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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 129-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebrovascular development ; Microvascular architecture ; Rat cerebellum ; Scanning electron microscope ; Vascular casting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary External and internal microvascular architectures of the developing rat cerebellar cortex, from embryonic day 18 to postnatal day 14 and in adults, were studied using a cerebrovascular casting method for scanning electron-microscopic observation. The external vascularization of the developing cerebellum showed the most significant alteration in vascular morphology at the stage of intensive proliferation of matrix cells in the external granular layer (EGL) from birth to postnatal day 4. It consisted of multiple luminal protrusion of the vessels, septum formation in the lumina, and small, ring-like anastomoses. Moreover, at the end of this stage, these structures of the vessels disappeared and the subarachnoid space was filled with newly-formed microvascular networks. Thereafter, architectural change of the developing pial vessels was mainly accomplished by elongation of each contorted vessel of the network. Concerning internal vascularization, a few vessels connected with the pial vessels were observed in the cerebellar plate forming a loose, simple network in the deeper neural parenchyma before the stage of foliation began. During the period of thickening of the EGL, however, there was no alteration in vascularity of the parenchyma other than the architectural changes proportionate to the newly-formed folia. It was during the synaptogenetic stage in the internal granular layer that the earliest intraneural vascular plexuses were formed. The vascular network in the molecular layer was formed after disappearance of the EGL. These findings suggest that vascular proliferation correlated with EGL-formation pertains to the pial vessels, and not the intraneural ones, which develop after neuronal cell migration in the developing cerebellum has taken place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hirano body ; Neurofilament ; Peripheral nerve ; Neuromuscular junction ; Progressive external ophthalmoplegia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Inclusions, ultrastructurally identical with Hirano bodies which were previously believed to be limited to the central nervous system (CNS), were found both within peripheral myelinated nerve axons and within terminal axons of neuromuscular junctions in the ocular muscles of an autopsied woman who had suffered from progressive external ophthalmoplegia with multisystemic involvements. Electron micrographs showed the inclusions to consist of beaded filaments or lattice-like structures with filamentous elements continuing onto neurofilaments in the axon. The corelation of these new pathological findings in peripheral nerve axons and ophthalmoplegia is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human ; Amputation ; Retrograde degeneration ; Spinal cord ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A pathological study was conducted on an autopsied patient who had undergone amputation of the right arm at the level of the shoulder 38 years prior to death. The numbers of anterior horn cells, spinal ganglion cells and myelinated fibers in the anterior and posterior spinal roots at the cervical segments were examined quantitatively and compared with those of age-matched control subjects. On the amputation side, anterior horn cells, spinal ganglion cells and large myelinated fibers of the anterior and posterior roots were decreased in number. In addition, on the spared side, the medium-sized neurons of Rexed's lamina IX were shrunken, or decreased in number, and the number of small- and medium-sized myelinated fibers in the anterior roots was decreased. These findings indicate that the long-term effects of axonal amputation induce retrograde degeneration of the anterior horn and spinal ganglion cells on the amputation side, resulting in atrophy and a decrease of medium-sized neurons in the anterior horn even on the contralateral, spared side.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Parkinsonism-dementia complex ; Alzheimer's disease ; Progressive supranuclear palsy ; Neostriatum ; Nucleus accumbens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The neostriatum, nucleus accumbens and basal nucleus of Meynert (bnM) in the parkinsonismdementia complex of Guam (Guam PDC) were examined immunohistologically, ultrastructurally, quantitatively and topographically, and the results were compared with those in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Compared to neurologically normal controls, the number of large neurons in Guam PDC was reduced by approximately 70% in the caudate nucleus and putamen and by more than 90% in the nucleus accumbens. The decreased number of large neurons in the neostriatum was significantly correlated to that in the bnM. The remaining large neurons and many of the medium-sized neurons in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens