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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 17 (1996), S. 405-416 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Systemischer Lupus erythematosus ; DNA-Hypomethylierung ; Integrinüberexpression ; Apoptose ; Nucleosom-Antikörper ; Antiphospholipidsyndrom ; β2-Glykoprotein 1 ; Key words Systemic lupus erythematosus ; DNA hypomethylation ; Integrin overexpression ; Apoptosis ; Nucleosome antibody ; Antiphospholipid syndrome ; β2-Glycoprotein 1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the synthesis of antinuclear antibodies. Nucleosomes – the disc-like structural units of chromatin, composed of histones and DNA – are the primary antigenic structure that induces the formation of complement-activating antigen-antibody complexes in basement membranes. The autoreactivity in SLE has been elucidated in drug-induced SLE: hypomethylation of DNA leads to overexpression of integrin CD11a/CD18, increased binding of T-cells to macrophages and B-cells, a higher rate of apoptosis of macrophages, and elevated B-cell activity with consecutive production of autoantibodies. Disturbances of apoptosis (e. g. mutation of Fas gene) are relevant also in non-drug-induced SLE. The morphologic diagnosis – by light microscopy, immunohistology and electron microscopy – of skin and renal biopsies can confirm the diagnosis and help in prognostic assessment as well as therapeutic decisions in SLE. The value of the morphologic diagnosis in SLE is enhanced by reporting semiquantitative scores of disease activity and chronicity. The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, recurrent fetal loss and antiphospholipid antibodies. APS associated with SLE or other systemic autoimmune diseases has been termed secondary APS. Antibodies in APS are directed against phospholipids and phospholipid-protein complexes. One of these proteins is β2-glycoprotein 1. An important mechanism of the increased rate of thrombosis in APS is probably the inhibition of the protein C-catalyzed inactivation of clotting factors V and VIII. Venous thrombosis with recurrent pulmonary emboli and arterial thrombi in brain, heart and kidney (thrombotic microangiopathy) can lead to divergent clinical manifestations in APS.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der systemische Lupus erythematosus (SLE) ist eine Autoimmunerkrankung, die durch die Synthese antinukleärer Antikörper gekennzeichnet ist. Nucleosomen, bestehend aus Histonen und DNA, sind die primäre antigene Struktur, die zur Bildung komplement-aktivierender Antigen-Antikörperkomplexe an Basalmembranen führt. Die Autoreaktivität ist beim Medikamenten-induzierten SLE durch eine Hypomethylierung von DNA, Überexpression von Integrin CD11a/CD18, übermäßige Bindung von T-Zellen an Makrophagen und B-Zellen, eine Apoptose von Makrophagen und gesteigerte B-Zellaktivität mit Produktion von Autoantikörpern bedingt. Störungen der Apoptose (z. B. Mutation des Apoptose-1- (Apo1-) oder Fas Gens) sind offenbar auch beim nicht-pharmaka-induzierten SLE bedeutsam. Die lichtmikroskopische, immunhistologische und ultrastrukturelle Diagnostik von Haut- und Nierenbiopsien kann zur Diagnosesicherung, Abschätzung von Prognose und zur Therapieentscheidung beim SLE wesentlich beitragen, insbesondere wenn semiquantitative Aktivitäts- und Chronizitätsscores ermittelt werden. Das Antiphospholipidsyndrom (APS) ist durch Thrombosen, Thrombozytopenie, rekurrierende Aborte und Antiphospholipid-Antikörper charakterisiert. Ein APS bei SLE und anderen Systemerkrankungen wird als sekundäres APS bezeichnet. Antikörper beim APS sind gegen Phospholipide und Phospholipid-/Proteinkomplexe gerichtet. Ein komplexierendes Protein ist β2-Glykoprotein 1. Ein wichtiger Mechanismus der erhöhten Thromboserate ist wahrscheinlich eine Hemmung der Protein C vermittelten Inaktivierung der Gerinnungsfaktoren V und VIII. Venöse Thrombosen mit rezidivierenden Lungenarterienembolien und arterielle Thrombosen in Gehirn, Herz und Niere (thrombotische Mikroangiopathie) führen zu sehr differenten klinischen Manifestationen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 68 (1990), S. 880-885 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Wegener's granulomatosis ; Granulomatous giant cell myocarditis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 