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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Paramyotonia congenita ; Muscle cooling ; Isometric muscle contraction ; Muscular tension passive ; Muscle fiber discharges ; Membrane depolarization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden 4 Patienten aus zwei neuentdeckten Familien mit Paramyotonia congenita (Eulenburg) beschrieben. 1. Untersucht wurde die maximale willkürliche Muskelkontraktion unter isometrischen Bedingungen bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen. Wurde die Muskelarbeit konstant gehalten und die Temperatur schrittweise gesenkt, so trat an den Flexormuskeln des Unterarms bei 32–31°C eine ausgeprägte Parese auf. An den Oberarmmuskeln entwickelte sich dagegen die Schwäche nach Kühlung allmählich. 2. Während der Abkühlung des ruhenden Muskels wurde dichte spontane, fibrillationsartige Aktivität im EMG registriert, die bei etwa 30°C wieder abnahm. Daraus läßt sich folgern, daß durch Abkühlung bei Paramyotonie die Muskelzellmembran depolarisiert, wodurch bei einem kritischen Potentialniveau das Feuern der Aktionspotentiale verursacht wird und schließlich die Lähmung. 3. Die zunehmende Muskelsteife („paradoxe Myotonie“) läßt sich als verzögerte Muskelerschlaffung nach einer isometrischen Kontraktion registrieren. An den Flexoren des Unterarms war die Zeit bis zur 3/4-Erschlaffung nach Kühlung auf das Sechsfache verlängert, an den Oberarmmuskeln nur auf das Zweifache. Als ein weiterer Parameter wurde der mechanische Muskelwiderstand bei passiver Dehnung gemessen. Dieser passive Widerstand steigt zur selben Zeit erheblich an, in der die Muskelschwäche beginnt. 4. Die enge Verbindung von Schwäche und Muskelsteifigkeit legt den Gedanken nahe, daß beide Symptome durch ein und denselben Defekt hervorgerufen werden, welcher wahrscheinlich im Sarcolemm liegt. Als Hypothese wird vorgeschlagen, daß sich die Natriumleitfähigkeit der Membran unter Abkühlung erhöht. Vermehrung des intracellulären Natriums würde erstens eine Membrandepolarisierung hervorrufen, und zweitens könnte durch Verdrängung an den Calciumbindungsstellen die Calciumrückresorption in das sarkoplasmatische Retikulum behindert werden. Dadurch wäre die paramyotone Muskelsteifigkeit zu erklären.
    Notes: Summary Four patients without symptoms of episodic hyperkalemic weakness from two families with paramyotonia congenita (Eulenburg) are described. 1. Maximum voluntary muscle contraction of the upper and lower arm was studied under isometric conditions at different temperatures. If the temperature was lowered stepwise, distinct paresis occured at 32–31°C which increased with the amount of muscular effort. The upper arm muscles, however, developed weakness gradually after cooling. 2. During cooling of the resting muscle, the EMG showed dense spontaneous activity of the fibrillary type, which decreased again at about 30°C. It can be assumed that in paramyotonia congenita cooling produces muscle cell membrane depolarization which at a critical level causes the firing of action potentials and finally muscular paresis. 3. Increasing muscular stiffness can be interpreted as abnormally slow muscular relaxation after isometric contraction. In the forearm muscles the time to 3/4 relaxation after cooling was about six times normal, in the upper arm muscles only two times normal. As an additional parameter the mechanical resistance to passive stretching of a muscle has been studied. This passive muscular tension increased simultaneously with the onset of weakness. 4. The close relation between weakness and stiffness suggests that both symptoms are caused by the same basic defect which is probably located in the sarcolemma. It is suggested that a defect of the sodium channel causes a cooling-dependent increase in sodium conductance. Raised intracellular sodium causes in the first place membrane depolarization, and in the second place depression of calcium reuptake through competition by sodium for calcium binding sites. This would explain muscle stiffness and delayed relaxation as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Epidemiologie ; Borreliose ; Antikörper ; Key words Epidemiology ; Borreliosis ; Antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Neuroborreliosis is a very frequent subtype of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Because of the widely spread inapparent infections finding of diagnosis by analysis of serum antibodies is very difficult. In the years 1990–1994 the serum of 6.775 patients of the Department of Neurology in Homburg, Germany was analysed with regard to Borrelia burgdorferi specific IgG antibodies. 24% showed a positive serum titer and 20% a borderline result. 73 patients showed a specific intrathecal IgG antibody synthesis. In contrast to patients with antibodies in serum these patients showed a significant cumulation during summer. The high percentage of positive serum titers and the season independence support the assumption of widely spread inapparent infections. If a patient shows neurological symptoms the finding of serum antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi is not sufficient for the diagnosis of Neuroborreliosis. A specific intrathecal synthesis of antibodies, is the most reliable serological indicator for Neuroborreliosis. Intrathecal synthesis usually starts three to four weeks after the first clinical symptoms.