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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of lymphocyte surface antigens in healthy neonates (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 257-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Lymphocyte phenotyping ; Neonatal lymphocytes Flow cytometry ; Normal values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using flow cytometric analysis we investigated the distribution of major lymphocyte surface antigens in newborn infants. A total of 221 newborns entered the study, of whom 53 fullfilled our criteria of healthy mature neonates. Percentages of immunofluorescent-positive cells were as follows (median and range from 25th to 75th percentiles given): for CD1 3.8%; 2.3%–5.8%. CD2 60.9%; 52.4%–66.8%. CD3 57.5%; 50.5%–63.3%. TcRaß 57.7%; 48.1%–60.0%. CD4 36.3%; 28.0%–42.6%. CD8 23.0%; 20.0%–27.4%. CD11a 56.3%; 46.3%–68.5%. CD19 12.1%; 8.6%–14.8%. CD20 10.9%; 8.4%–12.9%. CD25 2.6%; 2.1%–4.5%. CDw52 61.0%; 51.2%–76.1%. CD71 5.2%; 3.1%–9.3%. While the ranges for the percentage of immunofluorescent-positive cells were rather small, there was a wide variation in the absolute numbers of marker immunofluorescent-positive cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954514
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Safety and efficacy of interferon retreatment in children with chronic hepatitis B (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 157 (1998), S. 382-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Chronic hepatitis B ; Children ; Alpha-interferon ; Non-responder ; Retreatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract More than 50% of children with chronic hepatitis B do not respond to treatment with alpha-interferon. Since these patients continue to display high viral replication and progressive liver disease, retreatment should be considered. To date it has not been well evaluated whether a second course of treatment could increase the response rate. In two alpha-interferon retreatment trials in adult patients the response rate, defined by seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe, ranged between 11% and 44%. One beta-interferon retreatment study in children reported a seroconversion rate of 32%. Regrettably, none of the studies included a control group observing the `spontaneous' seroconversion rate after a first interferon cycle. Thus, a nonrandomized alpha-interferon retreatment study in children including control patients was performed. Alpha-interferon for retreatment was administered 3 times a week for 16–24 weeks in 15 children (5–16 years) at least 6 months after ceasing the first cycle. Four children received 5 MU/m2 of a natural alpha-interferon and 11 children 9 MU/m2 recombinant alpha-interferon 2b. Follow up was 18–47 months after initial treatment. In parallel, a control group of 19 un-retreated children with comparable clinical and demographic data was followed for 12–39 months. HBeAg seroconversion was observed in 5 (33%) of the retreated children and in 5 (26%) of the control patients during follow up. The difference is not significant. In the initially nonresponding children, those with high ALT levels before the first treatment showed late HBeAg seroconversion more frequently than those with low ALT levels (P = 0.017) irrespective of retreatment. The ALT level before retreatment was not a predictor for response. Conclusions A second cycle of alpha-interferon during the 3 years following the first treatment in nonresponding children with chronic hepatitis B can be safely performed but did not increase HBeAg/anti-HBe seroconversion compared with the spontaneous seroconversion rate of patients without retreatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050834
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of lymphocyte surface antigens in healthy neonates (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 257-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words: Lymphocyte phenotyping – Neonatal lymphocytes – Flow cytometry – Normal values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Using flow cytometric analysis we investigated the distribution of major lymphocyte surface antigens in newborn infants. A total of 221 newborns entered the study, of whom 53 fullfilled our criteria of healthy mature neonates. Percentages of immunofluorescent-positive cells were as follows (median and range from 25th to 75th percentiles given): for CD1 3.8%; 2.3% – 5.8%. CD2 60.9%; 52.4% – 66.8%. CD3 57.5%; 50.5% – 63.3%. TcRAβ 57.7%; 48.1% – 60.0%. CD4 36.3%; 28.0% – 42.6%. CD8 23.0%; 20.0% – 27.4%. CD11a 56.3%; 46.3% – 68.5%. CD19 12.1%; 8.6% – 14.8%. CD20 10.9%; 8.4% – 12.9%. CD25 2.6%; 2.1% – 4.5%. CDw 52 61.0%; 51.2% – 76.1%. CD71 5.2%; 3.1% – 9.3%. While the ranges for the percentage of immunofluorescent-positive cells were rather small, there was a wide variation in the absolute numbers of marker immunofluorescent-positive cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954514
