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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of endogenous serum proteins in normal and oedematous brain tissue of cat by rocket and crossed immunoelectrophoresis (1990)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 105 (1990), S. 169-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Brain oedema ; serum proteins ; immunoelectrophoresis ; cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A quantitative method for determination of endogenous serum proteins has been established and tested in an experimental model of peritumoural brain oedema in cats. Rocket and crossed immunoelectrophoresis were applied for determination of total serum proteins, albumin, IgG and haemoglobin in blood and brain homogenates. Modifications such as the use of non-ionic detergents and of antisera with different specificity were established for each antigen under investigation. The content of total serum proteins, albumin and IgG was substantially higher in tumour and peritumoural brain tissue than in the non-oedematous brain. The measurement of haemoglobin allowed the calculation of blood volume and, in consequence, the differentiation between intra- and extravascular serum proteins. The results are in line with earlier measurements obtained by different analytical methods and demonstrate that the present technique provides a reliable approach for the quantitative assessment of serum protein extravasation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01670002
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator-induced thrombolysis after cerebral thromboembolism in mice (2000)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 99 (2000), S. 219-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Thromboembolism ; Thrombolysis ; Mouse ; Middle cerebral artery occlusion ; Focal ischemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of intracarotid thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (rt-PA) on cerebral laser Doppler flow (LDF) and the degree of ischemic injury, as revealed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, were studied 24 h following cerebral thromboembolism in mice. Thromboembolization with fibrin-rich clot material (0.28-μl clot volume) led to an LDF decline to about 20–30% of baseline in untreated mice, which resulted in reproducible infarcts of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory (122.8 ± 29.4 mm3). Administration of rt-PA (10 mg/kg) 15 min after clot injection induced a progressive LDF restoration to ≈ 115% of control values after 2 h, and brought about a significant reduction of the infarct volume (62.3 ± 42.4 mm3). Our results indicate that ischemic injury may be significantly attenuated by intracarotid thrombolysis. However, injury is not completely reversed, even if reperfusion is initiated as early as 15 min after embolization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00007430
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between specific gravity, water content, and serum protein extravasation in various types of vasogenic brain edema (1984)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 64 (1984), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Vasogenic brain edema ; Specific gravity ; Protein extravasation ; Blood volume ; Cats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vasogenic brain edema was induced in cats by cold injury (six animals), brain tumors (five animals), and brain abscesses (six animals). Water and electrolyte content, specific gravity, blood volume, and the amount of extravasated serum proteins were determined in small tissue samples taken from gray and white matter at various distances from the lesion. Edema was strictly confined to the white matter of the affected hemisphere and declined from the lesion to the more peripheral regions. It was characterized by the extravasation of serum proteins and an increase of water and sodium content with little or unpredictable changes of potassium and blood volume. The calculated sodium content of edema fluid varied between 129 and 135 μeq/ml, and serum protein content between 8.1 and 11.9 mg/ml. In all three types of edema, specific gravity and water content correlated closely with the same slope and intercept of the calculated regression (y=1.119–0.0011x,r=−0.91). The results obtained indicate that the main denominator of specific gravity of edematous white matter is water content and that this relationship is not significantly altered by variations of blood volume or serum protein content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695604
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of ischemic neuronal damage in the dorsal hippocampus of rat (1988)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 76 (1988), S. 411-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ischemia ; Selective vulnerability ; Hippocampus ; Timm-stain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Selective neuronal death was investigated in dorsal hippocampus of rats subjected to 30 min of four-vessel occlusion (4VO) and recirculation times of 3, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h. Anatomical orientation was achieved in different subsectors by use of histochemical techniques for the enzyme acetylcholin-esterase (AChE) and for heavy metals (Timm-stain). A systematic study of subsectors was performed in different section levels from mid-dorsal levels to the septal pole of the hippocampus. In the hilus of the dentate gyrus, there was early neuronal injury accompanied by microvacuolation of the neuropil. Delayed neuronal death occurred in sector CA1 in parallel to CA2 damage. The use of the Timm-stain allowed the first direct documentation of involvement of CA2 in ischemic injury. The CA3 sector was largely spared from lesions at mid-dorsal levels. At the septal extreme, however, there were lesions of CA3 pyramidal cells, and also portions of the dentate gyrus granule cells were affected. These findings demonstrate that all areas of the hippocampus can be involved in ischemic injury, depending on their position along the temporoseptal axis of the hippocampal formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686979
