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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    String layouts for a redundant array of inexpensive disks (1994)
    Springer
    Algorithmica 12 (1994), S. 209-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0541
    Keywords: RAID ; Disk array ; 2d-Parity ; Fault tolerance ; Disk strings ; Bad square
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This article introduces the concept of abad square in aredundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID). Bad squares are used to prove upper limits on the reliability of the2d-parity arrangement when there is the possibility that astring of disks may fail simultaneously. Bad-square analysis motivates several optimal string layouts which achieve these limits. Bad squares also provide a means to calculate the mean time to data loss for a RAID layout, without the use of Monte Carlo simulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01185211
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mobile high-frequency mini-SODAR and its potential for boundary-layer studies (1993)
    Springer
    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 43.85.+f ; 92.60.Fm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract After a short review of the history of the mini-SODAR, the differences between conventinal SODAR and mini-SODARs are discussed. The background for the interpretation of the turbulent structure parameters are given. In view of existing mini-SODAR systems, some design criteria for portable systems are presented. The limitations in minimum range, vertical resolutions and velocity resolution are discussed. Results from an Arctic boundary-layer experiment, where three monostatic systems are used on a small scale, show the potential of its application. In view of other applications, future developments are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324101
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated CO2 mitigates chilling-induced water stress and photosynthetic reduction during chilling (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Bean, cucumber and corn plants were grown in controlled-environment chambers at 25/18 °C day/night temperature and either ambient (350 μmol mol−1) or elevated (700 μmol mol−1) CO2 concentration, and at 20–30 d after emergence they were exposed to a 24 h chilling treatment (6.5 ± 1.5 °C) at their growth CO2 concentration. Whole-plant transpiration rates (per unit leaf area basis) during the first 3 h of chilling were about 26,28 and 13% lower at elevated than at ambient CO2 for bean, cucumber and corn, respectively. The decline in leaf water potential (ψL) and visible wilting of bean and cucumber during chilling were significantly less at elevated than at ambient CO2. Corn ψL was not significantly affected by chilling, and corn did not exhibit any other symptoms of chilling-induced water stress. Leaf osmotic potentials (measured before chilling only) of bean and cucumber were more negative at elevated than at ambient CO2, and the corresponding calculated leaf turgor potentials were significantly higher at elevated than at ambient CO2. Leaf relative water content (RWC) during chilling at ambient CO2fell to 62 and 48% for bean and cucumber, respectively. RWC during chilling at elevated CO2 was never below 79% for bean or 63% for cucumber. Corn RWC was not measured. After 24 h of chilling at ambient CO2, net photosynthetic rate (PN) reductions were 83, 89 and 24% for bean, cucumber and corn, respectively. PN reductions during chilling were less at elevated CO2: 53, 40 and 4% for bean, cucumber and corn, respectively. At ambient CO2, none of the species fully recovered to pre-chilling PN, but at elevated CO2 both bean and corn recovered fully. The average percentage leaf area with visible leaf damage due to chilling was 20.6 and 9.6% at ambient and elevated CO2, respectively, for bean, and 32.4 and 23.6% at ambient and elevated CO2, respectively, for cucumber. Corn showed no significant permanent leaf damage from chilling at either CO2 concentration. These results indicate that cucumber was most sensitive to chilling as imposed in this study, followed by bean and corn. The results support the hypothesis that, at least in young plants under controlled-environment conditions, elevated CO2 improves plant water relations during chilling and can mitigate photosynthetic depression and chilling damage. The implications for long-term growth and reproductive success in managed and natural ecosystems will require testing of this hypothesis under field conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1997.00082.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of velocity of isokinetic training on strength, power, and quadriceps muscle fibre characteristics (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 61 (1990), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Hypertrophy ; Muscle morphology ; Muscle performance ; Training velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty young men trained the right knee extensors and flexors on an isokinetic dynamometer three times weekly over a 10-week period. During each session, 10 men in the slow training group completed three sets of 8 maximal contractions at a rate of 1.05 rad s−1, whereas the other 10, the fast group, completed three sets of 20 contractions at a rate of 4.19 rad s−1. Subjects were pre- and post-tested for peak torque and power on an isokinetic dynamometer at 1.05, 3.14, and 4.19 rad s−1. Proportions of muscle fibre-types and fibre cross-sectional areas were determined from biopsy specimens taken before and after training from the right vastus lateralis. When testing was conducted at 1.05 rad s−1, the slow group improved (P〈0.05) peak torque by 24.5 N m (8.5%), but no change was noted for the fast group. Power increased (P〈 0.05) by 32.7 W (13.6%) in the slow group and 5.5 W (2.5%) in the fast. At 3.14 rad s−1, both groups increased (P〈0.05) peak torque and power. At 4.19 rad s−1, the fast group increased (P〈0.05) peak torque by 30.0 N m (19.7%), whereas no training effect was observed in the slow group. There was no significant change in power in either group at 4.19 rad s−1, No significant changes were observed over the 10-week training period in percentages of type I, IIa and IIb fibres, but both groups showed significant increases (P〈0.05) in type I and IIa fibre areas. No differences were noted between groups, and no hypertrophy of type IIb fibres was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236711
