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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Offenes Foramen ovale – Transösophageale Echokardiographie – Transthorakale Echokardiographie ; Key words: Patent foramen ovale – Transoesophageal echocardiography – Transthoracic echocardiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. Preoperative detection of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) may be achieved employing either transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with the Valsalva manoeuvre in the awake patient or trans-oesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the anaesthesised patient. Our study was undertaken to validate these methods with regard to their efficacy in identifying patients at risk for paradoxical air embolism (PAE). Methods. In 67 patients ranging from 28 to 70 years of age, TEE was performed utilising the Valsalva manoeuvre prior to surgery. The patients were informed about all procedures and agreed to take part in the study. After induction of anaesthesia the patients were evaluated with TEE in the supine and sitting positions. At end-inspiration 10 ml agitated gelatine solution (Gelafundin) was injected through a central venous catheter into the right atrium after airway pressure of 20 cm H2O had been maintained for 5 s. The injected bolus was observed throughout the ventilatory cycle, with special attention being given to early expiration and systole. A right-to-left shunt was assumed if five echo targets were observed in the left atrium. Results. The prevalence of PFO detected by TTE/Valsalva was 9%. The diagnosis was confirmed by TEE in 2 patients in the supine and 1 in the sitting position. An echocardiogram in these patients showed bulging of the septum to the left, which was not seen in those patients in whom PFO was detected only by TTE. Discussion. The reason for the lower incidence of PFO detected by TEE during airway pressure 20 cm H2O may have been an insufficient increase of pressure in the right atrium with a negative right-to-left atrial pressure gradient. A standardised ventilation manoeuvre with supra-atmospheric airway pressure of 20 cm H2O is not sufficient. Bulging of the intra-atrial septum from right to left during airway pressure is a possible indication of the efficacy of the manoeuvre, regardless of the influence of the breathing pattern.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. In einer offenen prospektiven Untersuchung wurde die Wertigkeit der transösophagealen Echokardiographie (TEE) zum intraoperativen Nachweis eines funktionell offenen Foramen ovale (PFO) untersucht. Die Untersuchungen auf das Vorliegen eines PFO erfolgten präoperativ durch die transthorakale Echokardiographie (TTE) mit Hilfe des Valsalvamanövers, intraoperativ mittels TEE unter Durchführung eines Ventilationsmanövers (Atemwegsdruck von 20 cm H2O). Dabei wurde als Kontrastmittel Gelatinelösung (Gelafundin®) injiziert. Bei sechs von 67 Patienten konnte durch die TTE ein PFO mit Rechts-links-Shunt nachgewiesen werden. Nur drei dieser sechs Patienten zeigten mit der TEE (Ventilationsmanöver) einen positiven Befund. Echokardiographisch zeigte sich eine linkskonvexe Verlagerung des interatrialen Septums. Dies war nicht der Fall bei den Patienten mit nur durch TTE nachgewiesenen PFO. Als Ursache für die geringere Sensitivität der TEE unter Provokationsmanöver mit Atemdruck von 20 cm H2O kommt eine nicht ausreichende Druckerhöhung im rechten Vorhof mit negativem rechts/linksatrialen Druckgradienten in Frage. Aufgrund unserer Ergebnisse und Literaturangaben erscheint uns ein standardisiertes Ventilationsmanöver mit Atemwegsdruck von 20 cm H2O zum Nachweis eines PFO mit Rechts-links-Shunt nicht ausreichend. Die transiente linksgerichtete Verlagerung des interatrialen Septums während eines Manövers bei beatmeten Patienten kann möglicherweise als Hinweis auf eine effektive Provokation angesehen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Neuroanaesthesia ; sitting position ; complications ; paradoxical air embolism monitoring ; transoesophageal echocardiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This prospective study investigates the frequency of patent foramen ovale (PFO), venous air embolism (VAE) and paradoxical air embolism (PAE) by transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) in neurosurgical patients operated on in the sitting position. The risk of PAE after exclusion of PFO is assessed. A PFO was identified by pre-operative TOE and VAE and PAE by continuous intra-operative TOE. Sixty-two patients were divided into two groups, 22 patients were studied in group 1 (posterior fossa surgery) and group 2 (cervical surgery) contained 40 patients. Pre-operative TOE demonstrated a PFO in 5 of the 22 patients in group 1 (23%). Patients with proven PFO were excluded from the sitting position. Two further patients of this group (12% of 17 patients), in whom a PFO had been excluded pre-operatively, nevertheless had PAE, air occurring in all cavities of the heart. In group 2 the incidence of PFO was 4 out of 40 patients (10%). No PAE was observed in this group. Three morphological types of VAE with different haemodynamic and ventilation changes were demonstrated. VAE was observed in 76% of all posterior fossa operations and in 25% of cervical laminectomies. We conclude that a pre-operative search for PFO is mandatory considering its incidence of 23% in group 1 and of 10% in group 2, and the risk of PAE. If a PFO is detected, the sitting position should be avoided. A residual risk for PAE remains despite exclusion of PFO because the reliability of TOE is limited. TOE is the method of choice for detecting VAE and PAE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 56 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Point-of-care testing of coagulation parameters provides a more rapid assessment of test results compared with laboratory testing. A new coagulation monitor (GEM® PCL, Instrumentation Laboratory, Kirchheim, Germany) was evaluated. Point-of-care data for activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time (expressed as the international normalised ratio) and turn-around-time were compared. Coagulation parameters were compared in the blood of 57 patients with and without heparin therapy. The point-of-care and laboratory test results showed a bias (SD) of − 0.26 (4.55) s for activated partial thromboplastin time and − 0.011 (0.150) s for prothrombin time. The average turn-around-time was 3 min for point-of-care testing vs. 52 min for laboratory testing. We conclude that the reliability of point-of-care testing is sufficient for clinical use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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