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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Applied Surface Science 47 (1991), S. 261-272 
    ISSN: 0169-4332
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Ionics 58 (1992), S. 13-21 
    ISSN: 0167-2738
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Ionics 50 (1992), S. 67-74 
    ISSN: 0167-2738
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 36 (1991), S. 317-337 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: β-NiAl ; Fe-Cr-Al alloys ; alumina formers ; reactive element effect ; oxidation mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation mechanism of the intermetallic compound β-NiAl and Fe-23Cr-5Al-0.2Zr alloys modified by reactive-element additions was studied in the temperature range 1273–1473 K by means of the two-stage oxidation method using the oxygen isotope18O as a tracer. It was found that outward cation diffusion predominates in the scale on β-NiAl. The contribution of the inward oxygen transport increased with increased reaction temperature and oxidation time. At 1473 K, implanted yttrium suppressed inward oxygen diffusion for oxidation times less than 1 hr. In the case of Fe-Cr-Al-Zr alloys the counter-current transport of reactants was observed on the non-implanted materials. Implanted yttrium was found to alter the transport mechanism. This effect appeared to be directly related to that of yttrium on the scale morphology and microstructure. Yttrium promoted the formation of cracks which provided an additional surface for the reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 43 (1992), S. 124-130 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß von Yttrium auf das Oxidationsverhalten der Legierung Ni-23Co-19Cr-12AI bei hohen TemperaturenDer Einfluß von 0.6 Gew.-% Yttrium auf das Oxidationsverhalten der für Hochtemperaturbeschichtungen verwendeten Legierung Ni-23Co-19Cr-12Al wurde unter isothermen und zyklischen Temperaturbedingungen in Luft bei 1373 und 1473 K untersucht. Die Reaktionen wurden thermogravimetrisch verfolgt, während die Ausgangsmaterialien und die oxidierten Proben mittels SEM, EDX, EPMA sowie Röntgenbeugung charakterisiert wurden. Im Falle der yttriumfreien Legierung traten starke Zunderabplatzungen auf, und es entstand eine tiefe Zone innerer Oxidation. Durch den Yttriumzusatz wurde die Oxidationsbeständigkeit beträchtlich verbessert, da hierdurch einmal die Zunderabplatzung unterdrückt und zum anderen die innere Oxidation beträchtlich verringert wurde.
    Notes: The effect of 0.6 wt.% yttrium addition on the oxidation behaviour of the coating material Ni-23Co-19Cr-12Al was studied under isothermal and thermal cycling conditions in air at 1373 and 1473 K. The reaction was followed thermogravimetrically while the SEM, EDX, EPMA and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to characterise the starting materials and the oxidized samples. Intensive spalling and the formation of a deep internal oxidation zone were observed in the case of the yttrium-free alloy. Yttrium strongly improved the oxidation resistance by substantial suppression of scale spalling and considerable reduction of internal oxidation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ein gemeinsamer Ansatz: Isotopische Exposition/SIMS-Analyse/REM zur Untersuchung des Anfangsstadiums der Oxidation von β-NiAL bei 1473 KDas Anfangsstadium der Oxidation von β-NiAl wurde bei 1473 K an unmodifiziertem Material und nach Y-Implantation untersucht. Hierzu wurde die 16O/18O-Zwei-Stufen-Oxidation in Kombination mit hochauflösender Sekundärionenmassenspektrometrie (SIMS) sowie Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (REM) eingesetzt. Es zeigt sich, daß die gebildeten Oxidschichten hinsichtlich der Zusammensetzung und des Gefüges nicht homogen sind. Deswegen war es erforderlich, analytische Methoden (SIMS und REM) mit sehr hoher Ortsauflösung bei höchstmöglicher Empfindlichkeit zu verwenden. Dadurch konnten die unterschiedlichen Wachstumsmechanismen in den einzelnen Bereichen der Oxidschicht auf den beiden verschiedenen Substrattypen identifiziert werden.
