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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Tubular function ; Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Hypertension ; Acidosis ; Hyperkalaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 14-year-old boy with the syndrome of hypertension and hyperkalaemia with normal glomerular filtration rate (Gordon's syndrome) is described. The patient's clinical symptoms consisted of periodic paralysis, slight metabolic acidosis of the proximal type and hypercalciuria. Prostaglandin excretion was normal. Infusion of atrial natriuretic peptide had no effect on electrolyte excretion or glomerular function although a normal increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate was demonstrated in plasma and urine. This lack of sensitivity to atrial natriuretic peptide offers a new pathophysiological concept in this syndrome. Treatment with hydrochlorothiazide was successful in this case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Hydrochlorothiazide ; Indomethacin ; Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus ; Prostaglandins ; Vasopressin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In four boys with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, plasma arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and urinary excretion of prostaglandins were studied in response to treatment with hydrochlorothiazide and indomethacin. An abnormal relationship between AVP and urine osmolality was demonstrated in all patients. In the first patient, treatment with indomethacin (3 mg/kg per day) resulted in a drop of the inulin and paraminohippurate clearances. In the other three patients urinary excretion of PGE2 was raised, and fell during treatment with hydrochlorothiazide (2 mg/kg per day) and indomethacin (2 mg/kg per day). Urine flow, free water clearance and osmolar clearance decreased during treatment. A combination of both drugs is more effective than hydrochlorothiazide alone and the effect appears to be additive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 3 (1989), S. 397-400 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Chronic renal failure ; Dopamine ; Noradrenaline ; Sodium homeostasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to evaluate the possible role of vasoactive hormones in the mechanism of exaggerated sodium loss due to reduced renal mass we measured plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma noradrenaline, and dopamine, in 12 children with advanced chronic renal failure (mean CIn17.8-2.6,x± SEM, CPAH93.5±17 ml/min per 1.73 m2, FENa7.0±0.95%). No patient had clinical signs of volume overload. Plasma concentrations of ANP were not significantly different from those of healthy agematched controls (29.2±7.2 vs 23.2±3.1 fmol/ml) and did not correlate with urinary sodium excretion. Plasma concentrations of aldosterone, PRA and noradrenaline, were also within the physiological range, while plasma dopamine levels were elevated (260±36 vs 98±11 pg/ml, 〈0.001). Our data do not support the notion that ANP or the renin-aldosterone axis play a major role in the adaptation of remaining nephrons to maintain long-term sodium balance in normotensive children with chronic renal failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hyponatremia ; Vasopressin ; Thirst ; Diuretics ; Cardiac failure ; Cirrhosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Because hyponatremia is frequently associated with preceding diuretic treatment and unrestricted fluid indake — conditions which have not been addressed sufficiently in published literature — we studied the pathophysiology and the clinical setting of such hyponatremia in a large group of internal medicine patients. We observed: a) Of an initial 310 patients with chemical hyponatremia only 204 (64%) had an associated plasma hypoosmolality. Sience a normal plasma osmolality excludes a disturbance of water metabolism only the 204 patients with hypoosmolar hyponatremia were included in the study. This data shows that plasma osmolality is an essential measurement in any evaluation of hyponatremia. b) In 204 consecutive patients with hypoosmolar hyponatremia the electrolyte disturbance was related to advanced congestive cardiac failure in 25%, decompensated liver cirrhosis in 18%, volume contraction in 28%, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in 19% and renal insufficiency in 4%. c) Plasma vasopressin was measurable in 90% of the 204 patients. It is known that radioimmunoassays to measure vasopressin fail to reliably detect low concentrations of circulating vasopressin (〈0.5 pg/ml). It may therefore be stated that hypoosmolar hyponatremia was generally characterized by a failure of antidiuretic hormone suppression. d) Mean daily fluid intake of hyponatremic patients was 2.35±0.15 l. In the presence of stimulated vasiopressin this large a fluid intake is bound to worsen the severity of hyponatremia. e) Of 204 patients 126 were treated with diuretics at the time of study. In these patients hyponatremia worsened during such treatments and was associated with evidence of prerenal azotemia. However there were no significant differences between diuretic-treated and -untreated patients with respect to plasma vasopressin stimulation and amount of fluid intake. In conclusion, stimulated vasopressin and high fluid intake explain the hyponatremia observed in the present study. This applied similary to diuretictreated and -untreated patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 146 (1998), S. 850-854 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Ureterabgangsstenose ; Standardisierte dynamische Radionuklidnephrographie ; Key words Obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction ; Standardized dynamic scintigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background: The dynamic radionuclide nephrography (Tc99m-MAG3) is an important method in the evaluation of obstruction of the upper urinary tract. The aim of the present study was to assess whether radionuclid nephrography under standardized conditions with adequate hydration and Furosemid induced diuresis can reliably detect a significant obstruction at the pelvi-ureteric junction. We therefore tested whether minimal tracer washout (10–25%) in the presence of normal renal function could justity a non-operative managment. Methods: 55 children with sonographically diagnosed hydronephrosis (dilation of the renal pelvis of more than 12 mm and calical dilation) had dynamic radionuclide nephrography after intravenous hydratisation (30–40 ml/kg bw). Results: 24 children showed a washout above 50%, 13 of more than 25%. Three patients had only a minimal washout (10–25%), which improved impressively as demonstrated in a control nephrography 2 months later in all of them. 15 children without any significant washout underwent corrective surgery: Six months after operation 13 of them showed a washout above 50%, the two remorning or more than 30%. Conclusion: Standardized radionuclide nephrography allows an important functional assessment of the urodynamic relevance of the pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction. With minimal tracer washout (10–25%) in the presence of normal renal function (〉40% divided renal function) primary conservative management seems justified. A washout below 50% no longer can be accepted as on indication of urodynamicly important obstruction necessitating operative corrective surgery.