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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the second law of thermodynamics for a dissipative system (1997)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 38 (1997), S. 5153-5166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we consider dissipative fluxes as well as the conserved variables as a set of independent variables characterizing the thermodynamic state of a nonequilibrium system. We then generalize the traditional internal energy balance equation so that contributions due to the dissipative fluxes are taken into consideration. On the other hand, the second law is formulated in terms of Caratheodory's inaccessibility condition in conjunction with the assumption that dissipative energy associated with internal work arising from irreversible processes be semipositive definite. We show that the second law formulated in this manner is equivalent to Kelvin's principle and Clausius's principle, as well as Clausius's inequality. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.531934
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk Assessment for a Proposed Groundwater Abstraction Scheme in Strathmore, North-East Scotland: a Modelling Approach (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 11 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The Lower Old Red Sandstones in northern Strathmore have favourable hydrogeological conditions for ground-water development. A scheme was proposed to abstract water in the north Esk catchment in order to augment water supplies to local villages, and a production borehole was drilled into the Edzell Sandstones to give a design yield of 2420 m3/d. However, this scheme has been abandoned because of concern that the abstraction would significantly reduce the flow in a nearby stream which is an important salmonid fishery.This study demonstrates the potential value of using a stream-aquifer numerical model in an environmental risk assessment for the proposed scheme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1997.tb00087.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the moment methods and irreversible thermodynamics (1997)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 38 (1997), S. 3589-3602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we investigate the kinetic foundation of irreversible thermodynamics by means of the moment methods proposed by Grad and by Eu, respectively. First we show that the moment methods yield a weak solution of the Boltzmann equation. On the other hand, the entropy balance equation can be satisfied only by the strong solution of the Boltzmann equation. Second, we reformulate the energy balance equation in an alternative form where dissipative energy as well as a generalized work 1-form are included in this new equation. Assume that the dissipative energy is semi-positive definite. The local form of the second law of thermodynamics is then formulated in terms of the inaccessibility condition of Caratheodory. We then show that our new formulation of the second law is equivalent to Kelvin's principle and Clausius' principle. Finally we obtain a calotropy balance equation where the calotropy density function is a state function in the thermodynamic space. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.532072
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of V, Nb, Cr, and Zr substituted 2:17 compounds and their carbides using neutron diffraction : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 4542-4544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Samples of Nd2Fe17−xTxCy with T=V, Nb, Cr, and Zr were prepared by melting of the constituent elements including C and studied by neutron diffraction. Comparing with their uncarbided counterparts, we found that the substituents transfer, more or less, from the 6c site to the 18f and 18h sites with the introduction of C atoms. This behavior appears to relate to the electronegativities between the C atoms and the early transition series elements because the 18f and 18h sites are near neighbors of the interstitial C site. However, the C effects in the V, Nb, Cr, and Zr samples are not as strong as those in Ti samples. SQUID measurements show that the Curie temperatures of these samples depend on both the interstitial C atoms and the substituents. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365421
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infradiaphragmatic extralobar pulmonary sequestration masquerading as an intra-abdominal, suprarenal mass (1997)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1997), S. 529-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Pulmonary sequestration ; Infradiaphragmatic mass ; Neuroblastoma ; Prenatal ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three infants were found to have infradiaphragmatic masses by prenatal ultrasound. Postnatal imaging studies confirmed the presence of these masses, which were suspected of being intra-abdominal malignancies (neuroblastoma). The other principal differential diagnosis was extralobar pulmonary sequestration (EPS). Intraoperative findings were consistent with EPS, which was confirmed by histologic examination. We present these three infants, review the literature, and discuss the evaluation and treatment of infradiaphragmatic EPS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258719
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infradiaphragmatic extralobar pulmonary sequestration masquerading as an intra-abdominal, suprarenal mass (1997)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1997), S. 529-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Pulmonary sequestration ; Infradiaphragmatic mass ; Neuroblastoma ; Prenatal ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three infants were found to have infradiaphragmatic masses by prenatal ultrasound. Postnatal imaging studies confirmed the presence of these masses, which were suspected of being intra-abdominal malignancies (neuroblastoma). The other principal differential diagnosis was extralobar pulmonary sequestration (EPS). Intraoperative findings were consistent with EPS, which was confirmed by histologic examination. We present these three infants, review the literature, and discuss the evaluation and treatment of infradiaphragmatic EPS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258719