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Neuroborreliose ist die zweithäufigste Manifestationsform einer Infektion mit Borrelia burgdorferi. Die serologische Diagnostik durch Bestimmung von IgG-Antikörpern wird durch einen hohen Prozentsatz an stummer Durchseuchung in der Bevölkerung erschwert. Von 1990 bis 1994 wurden in der Neurologischen Universitätsklinik Homburg 6775 Patienten serologisch auf Borrelia-burgdorferi-spezifische IgG-Antikörper untersucht. In 24% der Fälle wurde ein positiver Serumtiter und in 20% ein grenzwertiger Titer festgestellt. Der Nachweis einer spezifischen intrathekalen IgG-Antikörperproduktion konnte bei 73 Patienten geführt werden. Während bei der Aufschlüsselung der Daten aus den Serum-IgG-Untersuchungen auf die einzelnen Monate keine relevanten jahreszeitlichen Schwankungen sichtbar waren, zeigte sich bei dem Anteil der IAI-positiven Fälle eine signifikante Häufung in den Sommermonaten. Der hohe Prozentsatz von Patienten mit positiven Serumtitern gegen Borrelia burgdorferi sowie die fehlende jahreszeitliche Schwankung deuten auf eine stumme Duchseuchung hin. Eine Seropositivität genügt beim Vorliegen einer neurologischen Symptomatik nicht zum Nachweis einer Neuroborreliose. Vielmehr ist der Nachweis einer spezifischen intrathekalen Antikörpersynthese der zuverlässigste serologische Hinweis auf eine Neuroborreliose. Das Einsetzen dieser intrathekalen Synthese erfolgt in der Regel jedoch erst in der 3.–4. Woche nach Beginn der Symptomatik.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 121 (1993), S. 119-122 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Subarachnoid haemorrhage ; autonomic deregulation ; beta-blockade ; metoprolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of beta-blockade to prevent autonomic disorders after acute aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage were prospectively investigated. 11 patients were treated with the beta-1-selective beta-blocker metoprolol (up to 200 mg/die intravenously). 14 patients received standard therapy as controls. Pulse rate, blood pressure and dosage of the additional antihypertensive medication as signs of sympathetic disturbance were registered. The main result was the normalizing of the pulse rate especially during the first two weeks in contrast to the control group. The patients in the beta-blocker group did not need further antihypertensive medication. This was mainly a result of the reduction in sympathetic activation. No severe side-effects were documented and the survival was better in the treated group. Thus, beta-blockade is able to prevent and reduce autonomic disorders, especially activation of the sympathetic tone, in subarachnoid haemorrhage. Metoprolol as a so called cardioselective beta-blocker seems to be one of the suitable agents and is considered superior to the non-selective agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dextran ; hydroxyethylstarch ; haemodilution ; ischaemic stroke ; plasma viscosity ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 21 patients with ischaemic strokes we have monitored plasma viscosity, total plasma concentration, numeric average molecular weight (Mn), and weight average molecular weight (Mw) of Dextran 40 (dextran) and hydroxyethylstarch 200/0.5 (HES) during 10 days of treatment (days 1–4, 2×500 ml; days 5–10, 1×500 ml). Plasma concentrations of dextran increased during the first 4 days (8.3 mg·ml−1 on the first day to 18.0 mg·ml−1 on the fifth day), reached an apparent steady state of 17.2 mg·ml−1 during the next 6 days, and declined subsequently with a half-time (t1/2) of 4.03 days. After ten days treatment Mn and Mw were shifted towards higher values. Plasma viscosity increased from 1.26 mPas to 1.69 mPas on Day 10 (p〈0.01) and was linearly correlated with the total plasma concentration of dextran (p〈0.001; r=0.88). Total plasma concentrations of HES averaged 11.7 mg·ml−1 on Day 1 and 12.4 mg·ml−1 on Day 5. The molecular weight distribution did not change during the infusions but decreased in comparison with the administered solution. Plasma viscosity fell from 1.40 mPas to 1.30 mPas at Day 10 (p〈0.05) and was not related to the concentration of HES. The haemodiluting effect, as indicated by a decrease of the haematocrit, was 22% and 16.8% for dextran and HES respectively. These data suggest several advantages of HES compared with dextran in haemodilution therapy of ischaemic stroke.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 222 (1980), S. 275-278 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Antimyotonic treatment ; Myotonic myopathies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die antimyotone Wirkung des Antiarrhythmikums Tocainid wurde an 14 myotonen Patienten untersucht. Bei Tagesdosen von 1200–1600 mg berichteten alle Patienten über gute Unterdrückung der Myotonie; dies wurde durch objektive Tests bestätigt. Nur 4 Patienten berichteten geringfügige Nebeneffekte.
