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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exchange anisotropy in polycrystalline and epitaxial (001)-oriented NiO/NiFe bilayers grown by ion beam sputtering (abstract) : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 5374-5374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The connection between the spin structure of antiferromagnetic NiO and the exchange anisotropy observed in NiO/NiFe bilayers is not well understood. For instance, the NiO bulk-terminated (001) surface is compensated, and therefore simple models predict no exchange bias in (001)-oriented NiFe/NiO bilayers.1 Using a newly developed ion-beam sputtering (IBS) process to deposit NiO exchange-coupled films,2 we have simultaneously grown polycrystalline and epitaxial NiO/NiFe bilayers. NiO grown on NiFe/MgO is polycrystalline, while NiO grown directly on MgO is epitaxial. The in-plane orientation of the epilayers was confirmed using (hk0) x-ray diffraction. The exchange anisotropy in epitaxial (001)-oriented bilayers is about half as large as that observed in polycrystalline bilayers. The size of the exchange anisotropy does not depend on the orientation of the bias field with respect to the in-plane NiFe/NiO crystallographic direction, indicating that the same interfacial spin structure is achieved regardless of the bias field direction. These results show that the surface NiO spin structure is different from that of the bulk, and is uncompensated at the interface independent of the crystalline orientation of the bilayer. Results on epitaxial Co/NiO and NiFe/NiCoO bilayers will also be discussed. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364602
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Element specific magnetic hysteresis curves of Fe/Cu/Co multilayers (invited) (abstract) : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 5808-5808 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report the first results employing a new technique for studying heteromagnetic multilayers by element specific magnetic hysteresis measurements. Dramatically different Fe and Co hysteresis curves of Fe/Cu/Co trilayers were obtained by recording the soft x-ray magnetic dichroism1 at their respective L3 absorption edges as a function of the applied magnetic field. The complicated conventional hysteresis curves, obtained by a vibrating sample magnetometer, were resolved into linear combinations of the two individual elemental hysteresis curves, thus determining the average atomic magnetic moments of each element within the multilayer structure (Fe is 2.0±0.08 μB and Co is 1.1±0.04 μB). Furthermore, fine hysteresis features associated with one element, imperceptible in the conventional curves, were also observed, and demonstrate a new and powerful means for studying heteromagnetic multilayer systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355573
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic properties of epitaxial and polycrystalline Fe/Si multilayers : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 4772-4774 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fe/Si multilayers with antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling have been grown via ion-beam sputtering on both glass and single-crystal substrates. High-angle x-ray diffraction measurements show that both sets of films have narrow Fe peaks, implying a large crystallite size and crystalline iron silicide spacer layers. Low-angle x-ray diffraction measurements show that films grown on glass have rougher interfaces than those grown on single-crystal substrates. The multilayers grown on glass have a larger remanent magnetization than the multilayers grown on single-crystal substrates. The observation of magnetocrystalline anisotropy in hysteresis loops and (hkl) peaks in x-ray diffraction demonstrates that the films grown on MgO and Ge are epitaxial. The smaller remanent magnetization in Fe/Si multilayers with better layering suggests that the remanence is not an intrinsic property. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361926
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anomalous temperature dependence of interlayer coupling in Fe/Si multilayers (abstract) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 4775-4775 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic coupling of the Fe layers in Fe/Si multilayers strongly depends on the morphology of the iron-silicide interlayer that forms during deposition. Antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling is only observed in Fe/Si multilayers with crystalline interlayers in the CsCl structure. Recently, it has been shown that single layers of Fe–Si in the CsCl structure can be grown epitaxially on Si over a range of stoichiometries. FeSi films are reported to be Kondo insulators below 50 K. We find evidence of a magnetic phase transition in antiferromagnetically coupled Fe/Si multilayers. Ms measured in a constant applied field of 50 kOe shows T3/2 behavior down to 10 K. However, M(T) at a lower constant field peaks around 50 K and decreases at lower temperature, indicating enhanced antiferromagnetic coupling or a phase transition. The remanent magnetization increases monotonically with decreasing temperature and has been explained by invoking thermally activated coupling. However, the saturation field also increases with decreasing temperature, indicating a stronger antiferromagnetic interaction. We explore the suggestion that the interlayer coupling is biquadratic in nature. Polarized neutron reflectometry has also been used to get a clearer picture of the complicated magnetic behavior of this multilayer system. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361861
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cryogenically cooled multiple-substrate holder for high vacuum (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 3870-3870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel design is presented for a cryogenically cooled multisubstrate sample holder for thin film deposition in high vacuum. The cryogen flows through tubing soldered onto a fixed copper plate, while the substrates are mounted on a separate tray that is supported by a linear/rotary-motion feedthrough. By lowering the substrate tray into firm contact with the copper plate, substrate temperatures as low as 120 K can be achieved. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145184
