, the Cd dose-dependent changes in α1-MG and β2-MG became less evident. The distribution of the selected population with α1-MG above two low cut-off values of 〉4.9 and 〉8.4 mg/g cr or with β2-MG above the lowest cut-off value of 〉400 μg/g cr, was biased toward the group with higher Cd-Ucr, but such bias was not significant for both α1-MG and β2-MG when higher cut-off values were employed. No bias was detected with RBP. Logistic regression analysis with α1-MG, β2-MG and RBP (with cut-off values given above) in combination with age, Cd-F, Cd-B and Cd-Ucr gave essentially the same results. Conclusions: The evidence for kidney dysfunction was of borderline significance in the present study population for which geometric mean Cd-F, Cd-B and Cd-U were 24.7 μg/day, 1.76 μg/l, and 3.94 μg/g cr, respectively. The findings might suggest at the same time that the safety margin is small for the Japanese general population regarding environmental Cd exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00007933
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation between urine and blood concentrations, and dietary intake of cadmium and lead among women in the general population of Japan (2000)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 73 (2000), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Biological exposure monitoring ; Blood ; Cadmium ; Environmental exposure ; Food ; Lead ; Urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To examine whether lead (Pb) in urine and cadmium (Cd) in blood, especially the former, can be used as markers of environmental exposure of general populations to these metals. Methods: Between 1991 and 1998, spot urine and peripheral blood samples, together with 24 h duplicates of food intake were collected from 607 non-smoking adult women in 30 survey sites (SS) in seven administrative regions all over Japan. Urine, blood and food duplicate samples were analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry, for Cd and Pb in urine (Cd-U and Pb-U), in blood (Cd-B and Pb-B) and in food duplicates (Cd-F and Pb-F). Correlation between the measurements was examined by regression analysis. Results: The Cd-B correlated closely with Cd-U, and both Cd-B and Cd-U with Cd-F, on an individual basis (n = 607), on an SS basis (n = 30) and on a regional basis (n = 7). The Pb-U however did not correlate with Pb-B on a regional basis although they correlated with each other when analyzed on an individual as well as SS basis. Moreover, the correlation coefficients between Pb-U and Pb-B were much smaller than those between Cd-U and Cd-B. Neither Pb-U nor Pb-B showed significant correlation with Pb-F on any levels of statistical analysis. Conclusions: Both Cd-B and Cd-U can be employed as biomarkers of environmental Cd exposure. The reliability of Pb-U for use in place of Pb-B appeared to be small.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050023
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring of occupational exposure to tetrachloroethene by analysis for unmetabolized tetrachloroethene in blood and urine in comparison with urinalysis for trichloroacetic acid (2000)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 73 (2000), S. 221-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Biological monitoring ; Blood analysis ; Diffusive sampling ; Head-space GC ; Tetrachloroethene ; Urinalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The present study was initiated to examine a quantitative relationship between tetrachloroethene (TETRA) in blood and urine with TETRA in air, and to compare TETRA in blood or urine with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in urine as exposure markers. Methods: In total, 44 workers (exposed to TETRA during automated, continuous cloth-degreasing operations), and ten non-exposed subjects volunteered to participate in the study. The exposure to vapor was monitored by diffusive sampling. The amounts of TETRA and TCA in end-of-shift blood and urine samples were measured by either head-space gas chromatography (HS-GC) or automated methylation followed by HS-GC. The correlation was examined by regression analysis. Results: The maximum time-weighted average (TWA) concentration for TETRA-exposure was 46 ppm. Regression analysis for correlation of TETRA in blood, TETRA in urine and TCA in urine, with TETRA in air, showed that the coefficient was largest for the correlation between TETRA in air and TETRA in blood. The TETRA in blood, in urine and in air correlated mutually, whereas TCA in urine correlated more closely with TETRA in blood than with TETRA in urine. The TCA values determined by colorimetry and by the GC method were very similar. The biological marker levels at a hypothetical exposure of 25 ppm TETRA were substantially higher in the present study than were the levels reported in the literature. Possible reasons are discussed. Conclusions: Blood TETRA is the best marker of occupational exposure to TETRA, being superior to the traditional marker, urinary TCA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050421
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The amino acid composition of mammalian and bacterial cells (1997)
    Springer
    Amino acids 13 (1997), S. 379-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; HPLC ; Mammalian cells ; Bacterial cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary High performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze the amino acid composition of cells. A total of 17 amino acids was analyzed. This method was used to compare the amino acid compositions of the following combinations: primary culture and established cells, normal and transformed cells, mammalian and bacterial cells, andEscherichia coli andStaphylococcus aureus. The amino acid compositions of mammalian cells were similar, but the amino acid compositions ofEscherichia coli andStaphylococcus aureus differed not only from mammalian cells, but also from each other. It was concluded that amino acid composition is almost independent of cell establishment and cell transformation, and that the amino acid compositions of mammalian and bacterial cells differ. Thus, it is likely that changes in amino acid composition due to cell transformation or species differences between mammalian cells are negligible compared with the differences between mammalian and bacterial cells, which are more distantly related.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01372601
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