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  • Conscious dogs  (11)
  • Dehydration  (2)
  • brain tumour  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 1240-1244 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Sodium homeoostasis ; Conscious dogs ; Sperrphänomen ; Atrial natriuresis ; Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ; Angiotensin II ; Natriumkontrolle ; Wache Hunde ; Sperrphänomen ; Atriale Natriurese ; Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System ; Angiotensin II
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An chronisch instrumentierten weiblichen Beaglehunden wurden unter standardisierten Umweltund Ernährungsbedingungen Untersuchungen zum Studium der Kontrollprozesse des Natriumhaushaltes durchgeführt. Die nach experimenteller Erhöhung des Druckes im linken Vorhof (reversible Mitralstenose) auftretende Natriurese (atriale Natriurese, AN) eignet sich als Test zur Prüfung anderer in der Kontrolle des Natriums wirksamer Mechanismen. Die Ergebnisse erlauben folgende Schlußfolgerungen: 1. Die im linken Vorhof perzipierte Expansion des Extrazellulärraumes besitzt keine unersetzbare Funktion für die Natriumhomöostase (Volumenkontrolle). 2. Natriumkontrollmechanismen reagieren sehr empfindlich auf Änderungen des Gesamtkörpernatriums (TBS). Eine geringfügige Verminderung des TBS hemmt oder ‚sperrt‘ natriumeliminierende Prozesse wie z.B. eine ‚Kochsalzdiurese‘, eine osmotische Diurese oder die atriale Natriurese (Sperrphänomen). 3. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß ein spezieller natriuretischer Faktor existiert. 4. Das Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System scheint u.a. mit seiner Komponente Angiotensin II wesentlich für die Natriumretention zu sein. Der Gesamtkörpernatriumbestand wird von zahlreichen ‚redundanten‘ Prozessen kontrolliert. Zur Zeit sind quantitative Angaben über einzelne Mechanismen nicht möglich. Die Gesamtkontrolle für das Natrium scheint unter allen Bedingungen eine optimale Strategie für das ‚Überleben‘ oder den ‚Komfort‘ zu entwickeln, was beinhaltet, daß sich der ‚Stellenwert‘ einzelner Mechanismen ändern kann.
    Notes: Summary Chronically instrumented female beagles were maintained in standardized environmental and dietary conditions allowing careful examination of the mechanisms governing sodium homeostasis. The experimental increase in left atrial pressure (obtained by a reversible mitral stenosis) is accompanied by an increase in sodium excretion (atrial natriuresis, AN). AN served as an experimental manoeuvre from which the mechanisms governing sodium homeostasis could be elucidated. The results allow the following conclusions: (1) The ‘signals’ arising from distension of the left atrium (e.g. expansion of the extracellular fluid volume) appear not to be a necessary prerequisite for the maintenance of sodium homeostasis. (2) The control mechanisms seem to be very sensitive to changes in total body sodium (TBS). A small reduction in TBS abolishes sodium eliminating processes e.g. saline diuresis, osmotic diuresis, AN. (3) It is probable that a natriuretic factor exists for sodium elimination. In summary, total body sodium appears to be controlled by a series of ‘redundant’ mechanisms which guarantee an appropriate strategy for the comfort and ultimate survival of the organism. At the moment it is impossible to quantitate the contributions made by the various mechanisms in the control of sodium metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 97 (1989), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Tumour marker ; brain tumour ; surgery ; radiophosphorus test ; semiconductor probe ; beta-emission measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a series of 60 patients 62 intraoperative measurements with the 32-P (radiophosphorus) tumour marker were performed. Using miniature semiconductor probes a reliable discrimination between normal brain and neoplastic tissue was possible in nearly all brain tumours. The best results were found in meningiomas, where even small, visually hardly discernible tumour residues within the matrix zone could be reliably detected. Only in low-grade gliomas the application of the 32-P marker was impossible due to count rates similar to or below the basic rates of normal brain. This simple to use, noninvasive method proved its usefulness in all situations where a local radical tumour removal was important.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Free hand navigation ; optical digitizer ; frameless stereotaxy ; CT- /MRI-/ image guided brain surgery ; computer aided (assisted) surgery ; CAS ; central sensorimotor region ; brain tumour ; cavernoma ; neurosurgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The capacity of a new optical navigation device is demonstrated by six microsurgical procedures for small subcortical lesions within the central sensorimotor strip. This small series is aimed at less invasive resection in this functionally critical region, independently of primary diagnosis and outcome. Guided by high resolution CT imaging data five brain tumours and one cavernous angioma was selectively located and most sparingly removed without additional sensorimotor deficit. In two cases improvement of a pre-operative paresis was observed immediately after surgery. Thanks to light-weight freehand pointing instruments and a ranging accuracy of +/- 1 mm, damage to functionally important brain areas and vessels was avoided by using uncommonlyoblique, e.g., transsulcal