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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 3009-3011 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Optical gain spectra of (GaIn)(NAs)/GaAs quantum-well lasers operating in the 1.3-μm-emission-wavelength regime are measured and compared to those of a commercial (GaIn)(AsP)/InP structure. Good agreement of the experimental results with computed spectra of a microscopic many-body theory is obtained. Due to the contributions of a second confined subband, a spectrally broad gain region is expected for (GaIn)(NAs)/GaAs at elevated carrier densities. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 76-77 (Jan. 2001), p. 131-134 
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 82-84 (Nov. 2001), p. 695-700 
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 82-84 (Nov. 2001), p. 719-726 
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 99-100 (July 2004), p. 55-64 
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We review our work on two complementary and compatible techniques, namely direct laser writing and holographic lithography which are suitable for fabricating three-dimensional Photonic Crystal templates for the visible and near-infrared. The structures are characterized by electron micrographs and by optical spectroscopy, revealing their high optical quality
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Butterfly ; Color pattern ; Pigments ; Melanism ; Mimicry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Butterfly wings are colored late in development, when pigments are synthesized in specialized wing scale cells in a fixed developmental succession. In this succession, colored pigments are deposited first and the remaining areas are later melanized black or brown. Here we studied the developmental changes underlying two wing pattern mutants, firstly melanic mutants of the swallowtail Papilio glaucus, in which the yellow background is turned black, and secondly a Spotty mutant of the satyrid Bicyclus anynana, which carries two additional eyespots. Despite the very different pattern changes in these two mutants, they are both associated with changes in rates of scale development and correspondingly, the final color pattern. In the melanic swallowtail, background scales originally destined to become yellow (normally developing early and synthesizing papiliochrome) show delayed development, fail to make papiliochrome, and subsequently melanize at the same time as scales in the wild-type black pattern. In the B. anynana eyespot, scale maturation begins with the central white focus, then progresses to the surrounding gold ring and later finishes with melanization of the black center. Mutants showing additional eyespots display accelerated rates of scale development (corresponding to new eyespots) in wing cells not normally occupied by eyespots. Thus by either delaying or accelerating rates of scale development, the final color, or position, of a wing pattern element can be changed. We propose that this heterochrony of scale development is a basic mechanism of color pattern formation on which developmental mutants act to change lepidopteran color patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychological research 63 (2000), S. 22-35 
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The impact of relational structures (i.e., the systematicity of relations between successive items) on incidental sequence learning was investigated in a serial reaction-time (SRT) task while keeping constant the statistical structure. In order to assess the influence of relational structures in stimulus and response sequences separately, the strength of relational patterns in sequences of digits as stimuli and of keystrokes as responses was orthogonally varied. In Exps. 1 and 2, the variation of relational patterns was mainly effective in the keystroke sequence. In Exp. 2, in addition to the variation of relational patterns, the presentation of stimuli was delayed at serial positions that were incongruent with the relational structure. The results show that these incongruent pauses reduced the learning of strongly structured sequences of keystrokes but improved the learning of weakly structured sequences. Experiment 3 suggests that even higher-order relations between elementary patterns are utilized to accelerate responses. The data are interpreted as evidence for the impact of relational patterns, in addition to statistical redundancies, on the formation of chunks. Reasons are discussed for the finding that relational chunking was more pronounced in the keystroke than in the digit sequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 157 (2000), S. 1621-1641 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Seismicity, seismotectonic faults, earthquake prediction, earthquake precursor, hydrological earthquake precursor, radon anomaly, spring water, slug flow, pressure pulse.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —Extensive hydrogeological, geochemical, radiometric and hydro-isotope investigations in the Vogtland region, Germany, since 1989 suggest a fluid connection between a special epicentral area (focal depth: 3–15 km; M L 〈 5) and a mineral spring at Bad Brambach. Twenty-six hydrogeochemical anomalies are related to earthquakes/swarmquakes of that epicentral area near Novy Kostel (CZ) during the last 9 years. The anomalies were originated by a slug-flow process in the fluid-filled fracture system near the surface. The gas component of the observed fluid (99 vol. % CO2) is of upper mantle/crustal origin. The fluid transport pathway to the surface is the seismically active Mariánské Lázné fault zone. The interpretation suggests an influence of the fluid system due to earthquake preparation processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Insulin resistance, Type II diabetes, tumour necrosis factor-α, promotor polymorphisms, first-degree relatives.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is believed to influence skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Two G → A transitions in the promoter region of TNF- α at position –238 and –308 have been identified that could play a part in transcriptional regulation of the gene. Insulin resistance is an independent familial trait that predicts the development of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. We investigated the influence on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion of both polymorphisms in a cohort of young healthy relatives of patients with Type II diabetes.¶Methods. We examined 109 first-degree relatives of Caucasian patients with a history of Type II diabetes, who underwent extensive metabolical and anthropometrical phenotyping, and determined the TNF- α –238 and –308 G→ A promoter polymorphisms.