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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incidence and estimation of chitinase activity associated with marine fish and other estuarine samples (1977)
    Springer
    Marine biology 41 (1977), S. 349-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A procedure for the determination of chitinase activity was adapted for the seawater environment. Preliminary data indicate that the controlled bacterial environment within the digestive tracts of marine fishes and possibly other marine animals plays a significant role in the decomposition and recycling of chitin. It is estimated in the stomachs of a single population of Enophrys bison (buffalo sculpin) of 1×105 fish that ca. 16 metric tons of chitin could be decomposed annually.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389100
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible strategy for the survival of marine bacteria under starvation conditions (1978)
    Springer
    Marine biology 48 (1978), S. 289-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A population of a psychrophilic marine vibrio (Ant-300) suspended at a low cell density in natural seawater (SW) or artificial seawater (ASW) showed an initial 200-fold increase in cell numbers. Ant-300 suspended in ASW at various densities showed a magnified initial increase in numbers as well as increased longevity as the population density decreased. The magnitude of the initial increase and the viability of the cells after 7 weeks continued incubation were the same whether the cells were suspended in SW, ASW amended with amino acids, or “organic-free” ASW. Continued incubation (long-term starvation) of a culture of Ant-300 at low cell densities in ASW showed that after 70 weeks over 15 times the orginal number of cells were still viable. When compared to the starvation survival of other bacceria, Ant-300 exceeds the longest reported starvation survival by at least 2.5 times. Our data indicate that Ant-300 is especially adapted for survival at low nutrient concentrations and low population densities due to a sustained increase in cell numbers that may represent a species survival mechanism for marine bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397156
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Starvation-induced barotolerance as a survival mechanism of a psychrophilic marine vibrio in the waters of the Antarctic convergence (1978)
    Springer
    Marine biology 49 (1978), S. 7-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ant-300, a psychrophilic marine vibrio isolated from the Antarctic convergence, was tested for survival under conditions simulating those expected in situ for this organism. In particular, the organism's response to increased hydrostatic pressure was examined. Under a hydrostatic pressure of 250 atm, the viability of Ant-300 was reduced over 755 in growth media and under starvation conditions after 3 and 2 days, respectively. However, if the cells were starved for 1 week prior to pressurization of the starving suspension, 100% viability was maintained for over 6 weeks at the same pressure. After 10 weeks, the viability of a population of cells suspended for 1 week in natural or artificial seawater at a density of 103 cells ml−1 prior to pressurization of the suspension was 2 to 3 times greater than 1 atm controls. The data indicate that starvation conditions are a contributory if not the primary factor for the barotolerance of this organism in Antarctic waters. The data also indicate that under certain conditions, not unlike those expected in situ, hydrostatic pressure actually increases the survival of this organism under low nutrient conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390725
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacterial chitinase in the stomachs of marine fishes from Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA (1977)
    Springer
    Marine biology 41 (1977), S. 355-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of chitinase in the stomach contents of Enophrys bison and Platichthys stellatus was investigated. The highest chitinase activity and the greatest percentage of chitinoclastic bacteria in relation to the total bacterial flora were associated with fish whose stomach content was composed primarily of chitinous animals. Stomach contents lacking visible chitin possessed low or no detectable levels of chitinase activity and few chitinoclastic bacteria. Juvenile E. bison treated with chloramphenicol to remove their indigenous bacterial flora had no detectable level of chitinase in their stomach contents while non-treated juveniles showed inducible chitinase activity, indicating the bacterial origin for the chitinase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389101
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salinity effects on glucose uptake and catabolism in the obligately psychrophilic marine bacterium Vibrio marinus (1973)
    Springer
    Marine biology 23 (1973), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies on the effects of various salinities on the uptake and catabolism of glucose in Vibrio marinus MP-1 revealed several significant shifts in total uptake and respiration as the cells were subjected to increasingly greater concentrations of NaCl. As the salinity increased from 0.30 to 1.0 M NaCl, there was a decrease in the C6/C1 (CO2) ratio. The resulting patterns suggests that the relative participation of the hexose monophosphate pathway in glucose catabolism was altered. This pathway is apparently shut down in the region of the minimum-growth salinity, and may be related to growth limitation at rower salinities. The shift in C6/C1 ratio was not affected by changing the incubation temperature, nor was it dependent specifically on the presence of Na+ or Cl-. As the salinity increased from 0.15 to 0.30 M NaCl, there was a shift in the total uptake patterns which suggests the formation and loss of metabolic by-products derived from the first, second, sixth, and presumably fifth carbons of glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389482
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal changes in microbial heterotrophic activity in subarctic marine waters as related to phytoplankton primary productivity (1982)
    Springer
