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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of stanozolol on δ-aminolaevulinic acid synthase and hepatic monooxygenase activity in man and rat (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 587-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: stanozolol ; porphyria ; aplastic anaemia ; anabolic steroids ; haem biosynthesis ; monooxygenases ; cytochrome P 450 ; vascular thrombosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stanozolol is an anabolic steroid which is used in the treatment of aplastic anaemia and has been recently advocated for the prophylaxis of vascular thrombosis. Similar steroid substances stimulate the activity of δ-aminolaevulinic acid synthase (ALA S), the rate limiting enzyme of haem biosynthesis, in rat hepatocytes and chick embryo liver cell cultures and activate acute hepatic porphyria. In the present study stanozolol (10 mg daily for 14 days) has been shown to increase significantly leucocyte ALA S activity in 9 healthy male subjects. There was a concomitant rise in urinary ALA and total porphyrin excretion but no change in antipyrine kinetics or urinary 6 B hydroxycortisol excretion. In a complementary study in male Sprague Dawley rats, stanozolol administered intraperitoneally, produced a dose-dependent increase in hepatic ALA S activity without changing hepatic cytochrome P 450 content. Stanozolol has been clearly shown to elevate ALA S activity, probably directly, and, thereby, porphyrin production without affecting hepatic monooxygenase activity. This porphyrinogenic effect may be relevant to the successful treatment of aplastic anaemia with anabolic steroids. Leucocyte ALA S activity may provide a human system for the study of drug porphyrinogenicity in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00543490
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    VARIATION IN ADIRONDACK, NEW YORK, LAKEWATER CHEMISTRY AS FUNCTION OF SURFACE AREA (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 26 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Data from a recent survey conducted by the Adirondack Lake Survey Corporation were used to evaluate the influence of lake surface area on the acid-base status of lakes in Adirondack State Park, New York. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) in the small lakes (〈 4 ha) occurred more frequently at extreme values (〉 200, 〈 0 μeq L−1), whereas larger lakes tended to be intermediate in ANC. Consequently, acidic (ANC ≤ 0) and low-pH lakes were typically small. The small lakes also exhibited lower Ca2+ concentration and higher dissolved organic carbon than did larger lakes. Lakes ≥ 4 ha were only half as likely to be acidic as were lakes ≥ 1 ha in area. These data illustrate the dependence of lake chemistry on lake surface area and the importance of the lower lake area limit for a statistical survey of lake water chemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01361.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Altered G-protein expression and adenylate cyclase activity in platelets of non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) male subjects
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular Basis of Disease 1096 (1991), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0925-4439
    Keywords: (Rat membrane) ; Adenylate cyclase ; Diabetes ; G protein ; Proteins expression
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0925-4439(91)90050-J
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-related changes in excision repair of cultured epithelial cells from mouse thymus
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 45 (1988), S. 127-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0047-6374
    Keywords: DNA repair in ageing ; Thymic involution
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0047-6374(88)90102-9
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electromigration in Al(Cu) two-level structures: Effect of Cu and kinetics of damage formation (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 969-978 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electromigration characteristics and kinetics of damage formation for Al(Cu,Si) line segments on a continuous W line and Al(Cu)/W two-level interconnect structures have been investigated. The mass transport as a function of temperature was measured using a drift-velocity technique. The flux divergence at the line/stud contact was found to be responsible for formation of open failure in the interconnect structure, as shown by a direct correlation observed between mass depletion at the contact and resistance increase of the line/stud chain. The depletion of Al at the stud contact is preceded by an incubation period during which Cu is swept out a threshold distance from the cathode of the line. This leads to a damage formation process which is controlled by both Cu electromigration along grain boundaries and dissolution of the Al2Cu precipitates. This is distinctly different from single-level interconnects measured using a conventional electromigration test site. Measurements of the mean failure lifetime in the two-level interconnect yield an activation energy of 0.58 eV for Al, in contrast to 0.78 and 0.83 eV for Al(0.5 wt % Cu) and Al(2 wt % Cu), respectively. The activation energies of the electromigration drift velocity were found to be 0.86 and 0.68 eV for Cu and Al in Al(2 wt % Cu, 3 wt % Si), respectively. These results enable one to infer that the kinetic process is controlled by electromigration of Cu along grain boundaries instead of by dissolution of the Al2Cu precipitates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354839
