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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Calcium carbonate ; Phosphate ; Chronic renal failure ; Aluminium ; Hyperparathyroidism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Calcium carbonate has been successfully used as a phosphate binder in patients with chronic renal failure; however, a high frequency of hypercalcaemia has been reported. To study the effects of calcium carbonate preparations with different dissolution characteristics on the incidence of this side effect, we conducted a double-blind, crossover trial in 21 patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis. Aluminium hydroxide therapy was replaced with calcium carbonate. The subjects then randomly received either an enteric-coated or a gastric-coated preparation. Calcium carbonate (3.1–3.6 g/d) controlled serum phosphate concentrations as effectively as aluminium hydroxide (2.9 g/d). Concurrently, there was a significant rise in mean serum calcium and a fall in serum concentrations of both parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin, the latter suggesting a decrease in bone turnover. Overall, hypercalcaemic episodes developed in 9 patients (43%) and occurred at a considerable frequency (33 episodes per 100 patient-months) during treatment with the gastric-coated formulation. Following conversion to enteric-coated calcium carbonate (3.6 g/d) patients had fewer occurrences of hypercalcaemia (12 episodes per 100 patient-months,P〈0.05) and, as compared to the gastric-coated preparation, increases in serum calcium 〉3.00 mmol/l were not observed at all. Hyperaluminaemia was regressive during therapy with calcium carbonate, but addition of small doses of aluminium hydroxide caused a large rise in serum aluminium concentrations after infusion of desferrioxamine, indicating an enhanced rate of absorption or aberrant compartmentalization of aluminium. We conclude that calcium carbonate can control hyperphosphataemia in dialysis patients. However, undesirable hypercalcaemic episodes may occur, the frequency and severity of which can be lowered by the use of an enteric-coated preparation. Concomitant use of aluminium hydroxide and calcium carbonate should be restricted to patients in whom the degree of aluminium accumulation is monitored by serial desferrioxamine tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 61 (1983), S. 1001-1010 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) ; Goodpasture's syndrome ; Immunosuppression ; Anticoagulant therapy ; Pulse therapy ; Plasmapheresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Of 30 therapy studies which distinguish between improved and non-improved renal function, 350 patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) were evaluated. Pure descriptions of cases were not included. The cases of RPGN were divided into autoantibody-induced and non-autoantibody-induced groups. This latter group was subdivided into idiopathic and symptomatic RPGN. A further distinction was drawn between the different forms of symptomatic RPGN, but no separate evaluations were made, on account of the small numbers of cases. Therapies were divided into immunosuppression, anticoagulant therapy, pulse therapy, and therapeutic plasmapheresis. In autoantibody-induced RPGN, improved renal function was evidenced in only five cases out of 27. In contrast to this, 66% of the non-oliguric patients with creatinine levels 〉6 mg/dl showed improved renal function after plasma separation. In non-autoantibody-induced RPGN, the least favourable results were shown by anticoagulant treatment, where improvement in renal function was produced in only 34% of the cases treated, and haemorrhagic complications occurred in 25%, about half of which had a fatal outcome. Under pulse therapy, 27 out of 38 patients (71%) showed improvement, as against 59 out of 93 (63%) under plasmapheresis. In contrast to the situation in autoantibody-induced RPGN, it is possible in non-autoantibody-induced RPGN to achieve therapy-induced improvement also in a high percentage of cases where terminal renal insufficiency is present, and even when dialysis treatment has just been commenced. The collected statistics for therapeutic results achieved in RPGN are compared and contrasted with two controlled studies which showed diverging findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 551-556 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Plasmapheresis ; Plasma separation ; Membranes for filtration ; Goodpasture's syndrome ; Hyperproteinemia ; Plasmapherese ; Plasmaseparation ; Proteinfiltration durch Membranen ; Goodpasture Syndrom ; Hyperproteinämie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Plasmaseparation wurde mit Hilfe von Zellulose-Diacetat-Hohlfasermodulen durchgeführt. Die Porengröße der Membranen betrug 0.2 µm und hatte eine obere Ausschlußgrenze von ungefähr 3 Millionen Dalton. Fünf Liter Filtrat konnten durchschnittlich in 80 min separiert werden. Der Proteingehalt des Filtrates lag bei etwa 60% des Proteingehaltes im Blut. Die Realtionen der Immunglobuline unterschieden sich im Plasma und im Filtrat nur gering. Durch eine Plasmaseparation gelang es, die Konzentration an Immunglobulinen auf etwa 40% der initialen Konzentration zu senken.