    Marine biology 71 (1982), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Water samples were collected in and near Kasitsna Bay (Cook Inlet), Alaska over 18 mo (February 1979–August 1980). Seasonal changes in glucose and glutamate uptake rates were measured in these samples. During the second year of the study, the uptake rates of glycolate and acetate and primary productivity were also measured. Of the substrates tested, significant positive linear correlations were observed between glucose and glutamate uptake and primary productivity. A higher correlation was observed between glucose to glutamate uptake ratios and primary productivity. The seasonal patterns of glucose uptake, glucose-to-glutamate uptake ratios and primary productivity rates show that the ratios changes simultaneously with fluctuations in primary productivity rates. The glucose uptake patterns reveal a delay in the response of the glucose-utilizing microorganisms to the onset of the bloom. It is suggested that by measuring the uptake rates of the simple compounds by microheterotrophs, and comparing these rates with each other, one can determine the relative flux of these compounds through the system. If the major source of these compounds is material released into the seawater by phytoplankton, it is possible that this approach could characterize the flux of extracellular products. As more is known about how the composition of extracellular material relates to the physiological state of phytoplankton, such an approach may eventually be a useful indirect assessment of the physiological state of natural phytoplankton populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394619
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salinity and nutrient effects on the induction of the galactose permease system in a psychrophilic marine vibrio (1978)
    Springer
    Marine biology 49 (1978), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An Antarctic psychrophilic marine Vibrio species was isolated having the inducible ability to accumulate nonmetabolizable thiomethyl-14C-β-galactopyranoside (14C-TMG) through a galactose permease system. Induction of 14C-TMG uptake was found to have a salinity requirement which was higher than that required for uptake. At the optimum salinity, galactose and fucose were the primary inducers. Lactose produced a comparable induction but only at higher concentrations, whereas glucose did not cause induction. The initial rate of 14C-TMG uptake exhibited saturation kinetics with an apparent Km value of 4.8 x 10−6M. An amino acid, in addition to the inducer, was required for induction which could not be replaced by glycerol or galactose. Evidence is presented which indicates that the uptake of 14C-TMG is energy-dependent and that nutrient availability is more important than salinity for induction and uptake under conditions which would normally be found in the oceanic environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390724
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term starvation-induced loss of antibiotic resistance in bacteria (1990)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 19 (1990), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and aPseudomonas sp. strain 133B containing the pSa plasmid were starved in well water for up to 523 days. There were two patterns of apparent antibiotic resistance loss observed. InPseudomonas sp. strain 133B, there was no apparent loss of antibiotic resistance even after starvation for 340 days. InE. coli, by day 49 there was a ten-fold difference between the number of cells that would grow on antibiotic- and nonantibiotic-containing plates. However, over 76% of the cells that apparently lost their antibiotic resistance were able to express antibiotic resistance after first being resuscitated on non-selective media. By day 523, only 12% of these cells were able to express their antibiotic resistance after being resuscitated. After starvation for 49 days, cells that could not grow on antibiotic medium even after resuscitation, showed a permanent loss of chloramphenicol (Cm) resistance but retained resistance to kanamycin (Km) and streptomycin (Sm). Restriction enzyme digests show that a 2.5 to 3.0 Kb region from map location 12.5 to 15.5 Kb was deleted. This coincides with the 2.5 Kb reduction in plasmid size observed in 3 isolates that had lost antibiotic resistance after starvation for 49 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02017169
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on microbial percent respiration values in arctic and subarctic marine waters and sediments (1984)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 10 (1984), S. 151-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Percent respiration was measured in over 1,100 arctic and subarctic marine water and sediment samples using14C-labeled glucose and glutamate. These measurements were made at different times of the year in 4 regions. Percent respiration values were typically lower in regions where the waters of large rivers mixed with seawater. They were also lower in sediments and in waters collected near the bottom than in surface waters. They were higher in winter arctic waters than water samples collected in the summer; however, a similar seasonal trend was not observed in subarctic waters. There were a number of studies in which there were significant positive rank correlations between percent respiration and salinity and between percent respiration and temperature. From what is known about the range of temperature and salinity encountered in samples collected during these studies and the results of temperature and salinity effects experiments, it was concluded that changes in these 2 variables did not explain the variation observed in percent respiration. Correlations between percent respiration and the inorganic nutrients PO4 −3, NH4 + and NO3 − showed that of the 3 variables, only NO3 − showed relatively high correlations with all the same sign. From this it was concluded that there may be situations in which NO3 − levels may influence percent respiration in nearshore marine waters. It is also likely that qualitative characteristics of the available organic nutrients may also influence percent respiration levels. Although no organic nutrient data is available for statistical analysis, the patterns of percent respiration near river plumes and the relatively strong negative correlation often observed between uptake rates (heterotrophic activity) and percent respiration suggests that organic nutrients may be a factor in controlling percent respiration. It is suggested that there are situations in which percent respiration measurements may be used to document stress in natural microbial populations due to nutrient deficiencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02011422
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The starvation-survival state of microorganisms in nature and its relationship to the bioavailable energy (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 813-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Starvation-survival ; energy ; ultramicrocells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Although one can measure the organic matter in various ecosystems in terms of organic carbon, this measurement does not indicate what portion of the organic carbon is bioavailable to the microorganisms. Most organic matter is recalcitrant and, therefore, most microorganisms do not have sufficient energy to carry on their metabolism for growth and reproduction. As a result, many species of bacteria will form ultramicrocells and enter a physiological state known as starvation-survival. This physiological state results in metabolic arrest which permits the organisms to survive for long periods of time without sufficient energy for growth and reproduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01935530
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