    Notes: The early oxidation stages of unmodified and yttrium-implanted β-NiAl have been studied at 1473 K using sequential isotopic exposure (so-called two-stage oxidation) combined with low and high resolution SIMS analysis and SEM characterization.The scales growing on unmodified material comprised typically a cracked morphology with oxide ridges growing outward from the cracks. Some ridges were formed at the reaction temperature during the first oxidation stage and continued growing during the second stage. This resulted in a network of ridges on the outer surface of the scale.Two regions: non-cracked areas and cracked round patches were observed in the scale on yttrium-implanted β-NiAl. No ridges but thin lace-like oxide was formed in cracks and round particles extruded from some crack centres. No network was formed by the lace-like oxide. Inward oxygen transport contributed significantly to the overall matter transport in the patches, while its contribution in the remaining scale was much less pronounced. The very thin outermost layer of most patches was enriched in Cr, which was present at a level of ca. 90 ppm only in the starting material. This finding is discussed in terms of the effect of Cr on the phase transformation of unstable aluminas into the stable β-Al2O3.The results showed that the scales were inhomogeneous regarding both composition and microstructure. Therefore, only analytical methods having respectable sensitivity and resolution might be used to give reliable information regarding the growth mechanisms of scales. This applies to SIMS as well as to the electron microscopy methods.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 38 (1987), S. 563-574 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß bestimmter reaktionsfähiger Elemente auf das Oxidationsverhalten von chrom- und aluminiumoxidbildenden LegierungenDer Einfluß von implantiertem Yttrium und Lanthan auf das Oxidationsverhalten von Co 45 Cr und Co 25 Cr 1 Al als Chromoxid bildende Legierungen sowie β-NiAl und Co 25 Cr 9 Al als Aluminiumoxid bildende Legierungen wurden unter isothermischen und bei zyklischen Temperaturänderungen im Bereich 1273-1573 K untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß die Schutzwirkung des Chromoxidzunders und auch seine Haftfestigkeit am Substrat durch beide Zusatzelemente wesentlich verbessert werden. Diese günstige Wirkung beruht auf der bevorzugten Bildung eines feinkörnigen Zunders, wodurch die Diffusion von Chrom nach außen verhindert wird. Der einfluß von implantiertem Yttrium (nicht jedoch Lanthan) auf die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit und die Haftfestigkeit von Aluminiumoxidzunder ist der gleiche. In diesem Falle beruhen jedoch beide Wirkungen darauf, daß das reaktionsfähige Zusatzelement die Diffusion von Sauerstoff nach innen verhindert. Man kann daher schließen, daß der Einfluß von implantierten reaktionsfähigen Elementen auf das Oxidationsverhalten sowohl von Chromoxid als auch von Aluminiumoxid bildenden Legierungen hauptsächlich durch die Veränderung des Mechanismus der Zunderbildung, nicht jedoch durch Grenzflächenerscheinungen bedingt ist.Ferner wurde festgestellt, daß die Schutzwirkung von Aluminiumoxidzunder beträchtlich verbessert wird, wenn man Korngrenzen in der Substratoberfläche beseitigt; dieser Effekt ist sogar stärker als die Wirkung von reaktionsfähigen Zusatzelementen.Günstige Einflüsse durch implantierte reaktionsfähige Elemente sind jedoch nur zu erwarten, wenn die schützende Zunderschicht gleich zu Beginn der Reaktion und direkt auf der unveränderten Oberfläche der Legierung entsteht.
