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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-5827
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 47 (1998), S. 272-277 
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Immunoglobulin ; Evolution ; Arctic charr ; Rainbow trout ; VH gene familiy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A comparison between related species would allow us to study the evolutionary changes in complex gene families. To investigate the evolution of immunoglobulin VH gene families in lower vertebrates, we compared cDNA VH clones from two related teleost fish species, Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which are separated from their common ancestor by 12–20 million years (MY). The results showed that randomly isolated charr VH genes could be closely grouped to known VH genes of rainbow trout, suggesting that the VH family structure is stable during 12–20 MY and that the total number of VH families changes only gradually over a longer period. This finding also led us to define eight VH gene families of Arctic charr, designated Salalp VH I, VH II, and so on. The presence of species-specific amino acids suggests that non-reciprocal genetic exchanges (e.g., gene duplication) play an important role in shaping the evolution of the V gene family.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Forty-six immunoglobulin VH gene sequences of rainbow trout were compiled to analyze the extent of variations and the frequency of nucleotide changes in CDRs and FRs. The results show that the frequency of nonsynonymous (amino acid replacing) changes (Ka) are on average 4.9 times higher in complementarity determining regions (CDRs) than in FRs, thus contributing more diversity in CDRs. Unexpectedly, however, the frequency of synonymous (silent) changes (Ks) show the same tendency: it was 5.3 times higher in CDRs than in framework regions (FRs). The distribution of Ks/Ka ratios of each comparison shows no segregation between CDRs and FRs. The same analysis applied to five germline VH genes of Heterodontus francisci shows the same result as was found with the rainbow trout. In contrast, the results from mouse data show that, while the CDR/FR ratio for Ka is much higher (7.4), the CDR/FR ratio for Ks is only slightly higher (1.8). The distribution of Ks/Ka ratios in mouse indicates clear segregation between CDRs and FRs. This suggests that CDR germline diversity is largely generated by gene conversion in VHs of lower vertebrates such as rainbow trout or shark. This mechanism might be advantageous to lower vertebrates in generating V gene diversity faster than other mechanisms such as point mutation and selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract We have developed a new method for forming titanium-nitride(TiN)-coated plates using radio-frequency arc spraying (RFAS). A TiN coating formed by RFAS has been used for electrochemical prevention of marine biofouling. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate that a TiN composite film containing Ti was formed on a polyethylene terephthalate plate surface when Ti was sprayed by RFAS under atmospheric pressure. A cyclic voltammogram (scan rate 20 mV/s) of the TiN formed by RFAS revealed no oxidative and reductive peak currents in the range −0.6 V to 1.2 V against a saturated silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode. When a potential of 1.0 V against Ag/AgCl was applied to the electrode in seawater, no dissolved Ti was detected. Changes in pH and the chlorine concentration were not observed in this range. In all, only 4.5% of the Vibrio alginolyticus cells attached to the electrode survived when a potential of 0.8 V against Ag/AgCl was applied in seawater for 30 min. In field experiments, attachment of the organisms to the TiN electrode was inhibited by applying an alternating potential of 1.0 V and −0.6 V against Ag/AgCl. The TiN film can be formed by RFAS on large and intricately shaped surfaces, and it is a practical electrode for the electrochemical prevention of fouling of various marine structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Olivocochlear bundle ; Retrograde axonal transport ; Immunohistochemistry ; Biotin-wheat germ agglutinin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The origins of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive (CGRPI) fibers in the cochlea were examined in rats. Parasagittal transection of the brain just medial to the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus resulted in the ipsilateral disappearance of CGRPI fibers in the cochlea, indicating that the origins of these fibers lie in the central nervous system. Next, we used a highly sensitive method combining retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry to identify the origins of the CGRPI fibers in the cochlea. After injection of biotin-wheat germ agglutinin (b-WGA) into the cochlea, CGRPI neurons in the ipsilateral lateral superior olivary nucleus also contained b-WGA granules. These findings indicated tht CGRPI efferent fibers are major components of the olivocochlear bundle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Group B streptococci: types Ia, Ib, II, III ; IgG antibody levels ; Premature infants ; Early onset septicemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sera from 33 newborn infants with gestational ages ranging from 27 to 41 weeks were tested by radioimmunoassay for IgG antibodies to surface antigens of group B streptococci (GBS) types Ia, Ib, II and III. Antibody levels to GBS antigens were positively correlated to gestational age and birthweight. However, only the correlations for anti-Ia and anti-II antibody levels reached statistical significance. Mean antibody concentrations in infants below 34 weeks of gestation were significantly lower for type Ia (P〈0.001), type II (P〈0.001) and type III (P=0.05) than in infants above this limit. These findings might explain the higher rate of serious GBS-infections found among prematures as compared to full-term infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 539-543 (Mar. 2007), p. 877-882 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In order to estimate work of external force per unit area to infiltrate molten aluminuminto bundle of two types of carbon fibers which were PAN (polyacrylonitrile) based and pitch based,wettability of graphite by molten pure aluminum and aluminum – 2.0, 2.9 and 9.1 mass %magnesium alloy was measured using sessile drop method. Basal plane and prismatic plane exist onthe surface in the case of PAN and pitch based fibers, respectively. The wettability was examined inthe atmosphere of Ar + 3 vol. % H2 at 1189 K. Both the contact angle and the surface tension wereestimated using Young-Laplace equation. The surface tension decreased form 1.0 N/m at 0 mass %Mg to 0.7 mass % Mg at 9.1 mass % Mg. The contact angle between molten aluminum and basalplane or prismatic plane of graphite was 127º or 148º respectively. In the case of basal plane, thecontact angle increased with increasing magnesium content. In the case of prismatic plane, whereas,the contact angle decreased from 155º at 2.0 mass % Mg to 125º at 2.9 mass % Mg. The work ofexternal force for infiltration was calculated using Young’s equation. In the case of basal plane, thework was constant at 0.6 J/m2 regardless of magnesium content. In the case of prismatic plane, thework decreased with increasing magnesium content. It was found that the influence of magnesiumcontent on the work would be different between using PAN-based carbon fiber and usingpitch-based carbon fiber
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 113 (2000), S. 8253-8259 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this work we present a simple model for the kinetics of spreading of film-forming liquids on polymer gels. The model is compared with experiments and fair agreement is obtained. The spreading process can be theorized by considering the gel as a thick liquid layer containing a fibrous material (i.e., the polymer network). The spreading theory of Joos and Pintens is extended in such a way that the penetration of the flow into the bulk of the gel—which plays the major role in the kinetics of the spreading—is described by the Debye–Brinkman equation. It is also shown that spreading experiments can provide information on the surface structure of the underlying gel. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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