were immunopositive for tau protein and contained varying amounts of 21- to 25-nm-wide paired helical filaments (PHFs) admixed with straight tubules. Curly fibers and circularly arranged reactive astrocytes were seen in the nucleus accumbens of many PDC patients. Collectively, these findings, which are similar in part to those of AD and differ from those of PSP, suggest that the large neurons in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens in Guam PDC degenerate through PHF formation, and that extremely severe loss of large neurons in the nucleus accumbens may be linked to marked degeneration of the limbic and ventral tegmental areas and nucleus dorsal raphe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Neuropathology ; Posterior column involvement ; Genetics ; Superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several missense mutations within exons 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the gene for Cu/Zn-binding superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been discovered to be involved in the development of chromosome 21q-linked familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). We describe here an autopsied patient with FALS, in whom we have recently identified a novel missense mutation in exon 1 of the SOD1 gene. The neuropathological findings were compatible with those described previously in patients with FALS with posterior column involvement. This suggests that mutations of the SOD1 gene may be responsible for this form of FALS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 34 (1976), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Parkinson's disease ; Lewy bodies ; Monoamine neuron system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A systematic study of the central and peripheral nervous systems in 3 cases of Parkinson's disease has demonstrated that Lewy bodies are present in 27 nuclei. Of these 20 nuclei (12 pigmented and 8 unpigmented) are involved in 2 or all 3 cases. It is noticed that the distribution of Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease described here corresponds surprisingly well to that of monoamine (dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin) cell bodies demonstrated in rats by the histochemical fluorescence method. This correlation is similar to that of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary changes in postencephalitic Parkinsonism as described by Ishii. Inasmuch as these viewpoints are also in agreement with previously reported biochemical data on Parkinsonism, it is suggested that Parkinsonism (idiopathic and postencephalitic) should represent a system degeneration of monoamine neuron systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Japanese Encephalitis ; Experimental ; Electron Microscopy ; Virus Particles in Neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Groß- und Kleinhirnrinde, Plexus chorioideus und Rückenmark von Mäusen wurden nach intracerebraler Inoculation einer Hirnemulsion mit Virus der Encephalitis japonica (JEV) elektronenoptisch untersucht, um den Ort der JEV-Replikation zu bostimmen. 72 Std nach der Inoculation bei Beginn der encephalitischen Symptome enthielten 70 bis 80% aller Rindenneurone und Vorderhornzellen viele sphärische Partikel, die meist im zarten endoplasmatischen Reticulum (EPR) und vereinzelt im granulären EPR lokalisiert waren. Die Einzelpartikel zeigten eine gleichförmige Substruktur aus einem elektronendichten zentralen Hof von 25–30 mμ Durchmesser, einer äußeren, weniger elektronendichten Zone und einer äußersten Grenzmembran von 40 mμ Durchmesser. 96 Std nach der Inoculation zeigte das Cytoplasma der Rinden- und Vorderhornneurone sehr viele Vacuolen und Vesiceln. Partikel wurden weit verstreut in den Vacuolen und Vesiceln sowie erstmals im ERP der Sternzellen und Purkinjezellen angetroffen, allerdings in geringerer Zahl. Keine derartigen Partikel wurden in Kontrolltieren und normalen Mäusegruppen angetroffen. Sogenannte eosinophile intranucleäre Einschlüsse in Epithelzellen des Plexus chorioideus zeigten keine derartigen Partikel im Kern oder in den cytoplasmatischen Bläschen. Nachdem keine als JEV identifizierbaren Partikel in Glia- und Endothelzellen nachzuweisen waren, wird angenommen, daß das JEV echt neurotrop ist und sich im EPR der Nervenzellen repliziert.
    Notes: Summary Cerebral and cerebellar cortices, choroid plexus and spinal cord of mice, inoculated intracerebrally with a brain emulsion containing Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), were studied electronmicroscopically to determine the cell type and the site of JEV replication. 72 hours after inoculation, when the mice began to show encephalitic symptoms, 70 to 80% of all cortical neurons and anterior horn cells contained many spherical particles mostly located in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a few in the granular endoplasmic reticulum. The individual particles demonstrated an uniform substructure consisting of an electron dense central core of 25–30 mμ diameter, an outer less electron dense zone and an outermost limiting membrane of 40 mμ diameter. 