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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 52 (1965), S. 646-647 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 53 (1966), S. 200-201 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Chitinase  ;  β-1 ; 3-Glucanase ; α-Manno‐sidase ; Nicotiana ; Protein secretion ; Suspension culture ; Vacuolar enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. We have investigated the possibility that vacuolar proteins can be secreted into the medium of cultured cells of Nicotiana tabacum L. Time-course and balance-sheet experiments showed that a large fraction, up to ca. 19%, of vacuolar α-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24) and vacuolar class I chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) in suspension cultures accumulated in the medium within one week after subculturing. This effect was most pronounced in media containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Under comparable conditions only a small fraction, 1.8–5.1% of the total protein and ca. 1% of malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), which is localized primarily in the mitochondria and cytoplasm, accumulated in the medium. Pulse-chase experiments showed that newly synthesized vacuolar class I isoforms of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39) were released into the medium. Post-translational processing, but not the release of these proteins, was delayed by the secretion inhibitor brefeldin A. Only forms of the proteins present in the vacuole, i.e. mature chitinase and pro-β-1,3-glucanase and mature β-1,3-glucanase, were chased into the medium of tobacco cell-suspension cultures. Our results provide strong evidence that vacuolar α-mannosidase, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase can be secreted into the medium. They also suggest that secretion of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase might be via a novel pathway in which the proteins pass through the vacuolar compartment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: 2S Globulin ; Narbonin (immunolocalization) ; Seed ; Storage Protein ; Translation (in vitro) ; Vicia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Narbonin is a 2S protein from the globulin fraction of narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.) cotyledons. Its amino acid composition and the pattern of its regulated accumulation in developing seeds led to the suggestion that narbonin could be a storage protein. Therefore, it was expected to be present in protein bodies of the storage tissue cells. Comparison of the cDNA-derived amino acid sequence with a directly determined partial N-terminal sequence revealed that the primary translation product of narbonin mRNA lacks a transient N-terminal signal peptide (V.H. Nong et al., 1995, Plant Mol Biol 28: 61–72). Narbonin polypeptides that had been synthesized in a cell-free translation system supplemented with dog pancreas microsomes were not protected against degradation by posttranslationally added proteases (protease protection assay). In accordance with the lack of a signal peptide this indicates that the polypeptide was not cotranslationally sequestered into the microsomes. The protein-body fraction that had been isolated from mature narbon bean cotyledons by a non-aqueous gradient centrifugation procedure was free of narbonin; this was found in the soluble cell fraction. In electron micrographs, narbonin could be localized in the cytoplasm using the immuno gold-labelling technique. Previously, it had already been shown that narbonin is too slowly degraded during narbon bean germination to act as a storage protein. From all these results it has to be concluded that narbonin is a cytoplasmic protein which does not belong to the storage proteins in the restricted sense. Other possible functions are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words:Brassica (germination) – Germination – Globulin breakdown –Phaseolus (germination) – Seedling growth –Vicia (germination)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The temporal and spatial patterns of storage-globulin mobilization were immunohistochemically pursued in the embryonic axis and cotyledons of vetch seed (Vicia sativa L.) during germination and early seedling growth. Embryonic axes as well as cotyledons of mature seeds contain protein bodies with stored globulins. Prevascular strands of axes and cotyledons, the radicle and epidermal layers of axis organs were nearly exclusively stained by vicilin antibodies whereas the cotyledonous storage mesophyll gave similar staining for vicilin and legumin. Globulin breakdown started locally where growth and differentiation commenced in the axis. There, vicilin mobilization preceded legumin mobilization. Thus vicilin represents the initial source of amino acids for early growth and differentiation processes in vetch. Legumin presumably only serves as a bulk amino acid source for subsequent seedling growth during postgerminative globulin degradation. During the first 2–3 d after the start of imbibition the axis was depleted of globulins whereas no decrease in immunostainability was detected in the cotyledons except in their vascular strands where immunostainability was almost completely lost at this time. Continuous vascular strands were established at the third day when globulin breakdown was finished in the axis but had just started in the cotyledon mesophyll. Protein mobilization proceeded in a small zone from the epidermis towards the vascular strands in the center of the cotyledons. In this zone the storage cells, which initially appeared densely packed with starch grains and protein bodies, concomitantly transformed into cells with a large central vacuole and only a thin cytoplasmic layer attached to the cell wall. These results agree well with the hypothesis that during the first 2 d after imbibition the axis is autonomous in amino acid provision. After the endogenous reserves of the axis are depleted and the conductive tissue has differentiated, globulins are mobilized in the cotyledons, suggesting that