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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thomson scattering measurements of electron temperature and density in an electron cyclotron resonance plasma (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 2732-2738 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electron temperature Te and density ne in the source region of an electron cyclotron resonance discharge have been measured by incoherent Thomson scattering of the beam from a 0.5 J yttrium aluminum garnet laser. This is the first experiment in which this technique, routinely used on fusion plasmas, has been applied to a processing plasma. Measurements were made in an argon discharge at pressures from 0.3 to 2 mTorr and microwave powers from 250 to 1000 W. Velocity distributions were measured both parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field and a slight anisotropy of electron temperature was observed for low-pressure discharges. Temperatures in the range of 1–5 eV and densities in the range of 2–10×1017 m−3 were measured. Te and ne were found to strongly depend on pressure but only weakly on the input power and discharge magnetic field. No deviations from a Maxwellian velocity distribution were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353046
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of electron density and velocity distribution in high-pressure discharges for excimer laser pumping using laser Thomson scattering (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 41-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thomson scattering from plasmas in high-pressure discharges for rare-gas halide excimer laser pumping was observed using an yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser with a second harmonic generator, combined with a double-monochromator to reject large signal from Rayleigh scattering. The results showed the electron velocity distribution to be Maxwellian which was different from prediction of computer simulations, while variation of electron density and temperature with time and gas composition was consistent with results of computer simulations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350292
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demonstration of scaled (≥0.12 μm2) Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 capacitors on W plugs with Al interconnect (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 79 (2001), S. 4004-4006 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The measured switched polarization properties of integrated Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) capacitors arrays have been found to show a small dependence on individual capacitor size in the range from 0.17 and 100 μm2. These thin (90 nm) PZT capacitors have low voltage switching properties with polarization saturation of 〈1.8 V with switched polarization for the smallest capacitors (0.17 μm2) still larger than 25 μC/cm2. The capacitor stack consisted of TiAlN hardmask/Ir/IrOx/PZT/Ir/TiAlN on either SiO2 dielectric or W plugs. The capacitor was patterned using 248 nm lithography and etched using only one mask. For wafers without W plugs, the Ir bottom electrode was not etched. For wafers with W plugs, the entire capacitor stack was etched and electrical connection to the bottom electrode was through the W plugs. The capacitors were integrated using SiO2 dielectrics and one level of Al metallization. These data suggest that high-density, ferroelectric capacitor-based memories may be feasible. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1423789
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical response to photolytic ATP pulses of skinned muscle fibres pre-activated with a small pulse of ATP (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of muscle research and cell motility 14 (1993), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2657
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary (1) Skinned fibres from rat psoas muscle were placed in oil and activated at 10°C by pulse photolysis of caged ATP. From the force and stiffness transients on small ATP pulses, we estimated the concentration and rate of ATP hydrolysis of the crossbridges in the fibres. They were 0.14 mM and 0.16 mM s-1, respectively, and thus the turnover rate was 1.1 s-1. (2) To examine the mechanical properties of the physiological ADP-bound crossbridges, we took a double-pulse protocol: the skinned fibre was first activated with a conditioning ATP pulse (0.2–0.5 mM). Several (3–5) seconds later, when almost all the ATP should have been hydrolysed into ADP+Pi, we applied another ATP pulse (0.2–1 mM) to test the fibre. (3) An analysis of the transients on the test pulses indicated that the conditioning pulse slowed the rate of crossbridge detachment. The time course of force development was thus expected to be also delayed, but was not. (4) We suggested that the rigor crossbridge might differ from the nucleotide-free intermediate in the physiological reaction cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123098
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of ethylene glycol on the kinetics of contraction on flash photolysis of caged ATP in rat psoas muscle fibres (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of muscle research and cell motility 13 (1992), S. 199-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2657
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary ATP (1–1.2mm) was photoreleased from caged ATP (5mm) in skinned fibres from rat psoas muscle at 15–17° C, to examine the effects of ethylene glycol (EG; 20% in solvent) on the kinetics of isometric contraction. Muscle fibres were stretched by 0.5–2% before photolysis, so that force just before photolysis was almost equal to the steady-state force after photolysis. At the phase of steady-state contraction, force and 500 Hz-stifmess in the presence of EG were 50% and 70% of the controls, respectively, resulting in a higher stiffness-to-force with EG, as reported previously. Following photolysis, force fell before rising to a steady-state plateau. The estimated rate constant of the force decay was approximately 90 s−1, and in the presence of EG was 80–85% of the control. This suggested a small effect of EG on the crossbridge detachment induced by ATP. The rate of force redevelopment was approximately 70 s−1, and EG decreased this rate to 50% of the control. This suggested that EG greatly slows the transition of the crossbridges from the detached state to the reattached force-producing state. The time course of the stiffness signals was consistent with this interpretation. The high stiffness-to-force ratio with EG indicated that EG not only reduces the rate constants which were directly examined in this study but also modifies other aspects of the crossbridge reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874157
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of ethylene glycol and calcium on the kinetics of contraction induced by photo-release of low concentrations of ATP in rat psoas muscle fibres (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of muscle research and cell motility 13 (1992), S. 464-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2657
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To induce isometric contraction in the absence of Ca2+ (10mm EGTA), low concentrations (130 μM) of ATP were photoreleased from caged ATP in skinned fibres from rat psoas muscle at 15–16° C. The magnitude of contraction was independent of the concentration of EGTA (1–30mm). Each isometric transient (i) was paired with another (s) obtained under the same conditions but with 0.4% muscle stretch to elevate the rigor force before photolysis. The algebraic difference (d) betweeni ands was assumed to represent detachment of the crossbridges. The time course of force development (f) by the reattached crossbridges could be estimated by subtracting an appropriately scaledd fromi (ors). Ethylene glycol (20% in solvent) reduced the magnitude and the rate of rise off, although it scarcely affectedd, suggesting that ethylene glycol inhibited reattachment of the crossbridges but not their detachment. The presence of Ca2+ (50 μM) increased the magnitude off, but did not affect its time course (130 μM ATP). Detachment,d, was not influenced by Ca2+ in terms of both extent and rate. The effect of Ca2+ in the presence of ethylene glycol was indistinguishable from that in its absence. Ethylene glycol did not seem to substantially affect the extent of Ca-regulation on the contractile activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01738041
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time course of rise of muscle stiffness at onset of contraction induced by photorelease of ATP (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of muscle research and cell motility 13 (1992), S. 685-691 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2657
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isometric contraction (9–10°C) of skinned fibres from rat psoas muscle was elicited by photorelease of ATP (1.3–1.4 mM), and force (F), in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) stiffness were monitored. The sinusoidal length change for the stiffness measurement was ≈ 0.09% fibre length and 200–1000 Hz. On photolysis,F andI initially fell, and then rose. The half-time of the rise ofI was shorter than that ofF. Contrary to the previous assumption,Q rose even earlier thanI. Although the time courses of the rise ofF andI were greatly affected by the presence of phosphate ion (Pi; 4 mM), its effect onQ was modest. We propose the following hypothesis: the rigor crossbridges, after binding ATP, initially enter a state characterized by highQ with lowI and none or littleF, and then, releasing Pi during passing the state with the increasedI, reach the final force generating state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01738257
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