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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection biases invalidate current low birthweight weight-for-gestation standards (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 104 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To obtain unbiased estimates of the variation of birthweight with gestation in infants born before 32 weeks of gestation.Setting The former Northern Regional Health Authority.Design Information on birthweight was collected during a collaborative study of every registered and unregistered birth at 22 to 31 weeks of gestation in the region in 1983 and 1990 to 1991. These birthweights were then related to computer-generated Tyneside norms for all registered births at 28 to 42 weeks of gestation between 1984 and 1991. Some local information was also collected on fetal weight after termination of pregnancy on social grounds at 16 to 21 weeks of gestation.Results Weight centiles constructed after excluding infants with a gross, externally visible, malformation and those dying before the onset of labour suggest that previously published European standards have overestimated birthweight in infants 〈 28 weeks of gestation, some low centiles being 30% in error. Female and first-bom infants weighed 4% less than their male and later-born counterparts at all gestations studied. A single correction factor can therefore be used to correct for sex and parity, eliminating the need for separate centile graphs. Twin pregnancy was associated with a 10% reduction in mean birthweight in pregnancies lasting 〈 37 weeks, and this difference increased progressively in pregnancies lasting longer than this.Conclusion The small number of low birthweight infants in previous datasets and the selective exclusion of all nonregistered births have made previous second trimester weight-for-gestation norms unreliable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11041.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE EFFECT OF NORADRENALINE INFUSION ON THE RELATION BETWEEN PULMONARY VENTILATION AND THE ALVEOLAR Po2 AND Pco2, IN MAN (1963)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 109 (1963), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13504.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fitting ν Linear Relations to n Variables all liable to Error (1960)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 185 (1960), S. 338-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] D. E. Barton and C. L. Mallows8, discussing methods of curve-fitting other than least-squares, mention J. Berkson's method4 of the 'controlled variable'. This method is based on the assumption that if in a series of experiments we adjust one variable as nearly as we can to a series of pre-selected ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/185338a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cholesterol Esters of the Human Brain During Fetal and Early Postnatal Development: Content and Fatty Acid Composition (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 36 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The content and fatty acid composition of cholesterol esters of the human brain during development from 13 weeks' gestation up to 26 months of age was studied. The three major brain areas, the forebrain, cerebellum, and the brain stem, were studied separately. The concentration of the esters in each brain region was the highest at the earliest fetal age of 13 weeks and fell during growth. However, transient rises in the concentration were observed, at about birth in the forebrain and at 4–5 months after birth in the cerebellum The peak concentration during the transient period (125–150 μg/g fresh tissue of forebrain and 100–125 μg/g of cerebellum) was similar to the concentrations observed in the two parts respectively during early fetal ages. The brain stem also showed similar transient peak at about a few weeks before birth, but only when the esters were expressed as amount per cell. In absolute terms, a clear transient period was evident in the forebrain between birth and 9 months, while in the cerebellum or the brain stem, the total amount of the esters increased up to about 1 year of age and then remained almost unchanged. The major fatty acids of the esters were palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acid. Most of these fatty acids showed certain changes in relative proportions during development. Thus, in the forebrain, palmitic and oleic acid decreased from about 32% and 40% (weight percentages) at 13–15 weeks of gestation to about 20% and 25% respectively at 26 months of age. During this period, linoleic and arachidonic acid increased from about 3% and S% to about 10% and 24%, respectively. Most of these changes occurred after birth. The cerebellum and the brain stem differed only slightly from the forebrain in either the fatty acid composition or the pattern of the developmental changes in the composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb01646.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A controlled trial of hyposensitization with adsorbed tyrosine Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen in childhood asthma: in vivo aspects (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Continuing study for a second year and further analysis of a double-blind placebo controlled trial, already briefly reported, of injections of tyrosine-adsorbed, glutaraldehyde-modified Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen in fifty-one children with perennial asthma and positive bronchial challenge to the antigen, confirms that the patients receiving the treatment reduced their symptomatic medication more than controls, without deterioration of symptoms. Some became symptom-free, when off all treatment.A double-blind placebo controlled trial of continuing treatment for a second year gave evidence of deterioration when the treatment was stopped.Within the treatment group, the improvement was associated with loss of late (6 hr) reaction to bronchial provocation with the antigen, but was not associated with change of immediate (20 min) reaction in lungs or skin. Those who improved in the placebo group did not lose their late reaction.There was a trend for similar benefit from active treatment in the control group, during the second year, though less than in the original active group, and only one lost his late reaction.Only one of the six children with very severe early onset asthma improved.Local reactions to either active or placebo (tyrosine) were seen in half the patients; these were mild and did not influence the treatment. Systemic symptoms occurred shortly after four active injections and after two placebo injections; only one patient stopped the treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1984.tb02200.