then the amino acid supply is taken over by the cotyledons. For comparison with other degradation patterns we used garden bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) and rape (Brassica napus L.) as reference plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: biosynthesis ; gene structure ; narbonin ; recombinant protein ; 2S globulin ; seed storage protein ; Victa narbonensis L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract cDNA and genomic clones encoding narbonin, a 2S globulin from the seed of narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.), were obtained using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The full-length cDNA as well as genomic clones contain a single open reading frame (ORF) of 873 bp that encodes a protein with 291 amino acids comprising the mature narbonin polypeptide (M r ca. 33 100) and an initiation methionine. The deduced amino acid sequence lacks a transient N-terminal signal peptide. The genomic clones do not contain any intron. No homology was found to nucleic acid and protein sequences so far registered in sequence data libraries. The biosynthesis of narbonin during embryogenesis is developmentally-regulated and its pattern of synthesis closely resembles that of typical seed storage globulins. However, during seed germination narbonin was degraded very slowly, indicating that it may have other function than storage protein. Southern analysis suggests the existence of a small narbonin gene family. Narbonin genes were also found in four different species of the genus Vicia as well as in other legumes such as Canavalia ensiformis and Glycine max. In Escherichia coli a recombinant narbonin was produced which yielded crystals like those prepared from narbonin purified from seeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: field bean (Vicia faba L.) ; seed ontogenesis ; a class of predominating mRNA ; cDNA sequence ; seed protein ; signal peptide processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract cDNA clones have been constructed bearing inserts for a specific mRNA class of high abundance in developing seeds of field bean (Vicia faba L.). Three full-length clones representing transcripts of different genes were sequenced and conceptually translated into a M=30 000 primary gene product. The structural analysis of the derived amino acid sequence revealed distinct domains: (i) a cleavable signal peptide; (ii) a hydrophilic N-terminal stretch possessing two serine clusters; (iii) a valine cluster and a hydrophobic domain in the C-terminal part of the polypeptide. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide does not show homology with other known proteins. The corresponding mRNA could be isolated using cDNA clones and was efficiently translated in various systems. In a cell-free system the presence of a functional signal peptide was shown, which interacts with the signal recognition particle resulting in a cotranslational translocation across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. If synthesized in Xenopus oocytes the translation product of the mRNA was secreted out of the cell. Homologous mRNA was found to be present also in developing cotyledons of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Gene transfer ; Gene expression ; 2S Brazil nut albumin ; Grain legumes ; Vicia narbonensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The coding region of the 2S albumin gene of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) was completely synthesized, placed under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and inserted into the binary vector plasmid pGSGLUC1, thus giving rise to pGSGLUC1-2S. This was used for transformation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Petit Havanna) and of the grain legume Vicia narbonensis L., mediated by the supervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA 101. Putative transformants were selected by screening for neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT II) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) activities. Transgenic plants were grown until flowering and fruiting occurred. The presence of the foreign gene was confirmed by Southern analysis. GUS activity was found in all organs of the regenerated transgenic tobacco and legume plants, including the seeds. In the legume, the highest expression levels of the CaMV 35S promoter-controlled 2S albumin gene were observed in leaves and roots. 2S albumin was localized in the vacuoles of leaf mesophyll cells of transgenic tobacco. The Brazil nut protein was present in the 2S fraction after gel filtration chromatography of the legume seed proteins and could be clearly identified by immunoblotting. Analysis of seeds from the R2 progenies of the legume and of transgenic tobacco plants revealed Mendelian inheritance of the foreign gene. Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain RifR 15834 harbouring the binary vector pGSGLUCl2S was also used to transform Pisum sativum L. and Vicia faba L. Hairy roots expressed the 2S albumin-specific gene. Several shoots were raised but they never completely rooted and no fertile plants were obtained from these transformants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 23 (1975), S. 223-239 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Photo-autotrophic organisms (plants) constitute the primary protein producers on the earth. The production of animal and microbial protein needs organic substrates, but there are only limited sources of it on the earth. Consequently, at present and in future times plant protein will constitute the main source of food proteins. A short review is given about groups, main characteristics and the manners of economic use of plant proteins. Social efforts spent for investigations about plant protein problems are to small in comparison to their central importance. Starting from this point of view the author claims for adequate and well coordinated basic and applied research in the field of plant proteins and their economic use with the aim of contributing to future resolution of world nutrition problems.
