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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The hydridation and nitridation of GeSi oxide annealed in ammonia (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 2631-2634 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A 110-nm-thick Ge0.38Si0.62O2 film on Ge0.38Si0.62 was annealed in NH3 at 700 °C for 4 h and analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy, backscattering spectrometry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and secondary-ion mass spectrometry. In the surface region of the oxide film, this annealing results in an incorporation of nitrogen bonded to germanium by the nitridation of GeO2. In the bottom region of the oxide film near the GeSi/oxide interface, elemental Ge appears. We attribute this process to the hydridation of GeO2 with hydrogen that comes from dissociated ammonia. Results obtained at 800 °C for a 380-nm-thick oxide film are similar. A model is proposed to explain the observed changes of the oxide after the ammonia annealing. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360123
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zeff profiles measured by visible and soft x-ray bremsstrahlung arrays in TFTR (abstract)a) : Proceedings of the tenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 635-635 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Zeff profiles from the tangential array of visible bremsstrahlung (VB) emission (5235 A(ring)) have shown several interesting features in TFTR. The observed Zeff profile was flat during the ohmic phase and hollow during the neutral-beam heating phase. In order to crosscheck the measured Zeff profiles from the VB array, a poloidal array which measures bremsstrahlung emission in the soft x-ray region has been analyzed. The analysis of array measurements in the two different spectral regions was performed on the same geometry determined from the Abel inversion of the electron density (interferometry). The two independent measurements of Zeff profiles have been consistent with each other for most of the discharges in TFTR. However, in a discharge where the two measurements are inconsistent, the Zeff profile deduced from the VB array indicates some degree of problems. In this paper, the detailed analysis of the bremsstrahlung array (both poloidal and tangential) measurements is presented. Particularly, the effects of geometry in the inversion process, such as a poloidal elongation of flux surfaces, are investigated. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146310
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermally stable, low-resistance PdGe-based ohmic contacts to high–low doped n-GaAs (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 2465-2467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thermally stable, low-resistance PdGe-based ohmic contacts to high–low doped n-GaAs have been developed. The lowest contact resistance obtained is two times lower than that of previously reported PdGe ohmic contacts. The contacts are thermally stable even after isothermal annealing for 5 h at 400 °C under atmosphere ambient. X-ray diffraction results and Auger depth profiles show that the good PdGe-based ohmic contact is due to the formation of both AuGa and TiO compounds. The AuGa compound enhances the creation of more Ga vacancies, followed by the incorporation of Ge into Ga vacancies, and the TiO compound suppresses As outdiffusion from the GaAs substrate, respectively. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114609
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interband transitions in Cd0.07Zn0.93Te/ZnTe strained single quantum wells grown by double-well temperature-gradient vapor deposition (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 2344-2346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electronic states in a Cd0.07Zn0.93Te/ZnTe strained single quantum well grown by the simple method of double-well temperature-gradient vapor deposition have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. X-ray diffractometry measurements were performed to characterize the structural properties of the Cd0.07Zn0.93Te/ZnTe quantum well. Reflectivity and photoreflectance measurements showed several resonant excitations in the Cd0.07Zn0.93Te quantum well, and photoluminescence measurements on the strained quantum well structures showed that the sharp excitonic transition from the first electron subband to the first heavy-hole band. Interband transition energies in the Cd0.07Zn0.93Te were calculated by taking into account the strain effects, and these theoretical values are in reasonable agreement with the results from the experimental measurement. These results indicate that these Cd0.07Zn0.93Te/ZnTe strained quantum wells hold promise for the potential applications such as in optoelectronic devices in the blue-green region of the spectrum. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114339
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of a ZnTe buffer layer on the structural and optical properties of the CdTe/ZnTe/GaAs strained heterostructures grown by temperature-gradient vapor-transport deposition (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 2388-2390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Lattice-mismatched CdTe epilayers on GaAs (100) substrates with and without ZnTe buffer layers were grown by the simple method of double-well temperature gradient vapor-transport deposition. X-ray diffraction measurements were performed to investigate the structural properties of the epitaxial layers. Photoluminescence and transmission electron microscopy measurements showed that the crystallinity of the CdTe epilayers grown on the GaAs substrates was remarkably improved using the ZnTe buffer. The strain of the CdTe layer was determined from photoreflectance measurements. These results indicated that the CdTe epitaxial films grown on GaAs substrates with the ZnTe buffer can be used for applications as buffer layers for the growth of HgxCd1−xTe and CdxZn1−xTe. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114556