    Notes: The influence of implanted yttrium and lanthanum on the oxidation behaviour of Co-45Cr and Co-25Cr-1Al chromia formers as well as of β-NiAl and Co-25Cr-9Al alumina formers has been studied in isothermal and thermal cycling conditions in the temperature range 1273-1573 K. It has been found that protective properties of Cr2O3-scale and its adherence to the substrate are greatly improved by both reactive element additions. This beneficial effect results from the promotion of fine grained scale formation and consequently the elimination of outward diffusion of chromium. The influence of implanted yttrium (but not lanthanum) on the growth rate and adherence of alumina scale is analogous. In this case, however, both these effects result from elimination by reactive element addition of the inward diffusion of oxygen. It may be then concluded that the influence of implanted reactive elements on the oxidation behaviour of both chromia and alumina formers consists mainly in changing the mechanism of scale growth and not in various interfacial phenomena.It has been found also that the protective properties of alumina scale are considerably improved by elimination of grain boundaries from the substrate, this effect being stronger than that resulting from reactive element addition.Beneficial influence of implanted reactive elements should be expected only when the protective scale layer is formed from the very beginning of the reaction, directly on the initial surface of the material exposed to the oxidizing atmosphere.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 41 (1990), S. 701-709 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß reaktiver Elemente auf die Hochtemperaturkorrosion von kommerziellen Fe-23Cr-5Al-LegierungenDer Einfluß reaktiver Elemente auf das Oxidationsverhalten der kommerziellen Legierung Fe-23Cr-5Al wurde in isothermen Experimenten und unter Temperaturwechselbeanspruchung im Bereich 1473 K 〈 T 〈 1623 K untersucht. Folgende Legierungszusätze wurden eingesetzt: Zirkonium, Mischmetall, Hafnium und Yttrium in metallischer Form sowie implantiertes Yttrium. Gegenstand der Untersuchung war der Mechanismus der Zerstörung der verschiedenen Materialien durch Hochtemperaturoxidation.Metallisches Hafnium und Yttrium waren den anderen Zusätzen überlegen, da sie die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit der Schicht verlangsamten und die Haftung verbesserten. Mischmetall verbesserte ebenfalls die Haftung, erhöhte jedoch gleichzeitig die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit. Sowohl Zirkonium als auch das implantierte Yttrium ergaben einen positiven Effekt auf die Schichthaftung, allerdings nur bei niedrigeren Temperaturen.
    Notes: The influence of reactive elements on the oxidation behaviour of the commercial alloy Fe-23Cr-5Al was studied under isothermal and thermal cycling conditions in the temperature range 1473-1623 K. The following additions were used: metallic zirconium, the so-called “mischmetal” (natural mixture of reactive and rate earth elements), elemental hafnium and yttrium and implanted yttrium. The efforts were directed to identify the mechanism of degradation of the materials under investigation.Elemental hafnium and yttrium additions were superior to the other additions, decreasing the scale growth rate and improving its resistance to spalling. The “mischmetal” additions improved the scale resistance to spalling but, simultaneously, considerably increased its growth rate. Both zirconium and implanted yttrium brought about some improvement of the scale resistance to spalling but their effect was restricted to less severe oxidation conditions.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The Ni22Cr10Al1Y alloy was exposed in H2/H2S gas mixture under the sulphur pressure 10−3 and 1 Pa as well as in SO2 at 1173 and 1273 K. At ps = 1 Pa the sulphidation rate was relatively high and the reaction obeyed the linear rate law. Under these conditions a nickel/nickel sulphide eutectic was formed. At ps = 10−3 Pa nickel sulphides became unstable and the sulphidation rate was significantly lower. The reaction obeyed the parabolic rate law. The oxidation rate of the alloy in SO2 was lower than that in any of the H2/H2S atmospheres. The sulphide scales formed during sulphidation in H2/H2S had complex microstructures and compositions, with sulphospinel and sulphide phases being present, e.g. NiCr2S4, Ni3S2, CrxSy. As the temperature increased and the sulphur pressure decreased, these phases were replaced by the chromium-rich sulphide phase. Various oxides formed during oxidation of the alloy in SO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 341 (1991), S. 432-435 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The influence of implanted yttrium on the oxidation behaviour of a ferritic Fe-23Cr-5Al+0.2Zr alloy was studied between 1473 K and 1600 K under isothermal and thermal cycling conditions in oxygen and in air, respectively. The microstructure and morphology of the starting material as well as of the scales were studied by means of optical and scanning electron microscopy. The composition of the alloy and of the scales was determined using various X-ray techniques. The oxidation mechanism was studied at 1473 K using the two-stage oxidation method in 18O/16O atmospheres. The implanted yttrium was found to affect the scale growth rate and the oxidation mechanism as well as the scale morphology. No spalling of the scale under thermal cycling conditions occurred. The observed growth mechanism of the scales was related to their complex morphology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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