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for induction of polysaccharide specific B-cell-memory in the 1st year of life: plain Haemophilus influenzae type b - PRP (Hib) boosters children primed with a tetanus-conjugate Hib-DTPa-HBV combined vaccine (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 156 (1996), S. 18-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Haemophilus influenzae type b  ;   Combination vaccine  ;  Immunological memory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The lack of an adequate immune response to the major polysaccharide of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsule (polyribosyl ribitol phosphate) (PRP) in very young infants (〈 18 months) can be overcome by conjugating PRP to a T-cell dependent carrier protein. We studied whether administration of a tetanus-PRP conjugate vaccine reconstituted with a diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B (DTPa-HBV) vaccine as a three dose primary course at 3, 4 and 5 months of age induced PRP-specific immunological memory, by examining the anti-PRP response to a dose of unconjugated PRP given with the DTPa-HBV booster approximately 1 year later. The unconjugated PRP elicited protective anti-PRP antibody levels (≥ 0.15 μg/ml) in all but 3 of the 369 vaccinees, including 13 infants who failed to demonstrate a measurable immune response after the primary course. In a sub-cohort of 54 subjects all had anti-PRP levels ≥ 0.5 μg/ml within 7–14 days of the booster showing a rapid anamnestic type response. Both primary and booster responses were predominantly IgG1 indicating a T-cell dependent response. The DTPa-HBV components elicited protective anti-diphtheria, anti-tetanus and anti-HBs antibody levels in ≥ 98.5% of vaccinees, and immune responses to each of the acellular pertussis vaccine components in 92.3%–97.3% of subjects. Conclusion The tetanus-PRP conjugate vaccine not only elicited a good primary humoral response, but also induced immunological memory so that the infants were able to mount a large and rapid immune response to subsequent exposure to plain PRP, indicating that protection against circulating wild-type Hib had been generated. Successful induction of immunological memory occurred even when there was no measurable humoral anti-PRP response to the primary course. Tetanus-PRP conjugate vaccine can be used in combination with DTPa-HBV vaccine, when administered separately or as a single injection in the same syringe, in primary immunisation schedules at 3, 4 and 5 months of age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050544
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of HbOC vaccine administered simultaneously with acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) into either arms or thighs of infants (1997)
    Springer
    Infection 25 (1997), S. 298-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of aHaemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (HbOC) and of a tricomponent acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) when injected simultaneously into either contralateral arms or into contralateral thighs, 110 infants were enrolled to receive three doses of DTaP at 3, 4, and 5 months and two HbOC doses at 3 and 5 months of age. Administration of either of the two vaccines into arms was associated with significantly more local side effects than administration into thighs. There was no difference in geometric mean concentration (GMC) values for any of the four vaccine antigens between subjects who had been vaccinated into arms or thighs. After immunization, all children had protective antibody titers to diphtheria toxin. While post vaccination the mean anti-tetanus toxoid GMC was ≥ 1.25 IU/ml, there was no significant rise as compared to the GMC before vaccination. GMCs of antibodies against the various pertussis antigens were similar to those observed before with the same DTaP vaccine. The simultaneous administration of DTaP and HbOC was safe and immunogenic irrespective of the site of vaccine administration, but significantly more local reactions occurred when vaccines were injected into arms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01720400
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Interaction of Buccal Mucosal Epithelial Cells with E. coli Bacteria Enhances the Intraepithelial Calcium Flux and the Release of Prostaglandin E2 (PgE2) (1999)
    Springer
    International urogynecology journal 10 (1999), S. 308-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-3023
    Keywords: Key words: Bacterial adherence; Intraepithelial calcium flux; Mucosal host defense; PgE2 release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Mucosal epithelial cells contribute significantly to host defense mechanisms. Uroepithelial cells (UEC) from healthy donors suppress bacterial growth in vitro. Bacterial adherence to UEC has been shown to be a prerequisite. Similar results have been shown for buccal epithelial cells (BEC). The host response triggered by the host–parasite interaction seems to involve signal transduction and intracellular activation of second messengers. In this study the intraepithelial calcium flux was analyzed in individual BEC after bacterial contact. BEC were derived from scrapes of the buccal mucosa and labelled with fluo-3 (a calcium indicator). Thereafter the cells were analyzed immediately with a FACscan flowcytometer. The intracellular events were evaluated before and after the addition of viable E. coli bacteria (strain 4389, K1O1H7, pili II pos.). For control, the influence of prostaglandins, histamine, PMA, LPS and opsonized avital E. coli on the epithelial calcium flux was investigated. Additionally, supernatants of BEC-E. coli cocultures were analyzed with respect to their PgE2 content. PgE2 concentrations in