    Abstract: Краткое содержание Фотоавтотрофные орг анизмы (растения) явля ются первичными продуцен тами протеинов на Земле. Пр одукция жовотного и микробиального прот еинов нуждается в органиче ских веществах, чьи ресурсы на Земле огра ничены. Поэтому растительны й протеин, не только се годня, но, очевидно, и в будущем будет главны м источником для пище вых и кормовых белков. Дается обзор основны х групп растительных протеинов с указанием их важнейших свойств и ф орм хозяйственного использования. Несмотря на централь ную роль растительны х белков, на их изучение выделялось и выделяе тся слишком мало сред ств, чтобы можно было успешно скоординировать фун даментальные исслед ования и работы прикладного характера. Автор пред лагает ряд конкретны х задач, направленных на решение проблем изуч ения растительных бе лков.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Photoautotrophe Organismen (Pflanzen) sind die primären Proteinproduzenten auf der Erde. Die Erzeugung von Tier- und Mikrobenprotein geht von organischen Substraten aus, deren Ressourcen auf der Erde begrenzt sind. Deshalb stellt pflanzliches Protein nicht nur gegenwärtig, sondern auch für die absehbare Zukunft die Hauptquelle für Nahrungs- und Futterproteine dar. Die Hauptgruppen der Pflanzenproteine werden zusammen mit ihren wichtigsten Eigenschaften und den Formen der wirtschaftlichen Nutzung über-sichtsartig beschrieben. Der zentralen Bedeutung von Pflanzenproteinen stand in der Vergangenheit und steht noch heute ein zu geringer Aufwand für Forschung gegenüber, die sich in sinnvoller Koordinierung von Grundlagen- und Anwendungsforschung der Lösung von Problemen auf dem Gebiet der Pflanzeneiweiße widmet, wofür eine Reihe von Aufgaben aus der Sicht des Autors genannt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 15 (1967), S. 311-350 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary First proposals for economic use of micro-algae by mass culture were made 25 years ago (Harder and von Witsch). Considering the increasing interest in this question experiments, success, experience, and problems of mass culture of algae are being reviewed. Detailed laboratory investigations on growth and metabolism of unicellular green algae rendered the basis for producing algae by pilot plants being operated, as a rule, with open containers in the open air; closed systems were used but rarely. Nearly in all cases additional heating and artificial light were abandoned. One of the main obstacles on the way for successful technical production of algae is the inability of sufficiently adapting the cultivation methods to the different and changable climatic conditions. Systematically isolating and collecting algae strains from natural sites and investigating the influence of temperature and light upon their productivity are ways in getting drains which are well adapted to specific climatic conditions and promise economic success. More detailed description follows of pilot plants from Hungaria, Czechoslovakia and Poland, which have been built after 1960 representing examples for further development of production methods and for successful use of natural resources. The protein content of algal products is just as high as in high quality animal food and higher than in the most vegetable feed-stuffs. Experiments made hitherto in feeding algae to animals proved to be appropriate. Before algae may be fed, however, on a large scale, more extensive feeding experiments with domestic animals are necessary. On principle, economic use of micro-algae may be expected in the future.