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro investigations in asthmatic children undergoing hyposensitization with tyrosine-adsorbed Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Successful hyposensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in perennial childhood asthma was associated with a slight mean rise of serum IgG antibody to the mite antigen in contrast to a placebo group in whom this antibody fell slightly. No relationship was detected between the effect on asthma and the magnitude of this change, Nor was there any consistent effect on IgE or IgA antibody.There was a wide range of total serum IgE and IgE, IgG and IgA antibody to D. pteronyssinus before treatment; this level did not predict the effect of treatment. Some patients lacked IgA antibody.IgE antibody to timothy grass pollen was raised in some but not others. These levels did not change systematically during the study and improvement occurred in those who had this antibody as well as IgE antibody to D. pteronyssinus.IgG and IgE antibodies to D. pteronyssinus were significantly correlated in the pre-treatment samples.Lymphocyte thymidine uptake was lower after 8 weeks of treatment than in the control group, not only after stimulus with D. pteronyssinus antigen, in vitro, but also with antigen from Candida albicans. This was not a serum effect.The late bronchial provocation response was lost only in those with serum IgA less than the log mean for age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1984.tb02201.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    POLYAMINES OF THE HUMAN BRAIN DURING NORMAL FETAL AND POSTNATAL GROWTH AND DURING POSTNATAL MALNUTRITION (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 28 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— The concentrations of the polyamines and putrescine were measured in the brains of human infants during fetal and early postnatal development. The concentrations of the amines were also measured in the brains of children who were malnourished during the first 2 years of life. In the brains of the adequately-nourished infants there were differences in the developmental profiles of the amines between different regions of the brain, and the changes in polyamine concentrations paralleled changes in nucleic acid accumulation. The concentration of putrescine was much higher than that of the polyamines in all regions of the brain, and in the brain stem there were marked increases in putrescine concentration at the time of most rapid rate of myelination. Putrescine also increased markedly in the forebrain at the time of neuroblast multiplication in the fetus. In children malnourished during the first year of life there were reductions in the concentrations of spermidine and putrescine in the forebrain and brainstem, but spermine was unaffected. Malnutrition had no effect on the concentration of any of the amines in the cerebellum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb12324.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Classifying perinatal death: an obstetric approach (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 93 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. Consultation between the clinicians and epidemiologists responsible for the Perinatal Mortality Surveys in Scotland and in the Northern Regional Health Authority in England showed that the classification of perinatal death introduced more than 30 years ago by Sir Dugald Baird still retained its utility, but that unintentional differences in the way cases were being classified had threatened the validity of temporal or geographical comparisons. To overcome this problem an effort has now been made to define the main terms used in this classification more precisely. To preserve continuity, the main structure of the original groupings has been retained; but the opportunity has been taken to adjust certain minor groups in conformity with recent ideas, and also to modify definitions to take into account the greatly improved prognosis for babies of very low birthweight. Otherwise, it is thought that subclassification of the main groups offers a better method of exploring new hypotheses than any radical alteration of the main groups themselves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1986.tb07853.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Classifying perinatal death: fetal and neonatal factors (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 93 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. It has been common practice in the United Kingdom for more than 30 years to classify perinatal deaths according to the maternal condition that initiated the events that led to death. However, such an approach tends to ignore the baby as an individual in his or her own right. The need for an additional classification that identifies the pathological processes occurring in the baby in every perinatal death has long been recognized, and the classification adopted in the 1958 British Perinatal Mortality Survey has now been revised with this need in mind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1986.tb07854.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SPINAL CORD INJURY OF THE FETUS DURING DELIVERY WITH KIELLAND'S FORCEPS (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 81 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A patient, whose membranes had been ruptured for 60 hours, was delivered at term by Kiellanďs forceps rotation under general anaesthesia of a baby with complete spinal paralysis below C.2. No amniotic fluid was seen during labour or delivery. Although there were no external signs of trauma to the cord or spine at autopsy, sections of the cord revealed interstitial haemorrhage with laceration and oedema at the level of C.2. This damage may have been caused by failure of the trunk to rotate with the head in the absence of amniotic fluid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1974.tb00439.x
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