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Calcaneus: Age-Related Changes in Trabecular Structure and Comparison with Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry Measurements (1997)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 60 (1997), S. 139 -147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Calcaneus — Trabecular structure — Magnetic resonance imaging — BMD.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. A high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol, together with specialized image processing techniques, was applied to the quantitative measurement of age-related changes in calcaneal trabecular structure. The reproducibility of the technique was assessed and the annual rates of change for several trabecular structure parameters were measured. The MR-derived trabecular parameters were compared with calcaneal bone mineral density (BMD), measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the same subjects. Sagittal MR images were acquired at 1.5 T in 23 healthy women (mean age: 49.3 ± 16.6 [SD]), using a three-dimensional gradient echo sequence. Image analysis procedures included internal gray-scale calibration, bone and marrow segmentation, and run-length methods. Three trabecular structure parameters, apparent bone volume (ABV/TV), intercept thickness (I.Th), and intercept separation (I.Sp) were calculated from the MR images. The short- and long-term precision errors (mean %CV) of these measured parameters were in the ranges 1–2% and 3–6%, respectively. Linear regression of the trabecular structure parameters vs. age showed significant correlation: ABV/TV (r 2= 33.7%, P 〈 0.0037), I.Th (r 2= 26.6%, P 〈 0.0118), I.Sp (r 2= 28.9%, P 〈 0.0081). These trends with age were also expressed as annual rates of change: ABV/TV (− 0.52%/year), I.Th (−0.33%/year), and I.Sp (0.59%/year). Linear regression analysis also showed significant correlation between the MR-derived trabecular structure parameters and calcaneal BMD values. Although a larger group of subjects is needed to better define the age-related changes in trabecular structure parameters and their relation to BMD, these preliminary results demonstrate that high-resolution MRI may potentially be useful for the quantitative assessment of trabecular structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900204
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utility of transesophageal echocardiography and pulmonary artery catheterization during laparoscopic assisted abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (1997)
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 11 (1997), S. 1099-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Key words: Laparoscopy — Vascular — Abdominal aortic aneurysm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Advanced laparoscopic procedures are more commonly performed in elderly patients with cardiac disease. There has been limited data on the use of pulmonary artery catheters (PAC) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to monitor hemodynamic changes. Methods: We prospectively studied eight patients undergoing laparoscopic assisted abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. All patients had a PAC and all but one had an intraoperative TEE. Data included heart rate (HR), temperature (temp), pulmonary artery systolic (PAS) and diastolic (PAD) pressures, mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), cardiac index (CI), mixed venous oxygen saturation (MVO2), and oxygen extraction ratio (O2Ex) and was obtained prior to induction, during insufflation, after desufflation, during aortic cross-clamp, and at the end of the procedure. End diastolic area (EDA), a reflection of volume status, was measured on TEE. ANOVA was used for data analysis. Results: No changes were noted in HR, temp, PAS, PCWP, CI, MVO2, and O2Ex. PAD and CVP were greater during insufflation compared with baseline and aortic cross-clamp without associated changes in EDA. MAP was higher at baseline compared with all other times during the procedure. Conclusions: Insufflation increased PAD and CVP. However, volume status as suggested by EDA and PCWP did not change. These data question the reliability of hemodynamic measurements obtained from the PAC during pneumoperitoneum and suggest that TEE may be sufficient for evaluation of volume status along with the added benefit of timely detection of ventricular wall motion abnormalities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004649900539
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of transgenic rice plants expressing the rice dwarf virus outer coat protein gene (S8) (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 522-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words RDV ; Segment S8 ; Rice ; Transgenic plants ; Particle bombardment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The coding region of the eighth largest segment (S8) of the rice dwarf virus (RDV) was obtained from a RDV Fujian isolate. It was then cloned into pTrcHisA for expression in E. coli and into vector pE3 for plant transformation. By using callus derived from mature rice embryos as the target tissue, we obtained regenerated rice plants after bombardment of the former with plasmid pE3R8 containing the RDV S8 gene and the marker gene neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT II). Southern blotting confirmed the integration of the RDV S8 gene into the rice genome. The expression of the outer coat protein in both E. coli and rice plants was confirmed by western blotting. The recovery of transgenic rice plants expressing S8 gene is an important step towards studying the function of the RDV genes and obtaining RDV-resistant rice plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050446
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palmitoyl-L-carnitine modifies the myocardial levels of high-energy phosphates and free fatty acids (1997)
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 92 (1997), S. 320-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: Key words Long-chain acylcarnitines – diltiazem – mechanical function – energy metabolism – rat heart
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Long-chain acylcarnitines, such as palmitoyl-L-carnitine (PALCAR), are known to accumulate in the myocardium during ischemia. We examined whether exogenous PALCAR modifies the myocardial levels of high-energy phosphates (HEP) and free fatty acids (FFA) in the heart, and wether d-cis-diltiazem and l-cis-diltiazem, an optical isomer having less potent Ca2+ channel blocking action than d-cis-diltiazem , attenuate the PALCAR-induced myocardial changes. Rat hearts were perfused aerobically at a constant flow according to the Langendorff's technique, while being paced electrically. PALCAR (5 μM) decreased the tissue levels of adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate and increased the tissue level of adenosine monophosphate, and produced mechanical dysfunction. In addition, PALCAR (5 μM) increased markedly the tissue levels of FFA, especially those of arachidonic and palmitoleic acids, and the release of creatine kinase (CK) from the myocardium. These alterations in the myocardial levels of HEP and FFA induced by PALCAR were significantly attenuated by d-cis-diltiazem (15 μM). Both drugs also attenuated the PALCAR-induced CK release. The present study demonstrates that PALCAR modifies the tissue levels of HEP and FFA in the heart and that both d-cis- and l-cis-diltiazem protect the myocardium against the PALCAR indueced changes through mechanisms other than Ca2+ channel blocking action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00788944
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