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Far infrared tangential interferometry/polarimetry on the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment : Proceedings of the 12th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 710-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Measurement of the core BT(r,t) value is essential in the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment (NSTX), since the effects of paramagnetism and diamagnetism in the NSTX are expected to be considerably greater than that in higher aspect ratio tokamaks. Therefore, without independent BT(r,t) measurement, plasma parameters dependent upon BT such as the q profile and local β value cannot be evaluated. Tangential interferometer/polarimeter systems (eight channels) [H. Park, L. Guttadora, C. Domier, W. R. Geck, and N. C. Luhman, Jr., First and Second NSTX Research Forums, Princeton, NJ, 1997 (unpublished)] for the NSTX will provide temporally and radially resolved toroidal field profile [BT(r,t)] and two-dimensional electron density profile [ne(r,t)] data. The outcome of the proposed system is extremely important to the study of confinement, heating, and stability of the NSTX plasmas. The research task is largely based on utilizing existing hardware from the TFTR multichannel infrared interferometer system [D. K. Mansfield, H. K. Park, L. C. Johnson, H. Anderson, S. Foote, B. Clifton, and C. H. Ma, Appl. Opt. 26, 4469 (1987) and H. K. Park, D. K. Mansfield, and C. L. Johnson, Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Laser-Aided Plasma Diagnostic, Los Angeles, CA, 28–30 Oct. 1987 (unpublished), pp. 96–104] which will be reconfigured into a tangential system for NSTX, and to develop the additional hardware required to complete the system. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149364
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tests of local transport theory and reduced wall impurity influx with highly radiative plasmas in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999), S. 877-884 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electron temperature (Te) profile in neutral beam-heated supershot plasmas (Te0∼6–7 keV ion temperature Ti0∼15–20 keV, beam power Pb∼16 MW) was remarkably invariant when radiative losses were increased significantly through gas puffing of krypton and xenon in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor [McGuire et al., Phys. Plasmas 2, 2176 (1995)]. Trace impurity concentrations (nz/ne∼10−3) generated almost flat and centrally peaked radiation profiles, respectively, and increased the radiative losses to 45%–90% of the input power (from the normal ∼25%). Energy confinement was not degraded at radiated power fractions up to 80%. A 20%–30% increase in Ti, in spite of an increase in ion–electron power loss, implies a factor of ∼3 drop in the local ion thermal diffusivity. These experiments form the basis for a nearly ideal test of transport theory, since the change in the beam heating power profile is modest, while the distribution of power flow between (1) radiation and (2) conduction plus convection changes radically and is locally measurable. The decrease in Te was significantly less than predicted by two transport models and may provide important tests of more complete transport models. At input power levels of 30 MW, the increased radiation eliminated the catastrophic carbon influx (carbon "bloom") and performance (energy confinement and neutron production) was improved significantly relative to that of matched shots without impurity gas puffing. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873327
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isotopic scaling of confinement in deuterium–tritium plasmas (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 2299-2307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The confinement and heating of supershot plasmas are significantly enhanced with tritium beam injection relative to deuterium injection in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor [Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 26, 11 (1984)]. The global energy confinement and local thermal transport are analyzed for deuterium and tritium fueled plasmas to quantify their dependence on the average mass of the hydrogenic ions. Radial profiles of the deuterium and tritium densities are determined from the D–T fusion neutron emission profile. The inferred scalings with average isotopic mass are quite strong, with τE∝〈A〉0.85±0.20, τEthermal∝〈A〉0.89±0.20, χitot∝〈A〉−2.6±0.5, and De∝〈A〉−1.4±0.2 at fixed Pinj. For fixed local plasma parameters χitot∝〈A〉−1.8±0.4 is obtained. The quoted 2σ uncertainties include contributions from both diagnostic errors and shot irreproducibility, and are conservatively constructed to attribute the entire scatter in the regressed parameters to uncertainties in the exponent on plasma mass. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871253
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion cyclotron range of frequencies heating and current drive in deuterium–tritium plasmas (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 2427-2434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The first experiments utilizing high-power radio waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies to heat deuterium–tritium (D–T) plasmas have been completed on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor [Fusion Technol. 21, 13 (1992)]. Results from the initial series of experiments have demonstrated efficient core second harmonic tritium (2ΩT) heating in parameter regimes approaching those anticipated for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor [D. E. Post, Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference, Washington, DC, 1990 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1991), Vol. 3, p. 239]. Observations are consistent with modeling predictions for these plasmas. Efficient electron heating via mode conversion of fast waves to ion Bernstein waves has been observed in D–T, deuterium-deuterium (D–D), and deuterium–helium-4 (D–4He) plasmas with high concentrations of minority helium-3 (3He) (n3He/ne(approximately-greater-than)10%). Mode conversion current drive in D–T plasmas was simulated with experiments conducted in D–3He–4He plasmas. Results show a directed propagation of the mode converted ion Bernstein waves, in correlation with the antenna phasing. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871266
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interband transitions in CdTe/ZnTe single quantum wells grown by temperature-gradient vapor deposition (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 3194-3196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Several CdTe/ZnTe strained single quantum well structures with widths ranging from 5 to 20 A(ring) were grown on GaAs (100) substrates by double-well temperature-gradient vapor-transport deposition. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements on the strained single quantum-well structures showed that the sharp excitonic peaks corresponding to the transitions from the first electronic subband to the first heavy-hole band (E1–HH1) below the critical thickness of the CdTe well were shifted to lower energy with increasing well width. However, the results of the PL spectra above the critical thickness of the CdTe clearly showed broad excitonic peaks, originating from the dislocations in the CdTe quantum well, corresponding to the (E1–HH1) transitions. Electronic subband energies were calculated by an envelope function approximation taking into account the strain effects, and the transition values were in good agreement with those obtained from the experimental measurements. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.113720
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