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spin-valve magnetoresistance of uncoupled Fe-Cu-Co sandwiches : The 5th Joint MMM−Intermag Conference (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 5864-5866 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The coercive field of thin Co films is strongly dependent on substrate temperature and film thickness, but the magnetic properties of Fe films are only weakly affected by growth conditions. Fe-Cu-Co sandwiches deposited on glass and silicon substrates via electron-beam evaporation exhibit plateaus in their magnetization curves when the coercive field of the Co is made larger than that of the Fe. These plateaus correspond to an applied field region in which the Co and Fe moments are antialigned and the resistance is enhanced. The isotropic or spin-valve part of the magnetoresistance is as large as 3.3% in some sandwiches. The spin-valve magnetoresistance has a broad peak centered at a ferromagnetic layer thickness of 60 A(ring).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350138
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependence of magnetoresistance in Fe-Cr-Fe sandwiches : 35th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 4798-4800 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Resistivity measurements have been performed as a function of temperature (1–300 K) and magnetic field (0–10 T) on antiferromagnetically coupled Fe-Cr-Fe sandwiches. Two types of samples were studied: MBE-grown sandwiches deposited epitaxially on the ZnSe (100) surface, and evaporated polycrystalline sandwiches deposited on glass substrates. The magnetic saturation field Hs determined from the resistivity ρ(H,T) is linear with temperature throughout the full temperature range for all samples. In the polycrystalline sandwiches, where the observed in-plane magnetic anisotropy is small, the linearity of Hs(T) implies that the antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange coupling A12 is also linear with temperature. The magnetoresistance of the sandwiches is constant at low temperature, and decreases linearly with increasing temperature above about 70 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.348233
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetotransport study of Fe-Cr-Fe sandwiches grown on ZnSe(100) (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 4892-4894 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetoresistance measurements have been performed on a set of molecular-beam epitaxy-grown Fe-Cr-Fe sandwiches with different chromium thicknesses, 12 A(ring)〈tCr〈28 A(ring). For 13 A(ring)〈tCr〈24 A(ring), magnetization measurements show that the Fe moments are antialigned at zero field. For samples exhibiting zero-field antialignment, negative magnetoresistance steps are observed at applied fields where discontinuities occur in the magnetization curve. The size of the magnetoresistance steps increases with increasing antiferromagnetic coupling between the Fe layers. The magnetoresistance [ρ(H)−ρ(0)]/ρ(0) is approximately proportional to cos2(Δφ/2), where Δφ≡(φ1−φ2), and φ1(H) and φ2(H) are the angles that the individual moments of the two Fe films make with the in-plane easy 〈100〉 axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.344722
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of Fe-Cr-Fe (100) sandwiches and their magnetization behavior (abstract) (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 4469-4469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Single-crystal Fe-Cr-Fe sandwiches have been epitaxially grown in the (100) bcc structure on ZnSe epilayers on GaAs substrates. These sandwiches form a simple well-defined unit for studying the coupling between the Fe layers through the Cr. These simple sandwiches show not only the antiferromagnetic coupling reported earlier in (100) superlattices,1 but also competing effects of the magnetocrystalline anisotropies which are of comparable strength. Detailed studies were made of the magnetization in the (100) plane along the [100] and [110] axes for a large set of samples for which the Fe films were held at (approximately-equal-to)40 A(ring), but the Cr thickness (t) was varied from 5 to 85 A(ring). We observe a narrow window of values 10〈t〈25 A(ring) for which antiferromagnetic alignment is obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.344882
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetoresistance origin for nonresonant microwave absorption in antiferromagnetically coupled epitaxial Fe/Cr/Fe(001) sandwiches : 35th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 4795-4797 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nonresonant microwave-absorption signals have been observed in a series of molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown Fe/Cr/Fe (001) sandwiches which were previously shown to exhibit an antiferromagnetic coupling of the two Fe layers. Using field-modulation detection, one observes signals which display an unusual magnetic-field dependence containing sharp features in the range 0–2 kOe. The magnetic-field locations of these features are independent of the microwave frequency, but their intensity depends strongly on the field-modulation amplitude. The features also have a strong in-plane angular dependence. Comparison with earlier magnetization and magnetoresistance data on the same samples shows that a sharp feature occurs when the magnetization orientations in the Fe films change abruptly, and that one can explain the microwave-absorption signals in terms of magnetoresistance effects in the sandwich. Thus, microwave absorption provides a contactless way to investigate the magnetoresistance in such samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.348232
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