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Die dynamische Radionuklidnephrographie (99mTc-MAG3) stellt die wichtigste Untersuchungsmethode zur Klärung einer oberen Harnwegobstruktion dar. Untersucht wurde, ob die Methode, unter standardisierten Bedingungen (i.v.-Hydratisierung, Furosemidgabe und Sedierung) angewandt, eine strenge Operationsindikation erlaubt und sich als Verlaufsbeobachtung eignet. Dabei wurde insbesondere geprüft, ob bei minimalem Abfall der Traceraktivität (10–25%) und guter Nierenfunktion ein konservatives Vorgehen möglich ist. Methode: Bei 55 Kindern mit ausgeprägter Hydronephrose (〉12 mm Dilatation des Nierenbeckens und der Kelche in der Sonographie) wurde eine Radionuklidnephrographie veranlaßt. Die Untersuchung erfolgte nach i.v. 4stündiger Hydratisierung mit 30–40 ml/kg KG. Ergebnisse: Bei 24 Kindern war ein Abfluß von mehr als 50% und bei 13 von mehr als 25% der Aktivität nachweisbar. Bei 3 Patienten war nur eine geringe Ausscheidung (10–25%) zu dokumentieren, die sich bei einer Kontrollradionuklidnephrographie nach 8 Wochen bei allen Patienten eindrucksvoll besserte. Von 15 Kindern mit fehlendem Tracerabfall wurden 6 Monate nach erfolgreicher Korrektur der Ureterabgangsstenose bei 13 Kindern mehr als 50% der Traceraktivität ausgeschieden, bei den beiden anderen mehr als 30%. Schlußfolgerungen: Die standardisierte Radionuklidnephrographie ermöglicht eine wichtige funktionelle Aussage über die urodynamische Relevanz der Harntransportstörung. Ein geringer Auswascheffekt (10–25%) erlaubt bei Säuglingen mit normaler Nierenfunktion primär ein konservatives Vorgehen, und ein Tracerabfall 〈50% darf nicht länger als Maß für eine urodynamisch bedeutsame Obstruktion mit der Konsequenz einer operativen Korrektur angesehen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 582-584 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Pyelonephritis ; Hyponatraemia ; Hyperkalaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Abstract Three children with severe hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia associated with acute pyelonephritis are reported. All were very young male infants in a poor general condition and seriously dehydrated. Diagnostic procedures did not detect obstructive uropathy or vesico-ureteric reflux. Conclusion Hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia occurs in young infants with severe acute pyelonephritis in the absence of obstructive uropathy or vesico-ureteric reflux. The severe inflammation of the kidney itself may explain the electrolyte disturbance by a transient resistance of the distal tubule to aldosterone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 582-584 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Pyelonephritis ; Hyponatraemia ; Hyperkalaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three children with severe hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia associated with acute pyelonephritis are reported. All were very young male infants in a poor general condition and seriously dehydrated. Diagnostic procedures did not detect obstructive uropathy or vesico-ureteric reflux. Conclusion Hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia occurs in young infants with severe acute pyelone-phritis in the absence of obstructive uropathy or vesico-ureteric reflux. The severe inflammation of the kidney itself may explain the electrolyte disturbance by a transient resistance of the distal tubule to aldosterone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide ; Methemoglobin ; Methemoglobinemia ; Adverse effects ; Ascorbic acid ; Glutathione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the present study was to investigate the treatment of nitric oxide (NO)-induced methemoglobinemia by ascorbate and its consequences on red blood cell (RBC) glutathione in vitro. RBC were obtained from five healthy volunteers. The following experiments were carried out: (1) After methemoglobin generation by NO, ascorbate was added (2) RBC were simultaneously exposed to NO and ascorbate (3) Methemoglobin was generated by NO, ascorbate was added and incubation with NO continued. (1) After discontinuation of NO, the mean half life for methemoglobin was reduced from 195 min (controls) to 60 min (10 mM ascorbate) in a dose-dependent manner. (2) Methemoglobin formation after 3 h of NO exposure was 2.7 ± 0.3 % in controls and 1.8 ± 0.1 % with 10 mM ascorbate (p 〈 0.01). (3) Further methemoglobin formation was inhibited only by 10 mM ascorbate (p 〈 0.001). NO incubation did not affect RBC glutathione (86.5 ± 19.6 and 86.5 ± 19.6 mg/l, respectively). Treatment with 10 mM ascorbate significantly decreased glutathione (p 〈 0.002). In vitro, NO-induced methemoglobin formation is significantly decreased only by a high (10 mM) ascorbate concentration. Glutathione, critical for ascorbate activity, is not influenced by NO.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 157 (1998), S. 712-714 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Insulin-like growth factor ; Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 ; Growth hormone deficiency ; mesenteric cyst
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 12.5-year-old girl presented with short stature. Insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-I) and insulin- like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP-3) were below the 0.1 percentile. Growth hormone provocation tests disclosed normal responses to l-arginine and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. A huge benign mesenteric cyst was discovered by abdominal ultrasound and completely removed. Subsequently, the girl showed a marked catch-up growth; however, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 remained below the 0.1 percentile. Conclusion These observations imply that growth may take place even with very low levels of insulin-like growth factors. The interpretation of low IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels in short children still requires good clinical judgement and basic knowledge of their biological action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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