    Notes: Summary Plasma separation was carried out using a new cellulose diacetate hollow-fibre module. The pore size of the membranes used was 0.2 µm and the cut-off at approximately 3 million dalton. Five litres of filtrate was separated in 80 min. The protein content of the filtrate was 60% of that in the blood plasma. When plasma and filtrate were compared, there was little difference in the proportions of the immunoglobulins. At the end of treatment, the immunoglobulin content of the plasma had been reduced to 40% of its initial concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 49 (1971), S. 1305-1314 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Uremie osteopathy ; osteitis fibrosa ; osteomalacia ; vitamin D-resistance ; parathyroid hormone ; autonomous hyperparathyroidism ; Ca ; metabolic acidosis ; Urämische Osteopathie ; Ostitis fibrosa ; Osteomalacie ; Vitamin D-Resistenz ; Parathormon ; tertiärer Hyperparathyreoidismus ; Ca ; metabolische Acidose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der urämischen Osteopathie liegt histologisch das Mischbild einer Ostitis fibrosa und einer Osteomalacie zugrunde. Die mikromorphormetrisch gemessenen Parameter des Knochenumsatzes sind verändert; die radiokinetisch gemessene Ca-Umsatzrate ist — je nach Ausmaß der Ostitis fibrosa — verzögert bis hochgradig beschleunigt; der Osteocyten-Stoffwechsel zeigt typische Abweichungen. Ca-Absorption und -ausscheidung sind vermindert, die Ca-Bilanz ausgeglichen bis leicht negativ. Die metabolische Acidose kann für die Osteopathie nicht verantwortlich gemacht werden. Das zentrale Problem der urämischen Ostcopathie ist die verminderte Ansprechbarkeit des Skelets auf physiologische Vitamin D-Dosen. Ob diesem Verhalten ein gestörter Vitamin D-Stoffwechsel, möglicherweise infolge des Ausfalls von Metabolisierungsschritten in der Niere, oder eine verminderte Ansprechbarkeit der Erfolgsorgane zugrunde liegt, kann noch nicht entschieden werden. Parathyreoidea-Zellmasse und Serumparathormonspiegel sind bei terminaler Niereninsuffizienz ausnahmslos erhöht. Adäquater Sekretionsreiz für Parathormon sind lediglich Erniedrigung von Ca und Mg, nicht dagegen Erhöhung des Phosphat. Die Verminderung der renalen Ausscheidung und Metabolisierung von PTH ist ohne besondere Bedeutung. Die parathormonähnliche Aktivität verhält sich gegenüber Standardantiseren heterogen. Die Hypercalcämie bei Urämie (oder die Hypercalcämie und Ostitis fibrosa nach Nierentransplantation) wird als sog. autonomer oder tertiärer Hyperparathyroidismus bezeichnet. Die urämische Osteopathie ist eine häufige Komplikation der Dauerdialyse. Die Wahl einer adäquaten, die PTH-Sekretion supprimierenden Bad-Ca-Konzentration, die Senkung des Serumphosphors mit Aluminiumhydroxyd sowie möglicherweise auch die Vitamin D-Therapie und perorale Ca-Supplementation sind zur Kontrolle der klinischen Symptome entscheidend. Bei Hypercalcämie und progredienter Ostitis fibrosa ist die selektive oder totale Parathyreoidektomie indiziert.
    Notes: Summary Histological changes in uremic osteopathy are characterised by both dissecting fibroosteoclasia and osteomalacia. Turn-over of Ca is slightly diminished or increased. Absorption and urinary excretion of Ca are decreased, Ca balance is in equilibrium or slightly negative. Metabolic acidosis is not responsible for uremic osteopathy. The central problem seems to be the diminished responsiveness of the skeleton to physiological doses of Vitamin D. This might be due to a disturbance of the vitamin D-metabolism, possibly caused by deficient metabolisation of vitamin D in the kidney. Serum parathyroid hormone levels are consistently increased in terminal renal insufficiency. The elevation is caused by a decrease of Ca and not by an increase of serum phosphate. Diminished renal excretion and immunological heterogeneity of PTH are discussed. Autonomous hyperparathyroidism is assumed to exist in cases with hypercalcaemia (or with hypercalcaemia and osteitis fibrosa after renal transplantation). However, serum PTH can in most cases be suppressed by rising serum Ca; genuine autonomy is rare. Uremic osteopathy is a frequent complication in maintenance hemodialysis. Clinical symptoms are controllable by using an adequate calcium-concentration in the dialysate suppress PTH secretion, by serum phosphorus depletion with aluminium hydroxyde and possibly also by vitamin D therapy and oral administration of Ca. In cases with hypercalcaemia and progressive osteitis fibrosa, subtotal or total parathyroidectomy is indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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