¶Results. For the –238 polymorphism, 83 probands (76.1 %) were homozygous for the G-allele, 25 probands (22.9 %) were heterozygous and 1 proband (0.9 %) was homozygous for the A-allele. For the –308 polymorphism, 83 probands (76.1 %) were homozygous for the G-allele, 24 probands (22.0 %) were heterozygous and 2 probands (1.18 %) were homozygous for the A-allele. Probands with and without the polymorphism did not differ in insulin sensitivity (p = 0.78), insulin-concentrations and C-peptide concentrations in oral glucose tolerance tests (p 〉 0.05).¶Conclusions/interpretation. We could not detect an association between insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion and TNF- α promoter polymorphisms in our cohort. The polymorphisms occur at the same frequencies in probands with either low or high insulin sensitivity. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 181–184]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Akutes Lungenversagen ; Perfluorkarbone ; Flüssigkeitsbeatmung ; Perfluorhexanverdampfung ; Übersicht ; Key words Acute lung injury ; Perfluorcarbons ; Liquid ventilation ; Perfluorohexane vaporisation ; Overview
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The introduction of Perfluorochemicals into medicine and especially into the treatment of severe lung injury is a fascinating scientific task. Many recall the famous experiments from Clark et al. in 1966 when he demonstrated “liquidventilation with perfluorocarbons” in the mammal species for the first time. After this hallmark, perfluorocarbons were subsequently introduced in research of acute lung injury by the techniques of Total- and Partial-Liquid-Ventilation (TLV; PLV). Perfluorocarbons (saturated organofluorids) have unique chemical and physical properties which made them attractive substances for intraalveolar application. The strong C–F bindings in the perfluorocarbon molecules are responsible for their chemical stability, biochemical inertness, high capacity to dissolve respiratory gases, low surface tension and high vapor pressures. Furthermore, the high density of the PFC lead to radio-opacity and their distribution to dependent lung areas. The efficacy of PFC liquid, applied by TLV/PLV has been demonstrated in numerous animal studies using different models of acute lung injury. Currently, several mechanisms of action of perfluorocarbon fluids in acute lung injury are discussed: recruitment of atelectatic alveoli, prevention of endexpiratory collapse of alveoli (“liquid PEEP”), redistribution of perfusion, oxygen transport, surfactant like effects and decrease of inflammation. Since total liquid ventilation has been used only in experimental models of lung injury, partial liquid ventilation has been introduced successfully into clinical trials (phase I–II). However, the results of the first randomised, controlled study of PLV in 90 adult patients suffering from severe respiratory failure (ALI/ARDS) showed no differences between PLV and conventional treatment. Furthermore, the instillation of relatively large amounts of liquid into the lungs poses several technical challenges and may be associated with complications such as liquithoraces, pneumothoraces and hypoxia. Since mammal lungs are evolutionary specialised to gas exchange using atmospheric oxygen, the application of liquids, even if they transport respiratory gases very well is not physiologic. To overcome these unwanted side effects, we developed a technique of perfluorocarbon vaporisation in analogy to the application of inhalation anaesthetic agents. After resolving some technical issues, this application technique was used successfully in an animal model of acute lung injury. Vaporisation of perfluorohexane in a concentration of 18 Vol.% of inspired gas improved significantly oxygenation and lung compliance. Though these results are promising, mechanisms of action, dose-efficacy relation, surfactant-perfluorocarbon interaction or anti-inflammatory effects of vaporised perfluorohexane are still unclear. These questions need to be clarified before this technique can be applied clinically. However, the inhalation of vapor, a technique already familiar to anaesthesiologists should avoid risks of large amounts of fluids in the bronchoalveolar space. Furthermore, this technique can be administered by established anaesthetic equipment with the advantage of exact dosing, continuous monitoring, and demand application in a way near to clinical routine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Anwendung von Perfluorkarbonen in der Behandlung des akuten Lungenversagens (ARDS) ist eine viel versprechende Therapieoption. Perfluorkarbone weisen bedingt durch die Eigenschaften der C–F Atombindung spezifische Charakteristika auf, die eine intraalveoläre Anwendung ermöglichen und bei einer geschädigten Lunge positive Effekte auf den Gasaustausch und die pulmonale Mechanik zeigen. In den bisherigen Anwendungsformen TLV und PLV werden verschiedene Mechanismen der Verbesserung der pulmonalen Funktion diskutiert: Rekrutierung von Alveolen, Verhinderung des Alveolenkollaps (Derecruitment) (“Liquid-PEEP”), Surfaktantwirkung, Umverteilung der Perfusion, antiinflammatorische Effekte. Während die Totale Flüssigkeitsbeatmung aufgrund ihrer technischen Komplexität bislang nur experimentell zum Einsatz kam, wurde die Partial-Liquid-Ventilation bereits erfolgreich in klinischen Studien eingesetzt. Im Rahmen dieser klinischen Studien wurden jedoch unerwünschte Effekte der PLV beobachtet, die mit der intraalveolären Anwendung von Perfluorkarbonen als Flüssigkeit assoziiert sind. Eine Applikation von Perfluorkarbon in Dampfform, in Analogie zur Inhalationsanästhesie könnte diese Problematik lösen. Von unserer Arbeitsgruppe wurde dieser Therapieansatz technisch realisiert und in einem Modell einer akuten Lungenschädigung untersucht. Die Perfluorkarbonverdampfung führte zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung von Compliance und Oxygenierung. Aus der Beobachtung dieser positiven Effekte in einem Modell einer akuten Lungenschädigung ergeben sich neue wissenschaftliche Fragestellungen. Die Klärung des kausalen Wirkungsmechanismus von Perfluorhexandampf ist dabei ebenso wichtig wie Fragen bezüglich Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung und Dosierungszeitpunkt, antiinflammatorischer Effekte, oder einer Interaktion von Perfluorhexan mit Surfaktant. Dieser Therapieansatz unter Verwendung von etablierter anästhesiologischer Technologie bietet die Möglichkeit einer exakten Dosierung und bedarfsadaptierten Applikation von Perfluorkarbonen. Die ermutigenden Resultate der PFC-Verdampfung lassen auf eine viel versprechende Behandlungsalternative beim akuten Lungenversagen hoffen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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