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of intravascular saline perfusion on the sequelae of transient cerebral ischemia (1971)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 68-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Transient Cerebral Ischemia ; Pial Circulation ; Neurophysiology ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zuammenfassung Passagere Globalischämie wurde an Katzen durch Unterbrechung der Blutversorgung des Gehirns unter direkter Beobachtung der Piagefäße erzeugt. Die piale Zirkulation konnte nur kurzfristig nach der Ischämie wiederhergestellt werden, doch wurde die postischämische Zirkulation durch intravasale Perfusion des Gehirns mittels verschiedener Salzlösungen beträchtlich verbessert. Der Funktionszustand der neuronalen Aktivität wurde mittels EEG und Pyramidenreaktion (PR) nach elektrischer Reizung des motorischen Cortex geprüft. Perfundierte und nichtperfundierte Katzen wurden im Hinblick auf die Struktur und Funktion des motorischen Cortex in der frühen postischämischen Periode verglichen. Bei perfundierten Tieren kamen die neurophysiologischen Signale nach Ischämie von wesentlich längerer Dauer wieder, als ber nichtperfundierten Katzen. Schwere strukturelle Veränderungen fanden sich an Capillaren, Neuronen und Gliazellen, wenn die Ischämie lange genug anhielt, um die PR zu unterdrücken. Bei perfundierten Tieren fehlten solche Veränderungen selbst nach Ischämie bis zu 30 min Dauer. Die gesteigerte Toleranz des Gehirns gegenüber Ischämie infolge intravasaler Durchströmung erscheint durch zumindest zwei verschiedene Mechanismen bedingt. Die Eliminierung metabolischer Schlackenstoffe verringert vermutlich die Gewebsschäden während der Ischämie und die verbesserte postischämische Zirkulation verhindert sekundäre ischämische Schäden.
    Notes: Summary Transient global ischemia was produced in cats by interrupting the arterial blood supply to the brain under direct observation of the pial vessels. The pial circulation could be restored only for a brief period after ischemia but intravascular rinsing of the brain during ischemia with various saline solutions considerably improved the postischemic circulation. The functional status of neuronal activity was assessed by recording the EEG and the pyramidal response (PR) after electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. Perfused and nonperfused cats were compared with regard to the structure and function of the motor cortex in the early postischemic period. The neurophysiological signals recovered after ischemia of much longer duration in the perfused animals than in the nonperfused cats. Severe structural alterations were seen in capillaries, neurons and glial cells when ischemia was long enough to suppress the PR. In the perfused animals these changes were virtually absent even after ischemia up to 30 min duration. The increased tolerance of the brain to ischemia produced by the intravascular rinsing appears to result from at least two different mechanisms. Elimination of metabolic waste products presumably reduces tissue damage during ischemia and the improved postischemic circulation prevents secondary ischemic lesions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00684742
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microvascular disturbances and edema formation after repetitive ischemia of gerbil brain (1988)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 75 (1988), S. 288-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Brain edema ; Cerebral microcirculation ; Hypoperfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three transient episodes of 5 min ischemia spaced at 1-h intervals were produced in Mongolian gerbils by bilateral carotid artery occlusion with an implanted vascular occlusion device. The interval of 1 h was chosen to allow for the development of postischemic hypoperfusion between the ischemic episodes. Three minutes and 1 h after each ischemic episode, and 6 and 24 h after the third occlusion, Evan's blue (EB) was injected intravenously to trace circulating blood, and the number of perfused capillaries was determined in various brain regions by fluorescence microscopy. Brain edema was evaluated by measuring specific gravity in tissue samples taken from adjacent areas. Repetitive ischemia caused progressively increasing brain edema and a progressive reduction of the number of perfused capillaries. Immediately after each ischemic episode, transient recruitment of capillaries occurred, thus excluding noreflow as a main pathogenetic factor of microcirculatory disturbances. The pattern of microcirculation 6 and 24 h after the last occlusion revealed a redistribution of circulating blood, characterized by a reduction in the number of EB-filled capillaries associated with a noticeable dilatation of the larger vascular channels. Our studies suggest a close interrelationship between post-ischemic microcirculatory hypoperfusion and the development of brain edema, the degree and extent of which progresses with the repetition of ischemic episodes when they are carried out during the periods of hypoperfusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690537
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective vulnerability in the gerbil hippocampus: Morphological changes after 5-min ischemia and long survival times (1990)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 80 (1990), S. 18-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ischemia ; Hippocampus ; Resistant neurons ; Recirculation time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the hippocampus of Mongolian gerbils was investigated by light and electron microscopy after 5-min forebrain ischemia and survival times of up to 10 months. After 3 weeks recirculation only 5.8% of pyramidal neurons of the CA1 (cornu ammonis 1) sector had survived but the thickness of the inner and outer hippocampal layers did not change. After recirculation times of 6 and 10 months the number of surviving neurons declined no further but all layers of the CA1 subfield shrank markedly. Ultrastructurally, many but not all surviving CA1 neurons were altered. After 3 weeks both “dark” and “pale” type neurons were present, while after 6 and 10 months only the “pale” type of injury persisted. Axonal enlargements and myelin breakdown were observed at all