    Abstract: Краткое содержание 25 лет тому назад было впервые предложено использование массовых культур одноклеточных водорослей в хозяйственных целях (Хардер и фон Вич). Поскольку интерес к этому вопросу постоянно воэрастает — дается обзор проведенных опытов, достигнутых результатов и возникших проблем. Тщательные лабораторные исследования роста и обмена веществ одноклеточных зеленых водорослей полоQzили основу их продукции в полупроизводс твенных условиях. Здесь, в большинстве случаев, применялись открытые бассейны под открытым небом; закрытые системы применялись реже. Культуры велись почти всегда без добавочного огрева и освещения. Главным затруднением на пути к рентабельному пронзводству водорослей является то, что ещё не удалось приспособить такую культуру К различным и изменчивым климатическим условиям. Систематическое выделение и собирание штаммов водорослей с различных местообитаний и изучение зависимости их продуктивности от температурных и световых условий — это те пути, которые помогут найти форму производотва, хорошо приспособленную к определенным климатическим условиям и перспективную с хозяйственной точки зрения. Более подробно описываются „заводы“ для культуры водорослей в Венгрии, Чехословакии и Польше, построенные после 1960 года, а также примеры дальнейшего развития методов производства и удачного использования данных естественных условий. Содержание белка у продуктов, полученных из водорослей так же высоко, как у полноценных кормовых продуктов животного происхождения и выше, чем у большинства растительных кормов. Опыты использования водорослей в кормлении животных показали уже их принципиальную пригодность. Однако, прежде чем перейти к кормлению водорослями в широком масштабе, необходимо будет провести еще много опытов по кормлению домашних животных. Хозяйственное использование одноклеточных водорослей в будущем представляется сейчас вполне возможным.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Vor nunmehr 25 Jahren wurde der erste Vorschlag gemacht, Kleinalgen durch Massenkultur wirtschaftlich zu nutzen (Harder und von Witsch). Im Hinblick auf das ständig wachsende Interesse an dieser Frage wird eine Übersicht über Versuche, Erfolge, Erfahrungen und Probleme der Algenmassenkultur gegeben. Eingehende Laboratoriums-Untersuchungen über Wachstum und Stoffwechsel einzelliger Grünalgen lieferten die Grundlagen für die Produktion von Algen in halbindustriellen Anlagen. Sie wurden meist mit offenen Kulturbehältern und unter freiem Himmel betrieben; seltener wendete man geschlossene Systeme an. Größtenteils wurde auf zusätzliche künstliche Beheizung und Belichtung verzichtet. Eine Hauptschwierigkeit auf dem Wege zu einer wirtschaftlich erfolgreichen Algenproduktion besteht darin, daß die Kulturverfahren noch nicht genügend an unterschiedliche und wechselnde Klimabedingungen angepaßt werden können. Systematische Isolierung und Sammlung von Algenstämmen von verschiedenen natürlichen Standorten und die Untersuchung der Temperatur- und Lichtabhängigkeit ihrer Produktivität sind Wege, um Formen zu gewinnen, die bestimmten klimatischen Bedingungen gut angepaßt sind und wirtschaftlichen Erfolg versprechen. Es werden Kulturanlagen aus Ungarn, der Tschechoslowakei und Polen näher beschrieben, die in den Jahren nach 1960 erbaut wurden und Beispiele für die Weiterentwicklung der Produktionsverfahren und für eine gelungene Ausnutzung natürlicher Gegebenheiten sind. Der Eiweißgehalt von Algenprodukten ist ebenso hoch wie bei hochwertigen tierischen und höher als bei den meisten pflanzlichen Futtermitteln. Die bisherigen Versuche über eine Nutzung der Algen in der Tierernährung haben ihre grundsätzliche Eignung bewiesen. Ehe Algen in großem Umfang verfüttert werden können, sind jedoch umfangreichere Fütterungsversuche mit Haustieren erforderlich. Grundsätzlich kann in der Zukunft mit einer wirtschaftlichen Nutzung von Kleinalgen gerechnet werden.
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