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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Silver nanoclusters formation in ion-exchanged waveguides by annealing in hydrogen atmosphere (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 403-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.70 ; 61.46. + w ; 68.55.Ln
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Light waveguides containing silver, introduced by ion-exchange process in soda-lime glass, has been annealed in hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures in the 120–250°C range. Annealings cause a near-surface precipitation of metallic silver to form nanometer-size clusters with good uniformity in size and spatial distribution. Hydrogen permeation and ion-exchange between hydrogen and sodium (which remains in the glass matrix after silver-for-sodium exchange) are steps of the annealing process. A further step is the diffusion of silver ions towards the surface, and its eventual precipitation, with an activation energy close to that measured for silver-sodium interdiffusion in glasses of comparable composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01567335
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Silver nanoclusters formation in ion-exchanged waveguides by annealing in hydrogen atmosphere (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 403-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 42.70; 61.46.+w; 68.55.Ln
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract.  Light waveguides containing silver, introduced by ion-exchange process in soda-lime glass, has been annealed in hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures in the 120–250 °C range. Annealings cause a near-surface precipitation of metallic silver to form nanometer-size clusters with good uniformity in size and spatial distribution. Hydrogen permeation and ion-exchange between hydrogen and sodium (which remains in the glass matrix after silver-for-sodium exchange) are steps of the annealing process. A further step is the diffusion of silver ions towards the surface, and its eventual precipitation, with an activation energy close to that measured for silver-sodium interdiffusion in glasses of comparable composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390050407
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantum eraser and two-slit interference
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters A 190 (1994), S. 126-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0375-9601
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0375-9601(94)90378-6
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erbium doping of LiNbO3 by the ion exchange process (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 72 (1998), S. 3431-3433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Erbium-doped LiNbO3 slides are fabricated by the ion exchange process. Compositional in-depth profiles of the species involved in the exchange are obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Spectroscopic properties of Er3+ ions in the matrix are determined by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Structural and spectroscopic analyses suggest the formation of two different microstructures in the exchanged region. The potential of ion exchange for a controlled doping of LiNbO3 is outlined. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121656
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection and size determination of Ag nanoclusters in ion-exchanged soda-lime glasses by waveguided Raman spectroscopy (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 2055-2059 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Waveguided Raman measurements have been performed in order to detect the presence of Ag nanoclusters in soda-lime glass waveguides obtained by ion exchange. By subtracting a strong broadband luminescence and the Raman contribution of the glass matrix, a low frequency Raman peak is resolved. The peak is ascribed to surface acoustic vibrations of silver clusters. The involved modes are the quadrupolar spheroidal ones. The size distribution of the Ag clusters is deduced from the energy and the linewidth of the peak. Silver particles have small dimensions with an upper size limit of about 1.5 nm. This result is in good agreement with recent transmission electron microscopy measurements. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361060
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Annealing behavior of silver, copper, and silver–copper nanoclusters in a silica matrix synthesized by the sol-gel technique (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 6734-6739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Silver, copper, and mixed silver–copper nanocluster-doped silica thin layers were prepared by the sol-gel process. Samples were heat treated in different annealing atmospheres (air, argon, or 5%H2–95%N2) in the temperature range 500–1100 °C. Specimens were characterized by optical absorption spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Cluster growth and dissolution, as well as migration of metal atoms towards the sample surface, with a subsequent evaporation, were observed to occur at temperatures that depend on the annealing atmosphere. In the mixed silver–copper system, the formation of Ag–Cu phase-separated clusters was observed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363800
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Z-scan study on the nonlinear refractive index of copper nanocluster composite silica glass (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 3953-3955 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We used the Z-scan technique for measuring the nonlinear refractive index n2 of a thin composite film formed by copper nanoparticles embedded in silica glass. By varying the number of pulses of the laser shot, we evidenced heating effects induced by the laser during measurements. We were able to estimate the nonthermal refractive-index value, n2=(3.0±0.3)×10−12 cm2/W. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1380243
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Au–Cu alloy nanoclusters in silica formed by ion implantation and annealing in reducing or oxidizing atmosphere (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 75 (1999), S. 55-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The formation of binary alloy clusters in sequentially ion-implanted Au–Cu silica glass has been studied as a function of the annealing atmosphere. Alloy formation has been unambiguously evidenced in the as-implanted samples. The selective influence on Au precipitation of either oxygen or hydrogen annealing atmosphere leads to separation of gold and copper or to Au–Cu alloy cluster formation, respectively. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124275
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cobalt nanoclusters in silica glass: Nonlinear optical and magnetic properties (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 1176-1178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fused silica plates were implanted with Co ions at room temperature at the energy of 50 keV and to the fluence of 4×1016 ions cm−2. The formation of metal nanoclusters was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The cluster size distribution is narrow with a mean-diameter value of about 3 nm. Atomic in-depth distribution was determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, whereas the cobalt chemical state was characterized by electron spectroscopies. Nonlinear refractive index n2 is of the order of 0.2 cm2 G W−1, as determined by the Z-scan technique at a wavelength of 770 nm for 130 fs long pulses at a 76 MHz repetition rate. Zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization curves at the liquid-helium temperature exhibit features of superparamagnetic behavior that are characteristic of assemblies of single-domain nanoparticles. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122120
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental study of copper–alkali ion exchange in glass (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 1200-1206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Copper–alkali ion exchange was performed by immersing different silicate glasses (soda-lime and BK7) in different molten eutectic salt baths (CuSO4:Na2SO4 and CuSO4:K2SO4). The obtained optical waveguides were characterized by m-lines spectroscopy for the determination of refractive index profiles, and by secondary ion mass spectrometry for the concentration profiles of the ion species involved in the exchange process. The different oxidation states of copper inside the glass structure were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance and x-ray absorption techniques. Interdiffusion copper coefficients were also determined. The Cu–alkali exchange was observed to give rise to local structural rearrangement of the atoms in the glass matrix. The Cu+ ion was found to mainly govern the exchange process, while competition between Cu–Na and K–Na exchanges occurred when a potassium sulfate bath was used. In this case, significant waveguide modal birefringence was observed. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366816
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