ways of access which would hardly have been possible even with guidance by conventional stereotaxy. The demanding systematic cortical stimulation of the precentral gyrus applied in three cases was only sensitive in infiltrating tumours — e.g., low grade astrocytomas — where for want of adjuvant therapy it was essential to proceed to the extreme limits of resection. In general, precise anatomical localisation by computer aided surgery (CAS) is sufficient in small central lesions which guarantees minimally invasive surgery. The potential of this new, soon commercially available optical navigation system in (neuro)surgery, quality control and teaching is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Conscious dogs ; Sodium and water balance ; Postprandial diuresis ; Left atrial pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 5 conscious, well trained, female dogs kept on a high sodium intake (14 meq Na/kg bw) were used to measureeft atrial pressure (LAP), urine volume ( $$\dot V$$ ), sodium and potassium excretion (UNa $$\dot V$$ , UK $$\dot V$$ ) as well as plasma osmolality (Posm) before and up to 180 minafter food intake. The dogs were fitted with a catheter in the left atrium (thoracotomy). In all experiments (n=23) LAP increased postprandially (pp) above fasting controls. The mean peak increase range from 4 to 6 cm H2O and was observed as early as 61–80 and as late, as 161–180 min pp. Increase in LAP was closely correlated to V which rose from 36±28 to 160±51 ul/min·kg. pp $$\dot V$$ was also correlated to pp UNa $$\dot V$$ which increased from 4.8±3.3 to 34.0±8.5 ueq/min·kg. The pp increase in LAP and its close relation to pp $$\dot V$$ and pp UNa $$\dot V$$ emphasize the assumption that intrathoracic receptors are involved in the regulation of body fluids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 381 (1979), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Volume regulation ; Atrial pressures ; Postprandial natriuresis ; Renal blood flow ; Conscious dogs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Conscious, chronically instrumented dogs (n=24; left and right atrial catheter, electromagnetic flow probe around the left renal artery, carotid loop) were used in 97 expts. to study mechanisms mediating postprandial (pp) excretion of sodium and water up to at least 180 min after food intake. The dogs were kept under standardized conditions and maintained on ahigh (14.5 mmol Na/kg b.w./day) or alow (0.5 mmol Na/kg b.w./day) sodium intake diet (HSI, LSI) which was given once daily in the morning. In HSI dogs left atrial pressure (LAP) increased from a fasting control value of 0.2 kPa (2 cm H2O) to 0.7 kPa (7 cm H2O) (120–180 min pp), right atrial pressure from 0.0 kPa (0 cm H2O) to 0.3 kPa (3 cm H2O). 25% of the sodium intake were excreted up to 180 min pp. There was a highly significant positive correlation between pp sodium excretion (U Na V) and pp LAP.U Na V was not related to pp increase in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Fractional sodium excretion increased from a fasting control value of 0.6% to more than 4% in HSI dogs and from 3.3% to more than 7% in anadrenalectomized HSI dog. DOCA did not diminishU NA V in HSI dogs. In LSI dogs, RBF and GFR increased pp, LAP did not change pp. No substantial increase inU Na V was observed. The close correlation between ppU Na V and pp LAP in HSI dogs supports the hypothesis that intrathoracic vascular receptors are involved in the mediation of volume regulation by stimulation of still unknown natriuretic mechanisms which operate on the tubular level in the presence of high mineralocorticoid activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Conscious dogs ; Sodium balance ; Low sodium intake ; Left atrial pressure ; Reversible mitral stenosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 10 conscious chronically prepared dogs were used. After recovery from thoracotomy (catheter into the left atrium, nylon purse string around the mitral annulus) they were kept chronically on a low sodium intake (〈0.5 meq Na/kg bw daily). On 51 days left atrial pressure (LAP) was increased for 60 min about 10 cm H2O once daily by tightening the purse string (distension period: DP). During DP urine volume ( $$\dot V$$ ) increased about threefold, and sodium excretion (E Na) about sixfold. The amount of renal sodium loss on the days when LAP was increased exceeded the daily intake considerably. The application of DOCA (15 mg i.m.) did not diminishE Na during DP and 60 min thereafter. During DP heart rate increased by about 70 b/min and mean arterial blood pressure increased by about 15 mm Hg. The data suggest that stimulation of intrathoracic receptors by a reversible mitral stenosis augments renal sodium excretion even in a state of a highly stimulated tubular sodium resorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Left atrial pressure ; Sodium excretion ; Adrenal activity ; Plasma renin activity ; Conscious dogs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An experimental increase in left atrial pressure (eLAP↗) leads to an increase in sodium excretion (UNa $$\dot V$$ ). This ‘atrial natriuresis’ is probably involved in the adjustment of sodium balance, but the mechanism is not well understood. The present studies were undertaken to examine 1. the influence of eLAP↗ on plasma renin activity (PRA) and UNa $$\dot V$$ in conscious dogs, and 2. the influence of eLAP↗ on UNa $$\dot V$$ with and without the presence of