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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Sepsis ; Critically ill ; Septic shock ; Mortality ; Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives To determine the incidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and severe sepsis in surgical ICU patients and define patient characteristics associated with their acquisition and outcome. Design One-month prospective study of critically ill patients with a 28 day in-hospital follow up. Setting Surgical intensive care unit (SICU) at a tertiary care institution. Methods All patients (n=170) admitted to the SICU between April 1 and April 30, 1992 were prospectively followed for 28 days. Daily surveillance was performed by two dedicated, specifically-trained research nurses. Medical and nursing chart reviews were performed, and follow up information at six and twelve months was obtained. Results The in-hospital surveillance represented 2246 patient-days, including 658 ICU patient-days. Overall, 158 patients (93%) had SIRS for an incidence of 542 episodes/1000 patients-days. The incidence of SIRS in the ICU was even higher (840 episodes/1000 patients-days). A total of 83 patients (49%) had sepsis; among them 28 developed severe sepsis. Importantly, 13 patients had severe sepsis after discharge from the ICU. Patient groups were comparable with respect to age, sex ratio, and type of surgery performed. Apach II score on admission to the ICU and ASA score at time of surgery were significantly higher (p〈0.05) only for patients who subsequently developed severe sepsis. The crude mortality at 28 days was 8.2% (14/170); it markedly differed among patient groups: 6% for those with SIRS vs. 35% for patients with severe sepsis. Patients with sepsis and severe sepsis had a longer mean length of ICU stay (2.1±0.2 and 7.5±1.5, respectively) than those with SIRS (1.45±0.1) or control patients (1.16±0.1). Total length of hospital stay also markedly differed among groups (35±9 (severe sepsis), 24±2 (sepsis), 11±0.8 (SIRS), and 9±0.1 (controls, respectively). Conclusions Almost everyone in the SICU had SIRS. Therefore, because of its poor specificity, SIRS was not helpful predicting severe sepsis and septic shock. Patients who developed sepsis or severe sepsis had higher crude mortality and length of stay than those who did not. Studies designed to identify those who develop complications of SIRS would be very useful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 616-617 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 19 (1965), S. 6-9 
    ISSN: 0001-5520
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 21 (1966), S. 843-843 
    ISSN: 0001-5520
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 777 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a new technique that permits noninvasive monitoring of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation. Recently, we and others have shown that NIRS measurements are sensitive enough to follow changes in cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation due to activation of brain function. Based on these findings we have assessed the influence of aging as well as the influence of neurodegeneration on cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation during mental work. The typical NIRS pattern in young healthy subjects while performing calculation tasks measured in the frontal cortex were increases in oxygenated hemoglobin [HbO2] and total hemoglobin [HbT] while reduced hemoglobin [HbR] decreased. Elderly healthy subjects showed a significant lower mean increase in [HbO2] and [HbT] levels. Regression analysis revealed an age-dependent decline in activation-induced local increase of [HbO2] as well as [HbT]. Furthermore, we monitored changes in cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation in the frontal cortex while patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) performed cognitive tasks. Whereas elderly healthy subjects (as well as patients with major depression, age-associated memory impairments or vascular dementia) again showed clear increases in the local concentrations of [HbO2] and [HbT] during brain activation, AD patients showed significant decreases compared to the baseline levels in both variables that were most pronounced in the parietal cortex. To clarify whether the different patterns in cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation during cognitive activation were due to an altered functional brain organization in AD or to alterations in the cerebrovascular response to neuronal activation, we are currently performing simultaneous NIRS and (015-H20-)PET measurements during performance of a cognitive task (Stroop test). Our finding of a regional reduced oxygen supply during activation of brain function may be of relevance to the development and the time course of neurodegeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 9 (1998), S. 103-107 
    ISSN: 1573-482X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this study, three different metals (Au, Al, and Pd) were investigated as possible metallization layers on top of titanium based electrical contacts on 6H-SiC. Experiments involved thermal stressing of contact structures and its effect on electrical and morphological contact properties. Gold proved to be stable up to 300 °C with good electrical properties. At 600 °C the films disintegrate within a matter of hours. Aluminium films are stable at 600 °C but the electrical contact resistance increases with annealing time. Palladium films are electrically and chemically stable at 600 °C. © 1998 Chapman & Hall
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 9 (1998), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1573-482X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract TiC, TiCN, Pd, W and Ti were investigated as diffusion barriers between the contact material Ti3SiC2 and the Au-metallization for high temperature stable contact systems on SiC. The barrier materials TiC, TiCN, Pd, W and Ti were studied by thermally stressing the contact multilayer structures, followed by morphological scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and electrical characterization of the contact resistance. At 600 °C, TiC and TiCN prevent a failure of the contact system for up to 18 h compared with 10 min without a diffusion barrier. Palladium hinders decomposition of the metallization for up to 90 h. Ti and W are not useful as diffusion barrier materials in this contact system. The results are related to phase equilibrium and reaction diffusion studies in the relevant materials system. © 1998 Chapman & Hall