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electromigration in two-level interconnect structures with Al alloy lines and W studs (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 72 (1992), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It is demonstrated that electromigration testing needs to be performed in structures that reflect use conditions, such as when there is a flux divergence as provided by the W stud-Al(Cu) interface rather than in a simple planar structure. The Al(Cu)/W interface has been investigated using both drift velocity and resistometric techniques with pure Al, Al(0.5 wt. % Cu) and Al(2 wt. % Cu) lines on W studs for interlevel connections. It is shown that the mass depletion can be correlated to the resistance change and electromigration failure in line/stud chains. A new effect is demonstrated in that a critical length of Al has to be depleted on Cu before the Al can migrate; when such migration starts the Al catches up with the Cu rich region, leading to slower motion and the production of extrusions which will also cause failures by shorting to adjacent lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.352335
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection of solutes for improving electromigration resistance of metals: A new insight (1992)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 60 (1992), S. 3235-3237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: There has long been as much art as science for choosing solute elements to improve the resistance to electromigration of metals such as aluminum. Alloying additions have been selected with the intention of maximizing the degree of segregation to the grain boundaries, exploiting differences in atom size to limit the grain-boundary excess volume, and forming grain-boundary precipitates which potentially can act as reservoirs of solute or as internal diffusion barriers. We show, using published data concerning the performance of a number of Al alloys measured under similar conditions, that the above strategies do not provide a direct correlation with lifetime. A further necessary condition for an addition which forms a precipitate in a eutectic system is its ability to dissolve into the grain boundary to replenish material driven away by electromigration. In peritectic systems, significant supersaturation can exist in the grains, and the grain boundaries. Equilibration of such systems decreases their effectiveness. In such systems, grains rather than precipitates can act as reservoirs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.106704
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electromigration failure due to interfacial diffusion in fine Al alloy lines (1993)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 62 (1993), S. 1023-1025 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Damage formation at grain boundary junctions has long been recognized as the dominant electromigration failure mechanism in metal lines. We report the results of drift-velocity experiments on fine lines with no reservoirs and find that the interfacial mass transport, along the edges of the lines, is faster than that along grain boundaries. This causes mass depletion at the cathode end of the line, leading to electromigration failure. The result demonstrates a new failure mechanism due to electromigration in submicron lines with bamboo grain structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.108513
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of cell-uptake of polycyclic compounds in photodynamic injury of Tetrahymena pyriformis
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Experimental Cell Research 45 (1967), S. 206-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0014-4827
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(67)90124-3
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CD3−4−8− Thymocyte Precursors with Interleukin-2 Receptors Differentiate Phenotypically in Coculture with Thymic Stromal Cells (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 44 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: CD3−4−8− interleukin-2 receptor positive (IL-2R+) thymocyte precursors from adult mice were cocultured with thymic stromal cells from syngeneic adult mice. The IL-2R+CD3−4−8− thymocytes were obtained by positive panning of IL-2R+ cells followed by either sorting or negative panning of triple negative cells, and they were cocultured with primary or secondary cultures of heterogeneous thymic stromal cells. Phenotypic maturation of these precursor cells was extremely rapid. Within 2½ days significant numbers of CD4+8+ and CD3+4+8− cell populations developed, the latter expressing the αβ T-cell receptor (αβ-TCR). Thus heterogeneous stromal cell cultures support the development of IL-2R+ precursors and with these methods it will now be possible to isolate the particular stromal cells involved at each stromal-dependent step.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-287.x
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