    Notes: Summary The antimyotonic effect of the antiarrhythmic drug tocainide was tested in 14 patients. With 1200 to 1600 mg/d all patients reported good improvement. This was substantiated by objective tests. Only four patients noticed minor side effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Amantadine sulphate ; Parkinson's disease ; Long-term oral treatment ; Intravenous treatment ; Serum concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intravenous administration of amantadine has been shown to be a quick-acting and highly effective method of treating patients with Parkinson's disease. The duration of this therapeutic effect during long-term oral treatment has, however, remained controversial. Therefore, the effect of intravenous treatment was compared with long-term oral treatment over a period of 6 months. Clinical scores and psychometrically determined dexterity improved significantly during 10-day infusion therapy (200 mg amantadine sulphate/day). This improvement was successfully maintained by oral treatment (600 mg/day). A decrease in effectiveness was not observed. Reaction times were within the normal range for the age group involved and did not change significantly during the course of the study. Amantadine serum concentration during the infusion period ranged between 500 and 1000 μg/l and produced values nearly half as high as those obtained during oral treatment (600 mg/day). There was a constant relationship (quotient: 1.3) between serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentration. Considerable inter-individual variations were noted. A significant inter-individual correlation between serum concentration and clinical and psychological improvement was not discernible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 237 (1990), S. 126-126 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 243 (1996), S. 575-578 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Stroke ; Cardiac output ; Blood pressure ; Haemodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is well known that blood pressure is elevated during acute stroke. Despite its importance for cerebral haemodynamics, cardiac output (CO) has been determined only in individual cases during acute stroke. We measured CO and blood pressure in patients with no history of heart disease who suffered from acute stroke (n = 30) and in a control group comparable with regard to age, gender and cardiac health (n = 30). CO, blood pressure and heart rate were significantly (P 〈 0.01) higher in the group of stroke patients than in the control group. There was a tendency for more time to have elapsed between the onset of symptoms and measurements, the higher the CO [b = 0.08 l/min per hour (−0.01; 0.17)]. Adjusted for age in a multiple regression model, the regression coefficient was significant (CO = 10.35 + 0.094 × time − 0.077 × age). The present study shows for the first time that patients with a healthy cardiovascular system who suffer from acute stroke have a higher CO than a group of comparable controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 232 (1985), S. 271-274 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Antimyotonic treatment ; Tocainide ; Myotonic dystrophy ; 24-h ECG ; ECG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten patients suffering from advanced myotonic dystrophy with severe myotonic symptoms were treated with 800–1200 mg/day of the anti-arrhythmic drug tocainide (Xylotocan). All patients reported a marked subjective improvement of myotonia, which was confirmed by objective tests. Except for a slight QT-prolongation in one patient, the ECG was not significantly altered by the treatment. Twenty-four-hour ECG after treatment disclosed that pre-existing ventricular arrhythmia disappeared in three cases. The occurrence of complex ventricular arrhythmia in two patients under treatment was not necessarily due to specific effects of the drug but might be explained by the high spontaneous variability of rhythm disorders. In these patients suffering from myotonic dystrophy with typical cardiomyopathy no deleterious effects of the drug were observed, especially no cardiac arrhythmias which would have necessitated interruption of treatment. Therefore, the authors recommend symptomatic therapy with tocainide for myotonia and paramyotonia congenita, as well as in myotonic dystrophy patients suffering from marked myotonic stiffness. ECG and 24-h ECG should be carefully recorded as necessary in any treatment with anti-arrhythmic drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 218 (1978), S. 253-262 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Myotonia congenita ; Muscular weakness transient ; Isometric muscle contraction ; Myotonia treatment ; Muscle fiber discharges ; Electromyography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 9 Patienten mit rezessiver Myotonia congenita wurde die maximale Muskelkraft bei Willkürinnervation unter isometrischen Bedingungen registriert. Gemessen wurde am Oberarm. Bei 5 Patienten mit schwerer Myotonie fand sich nach Muskelruhe eine vorübergehende Muskelschwäche. Elektromyographische Untersuchungen mit Drahtelektroden zeigten, daß während der Schwäche im Muskel die myotonen Faserentladungen verschwunden sind. Medikamente, welche die myotone Muskelsteife bessern, verringern auch die Schwäche. Der Pathomechanismus der Schwäche scheint dem der myotonen Muskelsteifheit ähnlich zu sein. Eine zunehmende Depolarisation der Muskelfasermembran führt zu myotonen Faserentladungen als Ursache der Steifheit. Bei schwerer Myotonie könnte die fortschreitende Depolarisation eine Unerregbarkeit der Muskelfasermembran und dadurch eine Parese verursachen.
    Notes: Summary The maximum force of voluntary muscle contraction was registered under isometric conditions in nine patients with recessive myotonia congenita. The recordings were made on the upper arm. Five patients with severe myotonia had a transient weakness after muscle rest. Electromyographic registrations with wire electrodes showed that the myotonic muscle fiber discharges disappeared during the transient weakness. Medication improving myotonic stiffness also improved the weakness. The cause of transient weakness seems to be similar to that of myotonic stiffness. It is known that an increasing depolarization of the myotonic muscle fiber membrane leads to the myotonic discharges and myotonic stiffness. In severe myotonia the progressing depolarization could cause a loss of excitability of the muscle fiber membrane and thereby a transient paresis of a more or less large number of muscle fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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