28-year-old male patient suffering from Wegener's granulomatosis died suddenly with signs of cardiac failure after clinical symptoms had basically subsided under chemotherapy. Autopsy revealed pulmonary granulomata, necrotizing vasculitis of the lungs and kidneys, focal and segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis, and diffuse granulomatous and necrotizing giant cell myocarditis. Histological confirmation of inflammation of the heart in Wegener's disease has rarely been reported. Although cardiac involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis sometimes is suspected, it is usually thought to have no major impact on the course of the disease. By its dramatic clinical and morphologic presentation this case illustrates that the heart, in addition to the lungs and kidneys, may determine the outcome of the idiopathic granulomatous vasculitis of Wegener.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Endothelin receptors ; Human fetal and adult kidney ; Kidney development ; Acute renal failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endothelins, 21 amino acid peptides, produced by endothelial cells are potent vasoconstrictors and mitogens. According to experimental studies in animals, endothelins seem to be involved in the regulation of renal hemodynamics. In order to gain insight into its potential effects in man, a quantitative analysis of its binding sites was performed in human kidneys. Because of the proliferative action of endothelin in cell culture we also compared binding sites in fetal and adult kidneys. Binding sites for [125I]-endothelin-1,2,3 were visualized by in-vitro autoradiography and quantified by densitometry. In both adult and fetal tissue, specific binding sites occurred in the cortex, medulla, and renal vessels. Unlabeled endothelins and sarafotoxin, a peptide with a high sequence homology to endothelins, inhibited [125I]-endothelin-1 binding with IC50 in the 9.8 to 0.023 nM range, whereas unrelated peptides (angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic peptide) and the calcium antagonist nitrendipine failed to compete for [125I]-endothelin-1 binding sites. Linear Scatchard analysis revealed that the number of binding sites (expressed per tissue equivalent: TE) were consistently higher in fetal than in adult kidneys, while affinities did not differ significantly in cortex, medulla, and vessels (fetal/adult: cortex KD 43.4±19.6/55.9±16.7 nM; BMax13.5±7.8/2.7±1.3 fmol/mg TE; medulla KD 26.3±10.9/34.6±7.4 nM; BMax 10.1±0.9/ 3.7±1.1 fmol/mg TE; vessels KD 41.1±22.9/ 23.7±8.1 nM; BMax 12.9±3.9/4.1±1.2 fmol/mg TE). Medullary capillaries and veins showed strong binding in human and rat kidneys which may be important for the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. Human adult and fetal glomeruli had only a few binding sites. This contrasts to findings in the rat kidney in which glomeruli have a high concentration of endothelin binding sites; although this does not role out an influence per se, it does point out the need to subject the assumption of a relevant glomerular effect of endothelin in man to closer scrutiny. The diffuse and strong binding in fetal kidney may indicate a role for endothelin in the process of renal maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Kidney disease ; Uremia ; Hypertension ; Cardiovascular system ; Cardiac glycosides ; Nierenerkrankung ; Urämie ; Hypertonie ; Herzgefäßsystem ; Herzglykoside
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Häufung kardialer Komplikationen bei terminaler Niereninsuffizienz ist nicht nur Folge einer chronischen Druckbelastung des linken Ventrikels, obwohl sich der Anteil der Hypertoniker mit fortschreitender renoparenchymatöser Erkrankung von 53 auf 81% erhöht. Andere Faktoren wie Anämie, Hyperparathyreoidismus, autonome Neuropathie und Retention von Elektrolyten, Stoffwechselprodukten oder Toxinen können das Herz schädigen. Ob die Urämie selbst eine Kardiomyopathie verursacht, ist noch nicht geklärt. Befunde über eine verminderte Ca++-Aufnahme während β-adrenerger Stimulation und über eine verminderte Reaktion der Membran-(Na+, K+)-ATPase auf Digitalis lassen eine tiefgreifende Änderung des myokardialen Membranstoffwechsels vermuten. Eine Retention von “endogenem Digitalis” bei Niereninsuffizienz könnte eine Reihe widersprüchlicher Befunde erklären.