survival times up to 10 months of recirculation. The astrocytes of CA1 sector contained numerous glial fibrils which were most pronounced after the longer recirculation times. The stratum radiatum presented intact presynaptic terminals densely packed with an abundance of clear vesicles even after survival of 10 months. Initially, morphologically damaged postsynaptic structures were still attached to these terminals but they disappeared after longer recirculation times. However, even after 10 months some intact synapses were observed involving dendrites which probably originated from surviving CA1 neurons. In CA3 sector and dentate gyrus no ultrastructural changes occurred at any survival time. The close association of surviving CA1 neurons with intact presynaptic terminals and reactive glial cells may be of importance for the development of epileptogenic foci which are characteristic of this particular brain region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294217
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A specific immunofluorescence technique for the demonstration of vasogenic brain edema in paraffin embedded material (1979)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 45 (1979), S. 47-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Immunofluorescence ; Edema ; Paraffin sections ; Serum proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum proteins as constituents of vasogenic brain edema were visualized both macroscopically and microscopically applying a double layer immunofluorescence technique to paraffin embedded material derived from three experimental series: peritumorous edema following xeno-transplantation of glioma cells, edema after cerebral embolization with micropheres, and edema after unilateral MCA occlusion. Exclusively cats were used as experimental animals. The staining procedures resulted in selective green fluorescence of vessel contents as well as edema protein, which was demonstrable even macroscopically at times, where edema formation reaches a maximum in each experimental series. Microscopically, serum protein could be traced up to the end of observation time ranging from 1 to 4 weeks, where the specific fluorescence was related to cellular structures. As compared to other techniques employed in brain edema localization, immunostaining mainly offers the following advantages: avoidance of in vivo tracing, better structural resolution in paraffin than in freeze sections, high specificity and sensitivity in antigen localization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691804
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of dexamethasone on serum protein extravasation in experimental brain infarcts of monkey: An immunohistochemical study (1985)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 65 (1985), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental infarcts ; Monkeys ; Brain edema ; Morphometry ; PAP staining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Experimental brain infarcts were produced in 12 adult baboons (Papio cynocephalus) by transorbital permanent clipping of the left middle cerebral artery. One group (seven monkeys) received daily injections of 1 mg/kg dexamethasone, starting 1 h after vascular occlusion and continuing till the end of the experiment. Another group (five monkeys) was not treated. One week after vascular occlusion the volume of infarcts and peri-infarct edema was estimated morphometrically on histological sections, using Masson's trichrome stain and the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) technique for visualization of serum protein extravasation. In the untreated animals the average volume of infarct was 6.57±4.23% (mean±SD) and the volume of edema 7.83±2.93% of ipsilateral hemisphere. In the treated animals the infarct volume was not different (7.95±3.00%), but the volume of peri-infarct edema was significantly lower (2.82±3.06%,p〈0.05). The results obtained indicate that dexamethasone treatment reduces the development of peri-infarct edema but does not influence the size of infarcts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687005
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of dexamethasone on serum protein extravasation and edema development in experimental brain tumors of cat (1983)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 223-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental brain tumor ; Brain edema ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Serum protein extravasation ; Corticosteroid therapy ; Cats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Experimental brain tumors were produced in 20 cats by stereotaxic xenotransplantation of a blastomatous glial cell clone into the internal capsule of the left hemisphere. Ten of these animals were treated after 2 weeks with a single injection of 10 mg dexamethasone in crystalline suspension. Three weeks after xenotransplantation vascular permeability was studied by electron microscopy with horseradish peroxidase as the barrier tracer (four animals), and extravasation of serum proteins was visualized by immunohistochemistry, using an image processing system (16 animals). In animals used for immunohistochemistry, the water content of peritumoral brain tissue was also determined. In both treated and untreated animals, spherical tumors with a diameter of about 10 mm were present at the implantation site. Extravasation of horseradish peroxidase was detected only in the tumor, but there was accumulation of serum proteins both in the tumor and the peritumoral white matter. Edema, in consequence, originated mainly in the tumor from where it spread into the surrounding brain tissue. Corticosteroid therapy reduced the water content of peritumoral brain tissue but did not affect increased barrier permeability of tumor vessels, and only slightly improved peritumoral accumulation of serum proteins. It is concluded that amelioration of tumor edema by corticosteroids cannot result solely from tightening of the blood-brain barrier to circulating macromolecules but must be due to an active restoration of cerebral water homeostasis despite persisting serum protein extravasation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691870
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