96 hours after inoculation, the cytoplasm of cortical neurons and anterior horn cells was observed to contain very many vacuoles and vesicles. Particles were found widely scattered throughout the vacuoles and vesicles, and were observed for the first time in the endoplasmic reticulum of the stellate neurons and in Purkinje cells, though fewer. No such particles were observed in control and normal mouse groups. So-called eosinophic intranuclear inclusions of epithelial cells of choroid plexus failed to show any particles in their nuclei or cytoplasmic vesicles. Considering that no particulate matter, identifiable as JEV, was identified within any of the glial cells or endothelium in this examination, it was concluded that JEV was really neurotropic and replicates in the endoplasmic reticulum of the neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 16 (1970), S. 220-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain Tumour ; Aldolase ; Isozyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mittels der Dünnschicht-Polyacrylamidgel-Elektrophorese wurden die Aldolase-Isozymmuster von repräsentativen Tumoren des Nervensystems untersucht. Die Profile der Aldolase-Isozyme scheinen eine Klassifizierung der untersuchten Tumoren in zwei Gruppen zuzulassen: Solche mit einer höheren Aktivität von Aldolase-C im A-C Satz (Astrocytome sowie solche mit einer ziemlich niederen bis nicht nachweisbaren Aktivität von Aldolase-C im A-C Satz (malignes Gliom, Neuroblastom, Neurinom, Meningiom, Hypophysenadenom, Pinealom, Craniopharyngiom, Sekundärcarcinom). Der Unterschied zwischen den Aldolase-Isozymmustern dieser beiden Gruppen bzw. von Tumoren ein und derselben Gruppe dürfte einen praktischen Wert für die Tumordiagnose besitzen. Ferner wird ein möglicher Ansatz zur Untersuchung des Problems der weiten Variation im Malignitätsgrad menschlicher Glioma diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Employing thin layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the aldolase isozyme patterns of representative tumours in the nervous system were examined. Based on the profiles of aldolase isozyme, the tumours tested seemed to be classified into two groups: those with a higher activity of aldolase C in A-C set (astrocytomas such as mixed type with oligodendroglioma, plump cell type and somewhat anaplastic type) and those with a rather low to no detectable activity of aldolase C in A-C set (malignant glioma, neuroblastoma, neurinoma, meningioma, pituitary adenoma, pinealoma, craniopharyngioma, secondary carcinoma). The difference between the aldolase isozyme patterns of these two groups or even of the tumours belonging to the same group may well have a practical value in tumour diagnosis. A possible approach to the problem of wide variation in the degree of malignancy of human gliomas is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Neuropathology ; Posterior column involvement ; Genetics ; Superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several missense mutations within exons 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the gene for Cu/Zn-binding superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been discovered to be involved in the development of chromosome 21q-linked familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). We describe here an autopsied patient with FALS, in whom we have recently identified a novel missense mutation in exon 1 of the SOD1 gene. The neuropathological findings were compatible with those described previously in patients with FALS with posterior column involvement. This suggests that mutations of the SOD1 gene may be responsible for this form of FALS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Basement membrane ; Capillary growth ; Seamless endothelial cell ; Regenerating capillary ; Experimental cerebral infarction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural analysis of capillary changes during the repair process of experimental cerebral infarction induced in rats was carried out with special reference to the endothelial basement membrane (BM) and seamless-type endothelial cells. Following degeneration of endothelial cells and pericytes, their BMs, without any interruption or fragmentation, were left in the lesion. Newly formed capillaries grew from vessels in the surrounding brain tissues into the reactive zone of infarcts. While the capillaries in cross-section possessed multilayered BMs, these membranes in tangential section comprised an outer BM with extremely wavy profile and an inner one showing a normal trilayered structure, uniformly enveloping the endothelial surface. It is therefore suggested that the sprouting of regenerating capillaries might invade the remaining cavities of BM, resulting from endothelial degeneration. In these new vessels, seamless-type endothelial cells lacking interendothelial contacts were observed frequently. These two different and previously unobserved findings appear to be at the heart of the regeneration mechanism of reactive capillary proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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