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das in der Mitte der Vereinigten Staaten, in Ost-Iowa, gelegene Klinikzentrum der Universität Iowa verfügt über 1000 Betten und ist das größte Universitäts-eigene Lehrkrankenhaus der USA. Jährlich werden mehr als 35 000 Patienten eingewiesen. Die Überwachung der Infektionen wurde 1969 begonnen und 1976 durch das von dem HospitalepidemiologenW. J. Hierholzer, M.D. geleitete epidemiologische Programm erweitert. Für die routinemäßige Überwachung der Infektionen im gesamten Klinikbereich stehen dreieinhalb Hygiene-Fachkräfte zur Verfügung; ihre Aufgabe ist die Erfassung von Problemen und Auswertung von Daten zur Feststellung der tatsächlichen Raten nosokomialer Infektionen, Durchführung von Kontrollen und Auswertung von Kontrollmaßnahmen. Die Überwachung nosokomialer Infektionen unter Verwendung modifizierter CDC-Kriterien wird seit Juli 1976 durchgeführt. Die Mitarbeiter machen Stationsvisiten und verarbeiten die Daten von Kurven, Behandlungs-und Pflegeprotokollen, mikrobiologischen, hämatologischen und Röntgenbefunden. Wichtig ist die gleichzeitige Durchführung prospektiver Studien zur Bestimmung der Sensitivität und Spezifität der Datenerfassung des Kontrollsystems. Infektionsausbrüche oder Epidemien wie dieLegionella-Pneumonie, ätiologisch ungeklärte Durchfälle, Wundinfektionen, Verbrennungen nach Kauterisierung wurden vor der Entwicklung größerer Epidemien identifiziert und unter Kontrolle gebracht. Mit dem Infektionskontroll-programm wurde eine Epidemie auf 10 000 eingewiesene Patienten festgestellt. Bei Auswertung der mikrobiologischen Befunde wären einige dieser Probleme aufgedeckt worden, aber wir wissen, 1.) daß nicht von allen Infektionslokalisationen Kulturen entnommen und serologische Untersuchungen nicht immer korrekt durchgeführt werden; 2.) nicht jede Kultur vorschriftsgemäß abgenommen und sofort weitergeleitet wird und somit fehlerhalfte Daten zugrunde liegen können. Eines der ausgeklügelsten Computersysteme steht zur Verfügung, um Patientendaten mit der laufenden Infektionsüberwachung zu koordinieren. Die Daten werden monatlich nach Infektionslokalisation und Erreger an die Krankenstationen, Untersuchungs- und Behandlungsabteilungen weitergeleitet, und jährlich werden jedem Chirurgen die Daten über Wundinfektionen, aufgeschlüsselt nach operativem Eingriff und Wundklassifizierung, mitgeteilt. 1986 wurde der HospitalepidemiologeR. P. Wenzel, M.D. als Direktor des Infektionskontrollprogramms berufen; er leitet auch das Weiterbildungsprogramm für Ärzte der neuen Abteilung für Klinische Epidemiologie im Department für Innere Medizin. Unser Team ist bestrebt, alle Daten zur vertieften Auswertung und Kontrolle endemischer Pneumonien, Bakteriämien und Erfassung des Antibiotikaverbrauchs einzusetzen und die Überwachung von Epidemien fortzusetzen. In Zukunft werden leistungsfähigere Drucker und Computerprogramme eine stärkere Verwendung von Grafiken ermöglichen.
    Notes: Summary The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics is located in the center of the United States in Eastern Iowa, has 1,000 hospital beds, and is the largest university owned teaching hospital in the country. Over 35,000 patients are admitted each year. The infection control efforts began in 1969 and were broadened in 1976 with the establishment and implementation of the Program of Epidemiology directed byW.J. Hierholzer, Jr., M.D., hospital epidemiologist. Hospital-wide surveillance is routinely performed by three and a half full-time equivalent LPN practitioners who assess problems and evaluate data essential to realistic identification of nosocomial infection rates, implementation of controls and evaluation of control measures. Nosocomial infection surveillance, utilizing modified CDC criteria, has been performed since July 1976. Ward rounds are made by staff, utilizing nursing care and medication Kardex's, microbiology, hematology and X-ray reports. Importantly, the surveillance system is being validated by concurrent prospective surveys to determine the sensitivity and specificity of reporting data. Outbreaks/epidemics of infections, such asLegionella pneumonia, diarrhea of unknown species, and wounds, as well as burns from manufactured changes in cautery grounds, have been identified and controlled before they have become major epidemics. Surveillance has identified one epidemic per 10,000 patients admitted. Relying on microbiology reports would have identified some of these problems, but we know that: 1) not all infection sites are cultured or appropriate serologies performed, and 2) not every culture is appropriately taken or quickly delivered, resting in faulty data. One of the most sophisticated hospital computer systems in the country is available to link patient data to ongoing infection surveillance. Data are reported monthly by site and organism to nursing units and clinical services and yearly surgical wound data are reported to the individual surgeon by procedure, as well as by wound classification.R. P. Wenzel, M.D., hospital epidemiologist was appointed to the program in 1986 and also directs a training program for physicians in the new Division of Clinical Epidemiology in the Department of Internal Medicine. Our team will utilize all data to assist in more indepth evaluation and control of endemic pneumonias, bacteremias and antibiotic use evaluation, and continue epidemic controls. Purchase of sophisticated printers and computer packages will allow more extensive use of graphics in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: 318 (1992), S. 381-388 
    ISSN: 0168-9002
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 18 (1980), S. 575-579 
    ISSN: 0015-6264
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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