supernatants of BEC, cultured alone or together with E. coli, were measured by a commercial PgE2 ELISA kit. The addition of vital E. coli to BEC was promptly answered by a significant intracellular calcium flux. PgE2, histamine and PMA, but not PgF2α, PgE1, LPS and opsonized E. coli, increased intracellular calcium. BEC alone did not release PgE2. After coculture with E. coli increased levels of PgE2 were measured in the supernatants. PgE2 release was still enhanced by coactivation of the BEC with phorbolester (PMA). Our results confirm that calcium flux in mucosal epithelial cells is stimulated by the cell–bacteria contact. We suggest that the increased PgE2 release amplifies the stimulation of intraepithelial second messengers. The resulting cell activation may lead to the secretion of antimicrobial peptides, thereby contributing to the regulation of mucosal host resistance to bacterial infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001929970007
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ACE I/D gene polymorphism predicts renal damage in congenital uropathies (1999)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 13 (1999), S. 514-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words Angiotensin converting enzyme ; Angiotensin ; Polymorphism ; Uropathy ; Renal failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We investigated angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE I/D) polymorphism as a risk for progressive renal damage in congenital uropathies. The ACE I/D genotype was determined in 196 Caucasian patients with congenital uropathies and 163 individuals with no clinical or sonographic evidence of any urological malformations. The study group included patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (n=49), primary obstructive megaureter (n=19), primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) (n=67), and posterior urethral valves (n=27). Thirty-four patients were excluded because of additional diseases or insufficient follow-up. There was no difference in the ACE I/D distribution between children with uropathies and normal controls (II 16%, ID 56%, DD 28% vs. II 26%, ID 50%, DD 24%). Renal lesions were found in 99 of 162 children by ultrasonography, intravenous pyelography, and nuclear scans. In these children there was significant over-representation of the DD genotype (II 11%, ID 53%, DD 36%) compared with normals (P〈0.005, X2=14.9) or with patients with uropathies but no renal lesions (II 23%, ID 62%, DD 15%, P〈0.005, X2=14.9). Because ACE I/D has been linked with progressive deterioration of renal function, we evaluated a subset of patients with initially normal kidneys who developed radiographic renal lesions (n=28). Among these patients there was an even greater over-representation of the DD genotype (II 0%, ID 43%, DD 57%, P〈0.001, X2=22.6) compared with patients with uropathies but no radiographic lesions. Multivariate analysis revealed that the DD genotype is a risk factor for parenchymal destruction, which was independent of time of diagnosis, surgical intervention, or urinary tract infection. This finding was particularly relevant in patients with VUR who constituted the majority with initially normal kidneys who developed radiographic damage (22/28). Indeed, the odds ratio of developing parenchymal damage with VUR was significantly increased if the individual had the DD genotype (4.2, 95% confidence interval 1.4–13.0). In conclusion the ACE I/D gene polymorphism is a risk factor for renal parenchymal damage in patients with congenital urological abnormalities and appears particularly relevant in children with VUR, where it is an independent predisposing factor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004670050649
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agammaglobulinämie bei einem gemischtgeschlechtlichen Geschwisterpaar mit dem phänotypischen Bild des Morbus Bruton (1998)
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 146 (1998), S. 754-757 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Autosomal-rezessiv vererbte Agammaglobulinämie ; Gestörte B-Lymphozyten-Reifung ; Deletion auf Chromosom 14 ; Key words Agammaglobulinemia ; Autosomal-recessive inheritance ; Blocked B-cell maturation ; Deletion on chromosome 14
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We report the clinical and laboratory results of a family where one boy and one girl presented with a clinical picture resembling the X-linked agammaglobulinemia known as Bruton´s disease. Both children showed severe bacterial infections starting at the age of around 6 months, a lack of all immunoglobulin classes and absence of mature B-cells in the peripheral blood. With respect to reports from the literature these results are yet another indicator for the existence of an autosomal-recessiv disorder with the same clinical make-up as Bruton´s disease. A deletion on chromosome 14 leading to the disorder was identified. Discussion: In this case report a rare type of autosomal-recessive immunologic disorder with deficient B-cell development, that has to be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of primary lack of antibody production, is presented. The clinical course seems to be more severe than that found in X-linked agammaglobulinemia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein gemischtgeschlechtliches Geschwisterpaar konsanguiner Eltern mit dem klinischen Krankheitsbild einer infantilen, geschlechtsgebundenen Agammaglobulinämie (Bruton-Agammaglobulinämie) wurde untersucht. Beide Kinder zeigten bei der Erstvorstellung im 1. Lebenshalbjahr schwere bakterielle Infektionen mit deutlich verminderten Konzentrationen aller Immunglobulinklassen sowie ein Fehlen reifer B-Lymphozyten im peripheren Blut. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse ließen vermuten, daß bei beiden Kindern ein autosomal-rezessiver Erbgang vorliegt. Die Existenz einer solchen Erkrankungsform war bereits in früheren Beschreibungen weniger Fälle einer primären Agammaglobulinämie bei Mädchen vermutet worden. Durch Kopplungsanalyse konnte bei den Kindern ein Gendefekt auf Chromosom 14 lokalisiert werden. Diskussion: Bei dem beschriebenen Krankheitsbild handelt es sich um eine seltene Form eines humoralen Immundefekts mit autosomal-rezessivem Erbgang und gestörter B-Zell-Reifung, der in die Differentialdiagnose der Antikörpermangelkrankheiten aufgenommen werden sollte. Nach dem bisherigen Kenntnisstand scheint der Verlauf schwerer zu sein als bei Kindern mit der X-chromosomal vererbten Form des infantilen Antikörpermangels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001120050317
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bedeutung der Erreger- Wirts-Beziehung für die Kolonisierung und Infektion mit Hämophilus influenzae (1998)
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 146 (1998), S. 304-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hämophilus influenzae ; Bakterielle Adhärenz ; Mukosa-Epithelzelle ; H.I.-Impfung ; Key wordsHaemophilus influenzae ; Bacterial adherence ; Mucosal epithelial cell ; H.I.-vaccine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The following overview describes the conditions of the host-parasite relationship which are important for the infection with Haemophilus influenzae (H.I.). New epidemiological data point out that the general vaccination of infants and children with the HIB-conjugate vaccine has been followed by a shift from encapsulated H.I. type B to unencapsulated, low-virulent strains. However, unencapsulated H.I. strains have been cultured increasingly from blood samples of patients with severe septicemic infections. Elderly patients with underlying chronic lung disease as well as children are affected. It is well accepted that in the pathogenesis of H.I.-infection bacterial adherence to mucosal epithelial cells of the oropharynx precedes colonization. However, bacterial pili as special virulence factors that promote binding to epithelial cell receptors (=bacterial adherence) have been especially demonstrated in vitro on the low virulent, unencapsulated H.I.-strains and are lacking on most in vitro grown encapsulated strains. Nevertheless, unencapsulated strains were taken from oropharyngeal swaps while encapsulated strains originated from blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid. The published controversial data on the adhesive capacity of H.I.B./H.I. as a virulence property are discussed. We propose to analyze systematically the host-parasite interaction with unencapsulated H.I.-strains in order to protect patients at risk from infections with these bacteria showing increasing clinical virulence. It would be desireable to develop H.I.B./H.I. vaccines that contain ”common” antigens of unencapsulated H.I.-strains in addition to the type B-capsular antigens.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach Einführung der Konjugatimpfung gegenüber Typ-B-kapseltragenden Hämophilus-influenzae-Bakterien wurde im Kindesalter eine Verschiebung des Erregerspektrums zu nicht-kapseltragenden Erregern beobachtet. Allerdings werden zunehmend nicht-kapseltragende Erreger auch bei Hämophiluserkrankungen mit septischem Verlauf kulturell nachgewiesen. Auch ältere Risikopatienten mit chronischen Lungenerkrankungen weisen ein erhöhtes Risiko auf, septische Hämophilusinfektionen zu erleiden, wobei Virulenzfaktoren wie Typ-B-Kapselbildung nur in der Hälfte der Fälle eine Rolle spielen. Für die Pathogenese der Hämophilusinfektion wird eine bakterielle Adhärenz an Oropharyngealepithelien als Voraussetzung der Kolonisierung postuliert. Adhäsine (bakterielle Pili mit Bindungsstellen für Epithelrezeptoren) lassen sich in vitro in aller Regel v.a. bei unbekapselten, im klinischen Alltag als weniger virulent geltenden Hämophilusstämmen nachweisen. Allerdings stimmen die Entnahmeorte von unbekapselten (zumeist Oropharyngealabstriche) und kapseltragenden Erregern (zumeist Blut- bzw. Liquorkultur) nicht überein. So wird nach kritischer Wertung der Literaturdaten aus experimentellen Untersuchungen diskutiert, wie sich die kontroversen Befunde bezüglich der Hämophilusadhärenz an der Wirtszelle im Zusammenhang mit der Erregervirulenz erklären lassen. Als Ausblick erscheint es wesentlich, die Erreger-Wirts-Beziehung der unbekapselten, als weniger virulent geltenden Erreger systematisch zu untersuchen, um Risikopatienten zukünftig auch gegenüber diesen klinisch zunehmend virulenteren Erregern zu schützen. Es wäre wünschenswert, daß zukünftige Impfstoffe neben den Immunisierungskomponenten gegenüber Typ-B-Kapselantigenen zusätzliche Bakterienantigene, die sich bei den ursprünglich als weniger virulent geltenden Erregerstämmen finden, enthielten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001120050273
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