adrenal glands. Twenty-three female beagle dogs were kept under controlled environmental conditions. They had chronically implanted instruments (purse string around the mitral annulus, catheter in the left atrium, carotid loop; 5 dogs were adrenalectomized). PRA waselevated by a chronic low sodium intake (LSI). When eLAP↗ was performed (+1.0 kPa), PRA decreased by about 50% within at least 60 min. PRA was chronicallylowered by a high sodium intake (HSI). Even under HSI conditions a decrease of PRA could be demonstrated if eLAP↗ was performed (by about 50%). However both HSI and LSI dogs showed a marked increase in UNa $$\dot V$$ if eLAP↗ was performed. After the removal of the adrenals a decrease in glomerular filtration rate was observed (40% of the control values), but eLAP↗ led to a similar increase in UNa $$\dot V$$ to that found in intact dogs (Δ mean 110%). These results indicate that stretching of the left atrium leads to a reduction of tubular sodium reabsorption in a twofold manner: 1st by reduction of PRA, possibly followed by a reduction in aldosterone secretion and 2nd by activating an adrenal independent mechanism of unknown origin. This could be a direct influence of angiotensin II on the tubular reabsorption of sodium. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that reflexes out of the low pressure system are important for the adjustment of sodium balance independent of changes in mineralocorticoid activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: ADH ; Left atrial distension ; Conscious dogs ; Atrial diuresis ; Volume regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to quantitate the contribution of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to the diuresis of left atrial distension 52 experiments have been performed in 12 conscious, chronically instrumented beagle dogs. Left atrial pressure was increased by a reversible mitral stenosis by about 10 cm H2O (1.0 kPa) for 60 min. Plasma ADH concentration (range between 1.3 and 6.0 pg·ml−1) (radioimmunoassay) decreased in every experiment, the average decrease being about 50%. An i. v. infusion of vasopressin (0.05 mU ·min−1·kg−1) abolished the diuretic effect of left atrial distension or decreased the urine volume below control values; natriuresis was not affected. The magnitude of the vasopressin effect was dependent on the concurrent sodium excretion: when sodium excretion was low during left atrial distension, vasopressin was more effective in reducing the urine volume than when sodium excretion was high. It is concluded that the diuresis of left atrial distension is mediated (a) by a suppression of ADH and (b) by factors controlling sodium excretion, the contribution of these two mechanisms being dependent on the concurrent sodium excretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Left atrial distension ; Intrarenal blood flow ; Microspheres ; Conscious dogs ; Muscle blood flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Measurements were made with radioactive microspheres of the distribution of renal blood flow in conscious dogs during left atrial distension. Urine volume, sodium excretion, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate increased during the 60 min period of left atrial distension (increase in left atrial pressure by about 1.0 kPa). Total renal blood flow and cardiac output (electromagnetic flowmeters) did not change. The perfusion rates of four renal zones did not change. Striated muscle blood flow (M. psoas) fell markedly. — Stimulation of left atrial receptors in conscious dogs is followed by an increase in renal and skeletal muscle resistance. The diuresis and natriuresis during left atrial distension is not accompanied by a detectable redistribution of renal cortical blood flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Volume regulation ; Cardiac nerves ; Atrial natriuresis ; Renin-Angiotensin-system ; Conscious dogs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Conscious, chronically instrumented dogs, maintained on a high sodium intake, were used to investigate whether surgical cardiac denervation impairs the natriuresis associated with left atrial pressure increase produced in three ways: during an increase in left atrial pressure by means of a reversible mitral stenosis (protocol 1); after an i.v. saline load (1.0 ml 0.9%·saline min−1·kg−1 over 60 min) (protocol 2); after an oral saline load (14.5 mmol Na·kg−1 given with the food as an isotonic solution) (protocol 3). During a reversible mitral stenosis, in intact dogs, urine volume and sodium excretion increased markedly (from 34–145 μl·min−1·kg−1 and from 3–12 μmol·min−1·kg−1); mean arterial pressure increased by an average of 2 kPa (15 mm Hg) and heart rate by 55 b/min; plasma renin activity fell from 0.37–0.21 ng Al·ml−1·h−1. Cardiac denervation eliminated these effects of left atrial distension except for a small increase in heart rate (12 b/min). This indicates that the natriuresis and diuresis during left atrial distension resulted from stimulation of receptors located in the left atrium. In contrast, during protocol 2 and 3, the same amounts of sodium and water were excreted in the cardiac denervated dogs as compared to the intact dogs. A comparable decrease in plasma renin activity also was observed. — Apparently the presence of the cardiac nerves is not a prerequisite for maintenance of sodium and water homeostasis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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