    Notes: Summary The high incidence of cardiac complications in endstage renal failure is not only related to the chronic pressure load of the left ventricle, although the proportion of patients with elevated blood pressure increases from 53 to 81% as reno-parenchymal disease progresses. Other factors as anemia, hyperparathyroidism, autonomic neuropathy and retention of electrolytes, metabolic products or toxins may cause damage to the heart. It is a matter of discussion whether uremia itself causes cardiomyopathy. Findings of a reduced Ca++-uptake during β-adrenergic stimulation and a reduced reaction of (Na+, K+)-ATPase to digitalis suggest a basic change of myocardial membrane metabolism. Retention of an “endogenous digitalis” could help to explain some contradictory results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Cystic Fibrosis ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Tobramycin ; N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase ; Proteinuria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Proteinuria and enzymuria were measured in 27 patients with Cystic Fibrosis before and after tobramycin therapy. Prior to treatment, kidney function was normal in 23 patients. Four patients showed a pathological proteinuria and two haematuria. Renal biopsy in one patient showed segmental basement membrane alterations on electron microscopy; there were no immunoglobulin deposits. During intravenous therapy with tobramycin (10 mg/kg per day) and azlocillin (100 mg/kg per day) mean urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion rose six-fold and mean urinary alaninaminopeptidase excretion increased ten-fold. After cessation of therapy, enzymuria rapidly returned to pretreatment values in all 14 patients. Aerosol tobramycin therapy in four patients did not affect urinary excretion of NAG. It can be concluded that tobramycin did not cause persistent renal damage in our patients, whether given intravenously or as an aerosol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: ANP ; Human ; Kidney ; Receptor autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Specific binding sites for atrial natriuretic peptide (99–126) in different areas of normal human renal tissue were quantified by in vitro autoradiography. Our data represent the first characterization of ANP binding sites in different structures of the human kidney. Characterization of ANP binding revealed by Scatchard plot analysis a single class of high affinity binding sites in the glomeruli (K d 0.53±0.11 nM;B Max 74.4±17.86 fmol/mg protein), the vasculature (K d 0.18±0.014 nM;B Max 91.6±25.02 fmol/mg protein), and the medulla (K d 0.34±0.13 nM;B Max 106.0±30.61 fmol/mg protein). These sites may play a key role in the actions of the cardiac hormone in human kidney and in the ameliorating effects of ANP in the recovery from acute renal failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 71 (1993), S. 834-839 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hyperlipoproteinemia ; Hypertension ; Glomerulosclerosis ; Oncogenes ; Macrophages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Arterial hypertension is a dominant pathogenetic factor for glomerulosclerosis. Nevertheless metabolic factors such as hyper- or dyslipo-proteinemia may significantly modify and accelerate the process of glomerular scarring. Hyperlipidemia and lipoprotein abnormalities are often encountered in patients with nephrotic syndrome and chronic renal disease. Although the significance of lipid deposition in renal tissue and the role of lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of renal disease in man has not yet been clearly defined, experimental and clinical data indicate a damaging effect of disturbed lipid metabolism on the kidney. In humans glomerular lipid deposition is observed in several genetic diseases, including lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity deficiency. Studies on animals with reduced renal mass, diabetes mellitus or arterial hypertension have shown that hypercholesterolemia increases the incidence of glomerulosclerosis. Especially the interaction of arterial hypertension and dyslipoproteinemia leads to a rapid and pronounced development of glomerulosclerosis. As most of these studies have been performed in the rat, which has a different lipoprotein profile than man, these results should be carefully interpreted with regard to their relevance for humans. In vitro cell culture studies on human glomerular cells have provided insight into the possible cellular mechanisms of lipid-induced glomerular damage. Apoprotein E containing lipoproteins that are pathologically elevated in many renal