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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 7 (1993), S. 482-488 
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Pain ; Postoperative ; Local anesthetic ; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to investigate whether local anesthesia of abdominal wall wounds prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy leads to decreased pain beyond the immediate postoperative period and thus improves the comfort of the patient. In a randomized, double-blind study 50 patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were divided into two groups. In one group (n=25) the skin, subcutis, fascia, muscle, and preperitoneal space were infiltrated with 8 ml of bupivacaine 0.5% 5 min before each abdominal wall incision. The control group (n=25) received normal saline. The intensity of pain was assessed by a 100-point visual analogue scale (VAS) at rest and during movement and by the consumption of analgesics. Analgesic therapy was provided by on-demand analgesia with piritramid intravenously for 24 h and continued by ibuprofen orally on request. The mean intensity of pain at rest and during movement was lower but not statistically significant in patients who received bupivacaine compared to the control group up to the second postoperative day. The difference was between 4 and 9 VAS points and therefore of doubtful clinical relevance. Similar statistically nonsignificant results were found for the mean consumption of piritramid up to 16 h after the operation. Three patients (12%) in the bupivacaine group localized the most severe pain up to the second postoperative day to the right lower abdominal wall wound where the gallbladder had been extracted compared to 11 patients (44%) of the control group (P=0.012). These results indicate that bupivacaine was effective at the site where it was administered. However, preincisional local anesthesia of the abdominal wall wounds in laparoscopic cholecystectomy does not lead to a significant clinical benefit for the patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 8 (1994), S. 90-96 
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Pain ; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy ; Predictors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is postulated that laparoscopic cholecystectomy as “patient-friendly surgery” leads to more comfort and in particular to less pain. A prospective study on pain was performed on all patients undergoing the operation over the period of 1 year (n=382) out of a series of more than 1,000 patients who have undergone the operation in our clinic. Pain was measured by a 100-point visual analogue scale (VAS), by a five-point verbal rating scale, and by the consumption of analgesics. Pain was the most frequent symptom, both before and after the operation. The mean level of pain was 37 VAS points 5 h after the operation and declined to 16 points on the third day. In 106 patients (27.8%) the intensity of pain was higher than 50 VAS points. Analgesics were used by 282 patients (73.8%), opioids by 112 (29.3%). Pain was significantly higher in female than male patients (P〈0.05), but consumption of analgesics was similar in both groups. The most severe pain was localized to the abdominal wall wounds by 157 (41.1%) and to the right upper abdomen by 138 patients (36.1%) on the first postoperative day. Patients who needed opioids and/or had a pain level of 〉50 VAS points (n=138) had higher preoperative pain levels (P=0.018) and preoperatively complained more frequently about nausea, vomiting, bloating, and a feeling of abdominal pressure (P=0.003–0.031). However, predictive values of these variables were too small to be of clinical benefit. The duration of operation, intraoperative events (loss of bile, blood, or gallstones), and additional laparoscopic procedures (adhesiolysis, lavage, extension of an incision, suture of fascia) did not influence the intensity of postoperative pain. We conclude that laparoscopic cholecystectomy did cause significant postoperative pain in one-third of our patients only up to the first postoperative day. As predictors for high intensity of pain were not identified, pain should be monitored and analgesics should be delivered liberally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Gas laparoscopy ; Pneumoperitoneum ; Endotoxemia ; Sepsis ; Porcine model ; Carbon dioxide ; Helium ; Laparoscopy in critically ill patients ; Hemodynamics ; Acid–base balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Background: The expansion of the laparoscopic techniques to the critically ill patient is currently under debate. In order to evaluate the potential risks of performing laparoscopy in a body with signs of sepsis, the effects of the pneumoperitoneum were studied in a porcine model of mild endotoxemia. Methods: Twenty-eight pigs were separated into four groups of seven animals: untreated control (C), 2 µg/kg/h endotoxin (E), endotoxin and a pneumoperitoneum (3 h, 15 mmHg) with CO2 (EC) or with helium (EH). Hemodynamic and homeostatic variables were studied for a period of 5.5 h. Primary endpoints were arterial and mucosal pH and the ATP content of the bowel wall. Statistical evaluation was performed using analysis of variance and the Bonferroni test. Results: Endotoxin infusion induced characteristic symptoms of early sepsis: increase of arterial CO2, pulmonary arterial, portal venous, and pulmonary artery wedge pressure, and