diseases are avidly taken up by human glomerular cells. Mesangial cells seem to play a central role in the initiation of glomerulosclerosis by proliferation and production of excess extracellular matrix. Lipoproteins are able to stimulate DNA synthesis in these cells and increase the synthesis of mitogenes and matrix proteins. The pathogenetic role of modified, oxidized lipoproteins has not yet been elucidated. Oxidized lipoproteins, however, have been found in rat and human glomeruli. Human mesangial cells may not take up these modified lipoproteins; however, macrophages infiltrate glomeruli and may constitute the stimulus for the generation of minimally modified lipoproteins and their cellular uptake. Thus there are strong indications that lipoproteins play a critical modulating role in the development of glomerulosclerosis, especially in conjunction with arterial hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Captopril ; Blood coagulation ; Fibrin monomer complexes ; Fibrinolysis ; Captopril ; Blutgerinnung ; Fibrinmonomerkomplexe ; Fibrinolyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 32 Patienten mit schwerer, therapieresistenter Hypertonie wurden unter der antihypertensive Therapie mit dem Angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitor Captopril systematische Blutgerinnungsuntersuchungen durchgeführt. Bereits 2 h nach Therapiebeginn kam es zu einem Anstieg von Fibrinmonomerkomplexen, der nach 26 h und nach 1 Woche noch ausgeprägter war. Bei Kontrolluntersuchungen nach 6 bzw. 12 Monaten waren die Fibrinmonomere wieder weitgehend normalisiert. Bei einigen Patienten mit deutlichem Fibrinmonomeranstieg verkürzte sich zeitweise auch die PTT. Zusätzlich fand sich ein Anstieg der Antiplasminaktivität. Zu dem deutlichsten Anstieg der Fibrinmonomere kam es vor allem bei schneller und ausgeprägter Blutdrucksenkung. Bei 15 gesunden Normalpersonen stiegen ebenfalls die Fibrinmonomere nach einer einmaligen Captoprildosis von 25 mg an. Zusätzlich verkürzte sich die PTT und das Antiplasmin stieg an. Mit Fibrinplatten und der Bestimmung von Thrombengewichten konnte durch Captopril eine Hemmung der Fibrinolyse nachgewiesen werden. Sieben von 58 Patienten mit schwerer Hyptertonie und Atherosklerose erlitten unter der Captopriltherapie schwere vaskuläre Komplikationen: Myokardinfarkt (n=2), coronare Insuffizienz (1), cerebrale Ischämie (1), zunehmende Niereninsuffizienz (3). Durch die gefundenen Blutgerinnungsveränderungen könnten diese Komplikationen bei Patienten mit schwerer Hypertonie begünstigt sein.
    Notes: Summary Systematic blood coagulation analyses were conducted in 32 severely hypertensive patients treated with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. Two hours after the first captopril dose, fibrin monomer complexes had already increased. This rise was even more distinct after 26 h and 1 week. Tests after 6 and 12 months of therapy showed a regression of fibrin monomer complexes to pretreatment values. In several patients with a marked increase in fibrin monomer complexes, the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) became shorter and antiplasmin activity increased. The most pronounced increase in fibrin monomer complexes was seen in patients with a rapid and excessive blood pressure reduction. The concentration of fibrin monomer complexes also rose in 15 healthy normotensive subjects, after a single oral dose of captopril (25 mg). Additionally, the PTT was shortened and antiplasmin significantly rose. An inhibition of fibrinolysis by captopril could be demonstrated by the effect on fibrin plates and thrombus weight after streptokinase. Out of 58 patients with severe hypertension and atherosclerosis treated with captopril, 7 patients suffered vascular complications during antihypertensive therapy: myocardial infarction (n=2), coronary insufficiency (1), cerebral ischemia (1), renal insufficiency (3). These ischemic lesions may be partly explained by the alterations of coagulation and fibrinolysis under captopril therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Acute experimental pancreatitis ; Pain ; Enzymes ; Buprenorphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Buprenorphine (15 µg/kg b.wt. per hour) distinctly reduced pain sensitivity in acute 3% sodium-taurocholate pancreatitis in male Wistar rats without interfering with the course of the disease. This was seen by assessment of enzyme elevation in serum and ascites and by histological evaluation of the pancreas. Buprenorphine is therefore recommended for animal experiments to study the effect of therapeutic principles in acute pancreatitis.
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