decrease of arterial pressure, cardiac output, arterial and mucosal pH. An additional pneumoperitoneum led to aggravation of all criteria with significant alterations in arterial and mucosal pH, arterial CO2, wedge and portal venous pressure. The most striking derangement of mean values was observed for mucosal pH (EC: 7.40, EH: 7.54) and arterial pH (EC: 7.15, EH: 7.18). In group EC, two animals died in septic shock. Conclusion: Applying a pneumoperitoneum during an ongoing sepsis significantly deteriorates hemodynamic and homeostatic variables, thus enhancing the risk of severe complications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 383 (1998), S. 11-14 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Clinical use ; Intensive care ; Prognosis ; Prediction ; Scoring systems ; Sepsis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this article sepsis scoring systems commonly used are presented as regards their results and shortcomings. Furthermore, in a more general context, the direct and indirect effect on the individual patients is discussed and recommendations are given on how to use scoring systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schädel-Hirn-Trauma ; Polytrauma ; Entzündungsmediatoren ; Key words Severe head trauma ; Polytrauma ; Inflammatory mediators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Isolated severe head trauma (SHT) or SHT in combination with multiple injuries are important factors for the prognosis of morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from the consequences of accidents. The prognosis mainly depends on the presence of primary mechanic brain injury and the development of secondary brain damage. Causes for the development of secondary brain damage are the intracranial space demand after traumatic injury and edema formation which may result in iscemia, as well as inflammatory processes. Both isolated SHT and polytrauma with or without brain damage may result in a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) due to the synthesis of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators which may cause a single or multiple organ failure (MOF). Often the organism is able to survive isolated traumatic injuries and functional disturbances, but in combination or cumulation they may be lethal. The hypermetabolism after SHT is often regarded as an interaction between the central nervous system and the whole organism by the activation of the neuroendocrine axis. In contrast to the consequences of SHT for the whole organism, multiple injuries after polytrauma may affect brain functions, such as the shock dependent disturbance of the brain perfusion accompanied by brain hypoxia which may lead to an aggravated prognosis. Moreover, coagulation, metabolism and fracture healing are influenced by the onset of SIRS as well. Our knowledge about the bidirectional inflammatory interaction between brain and whole organism is still limited. In this context, the effects of secondary surgical interventions which may additionally stress a traumatized body have to be considered and are the subject for actual clinical discussions and experimental studies. This article tries to summarize some important aspects on this topic.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das isolierte oder mit weiteren Verletzungen kombinierte Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) ist ein Hauptprognosefaktor für Morbidität und Mortalität nach einem Unfallereignis. Die Prognose des Patienten ist sowohl von der primären, mechanischen Hirnschädigung als auch von der Entwicklung sekundärer Hirnschäden abhängig. Als Ursachen einer sekundären Hirnschädigung werden neben der intrakraniellen Raumforderung aufgrund posttraumatischer Blutungen und Ödembildungen, sowie der daraus resultierenden Ischämie, Entzündungsprozesse diskutiert. Sowohl beim isolierten SHT als auch nach Polytrauma mit und ohne Hirnschädigung kann eine inflammatorische “Systemreaktion” (SIRS) unter der Beteiligung von Zytokinen und anderen Entzündungsmediatoren zu einem Ein- oder Multiorganversagen (MOF) führen. Dabei sind einzelne Verletzungskomponenten und Funktionsstörungen meistens überlebbar, können jedoch in Ihrer Kombination und Kumulation tödlich enden. Hypermetabolische Zustände nach einem SHT werden auch als Interaktionen des ZNS mit dem Gesamtorganismus unter Beteiligung der neuroendokrinen Achse aufgefaßt. Diesen Auswirkungen eines SHT auf den übrigen Organismus ist der Einfluß multipler Verletzungen eines polytraumatisierten Verletzten auf die Hirnfunktion gegenüberzustellen, wobei schockbedingte Perfusionsstörungen eine prognoselimitierende Hypoxie des Gehirns verursachen können. Darüber hinaus beeinflußt die generalisierte “Ganzkörperentzündungsreaktion” Blutgerinnung, Stoffwechsel und Frakturheilung. Die Kenntnisse der traumainduzierten, bidirektionalen, inflammatorischen Interaktionen zwischen Gehirn und Gesamtorganismus, sowie der Einfluß der derzeit angewendeten Therapiemaßnahmen sind bisher noch unzureichend und bedürfen weiterer Aufklärung. Letztendlich muß aus dieser Sicht auch die Wahl des richtigen Zeitpunktes für sekundäre Eingriffe, die nicht unmittelbar der Lebenserhaltung dienen und zu einer zusätzlichen Belastung des Patienten durch das Operationstrauma führen, überdacht werden. Diese Arbeit versucht wichtige Aspekte auf diesem Gebiet zusammenzufassen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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