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf expansion, photosynthesis, and water relations of sunflower plants grown on compacted soil (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 175-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: compaction ; Helianthus annuus L. ; leaf expansion ; nitrogen ; osmotic potential ; photosynthesis ; root growth ; soil strength ; turgor ; water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Leaf expansion and growth response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus, L.) to soil compaction were investigated in relation to compaction effects on water relations, nitrogen nutrition, and photosynthesis. A series of field experiments were conducted with plants grown in 20 cm-diameter cylinders with soil bulk densities ranging from 1.2 to 1.7 g cm−3 at the 0–20 cm depth (equivalent to 0.8 to 2.4 MPa soil strength measured with a soil penetrometer). Relative leaf expansion rate (RLER) decreased linearly with increasing soil strength. Smaller plant size in compacted treatments was due not only to slower expansion rates, but also smaller maximum size of individual leaves. Sensitivity of leaf expansion to soil strength was best illustrated by a reduction in RLER and maximum size of the first leaf to emerge in a treatment with only the lower 10–20 cm of the profile compacted (bulk density of 1.7 g cm−3). Root growth was less affected than shoot growth by compaction and root:shoot ratios of compacted treatments were significantly higher than the control. Soil compaction had no significant effect on pre-dawn or midday leaf water potential, osmotic potential or leaf turgor. Specific leaf weight was usually higher in plants grown on compacted soil, and leaf nitrogen and photosynthesis per unit leaf area were either unaffected by treatment or significantly higher in compacted treatments. The results suggest that early growth reduction of sunflower plants grown on compacted soil was more sink- than source-limited with regard to water, nitrogen, and carbon supply. Further evaluation of this hypothesis will require verification that these whole-leaf measurements provided a sufficiently accurate approximation of treatment effects on the dynamic equilibria of expanding cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016607
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf responses to soil water deficits: Comparative sensitivity of leaf expansion rate and leaf conductance in field-grown sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Helianthus annuus L. ; leaf conductance ; leaf expansion rate ; plant available water ; transpiration ; water-stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relative importance of changes in leaf expansion rate (LER) and leaf conductance (g1) in the control of crop transpiration depends primarily on their sensitivity to soil water deficits. The aim of this paper was to quantify the responses of LER and g1 to soil water deficits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under conditions of moderate (spring) and high (summer) evaporative demand. Soil water content, g1, and LER were measured in dryland (DRY) and daily-irrigated (WET) crops established on a deep sandy-loam (Typic Xerofluvent) in a Mediterranean environment. There was no difference between g1 of DRY and WET plants (p〉0.20) in contrast with a highly significant difference in LER (p〈0.001). Even under the harsh conditions of the summer experiment, g1 did not respond to water deficit in a ten-day period in which LER of DRY plants was reduced to approx. 30% of that measured in WET controls. This field study indicates that g1 plays at most a minor role in the control of sunflower transpiration in the pre-anthesis period and confirms the importance of leaf expansion in the regulation of gas exchange of expanding canopies subjected to soil water deficits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012991
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functionally gradient ceramic/metallic coatings for gas turbine components by high-energy beams for high-temperature applications (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 33 (1998), S. 3677-3692 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Failure of turbine blades generally results from high-temperature oxidation, corrosion, erosion, or combinations of these procedures at the tip, and the leading and trailing edges of a turbine blade. To overcome these limitations, functionally gradient ceramic/metallic coatings have been produced by high-energy beams for high-temperature applications in the aerospace and turbine industries to increase the life of turbine components. Thermal spray processes have long been used to apply high-temperature thermal barrier coatings to improve the life of turbine components. However, these processes have not met the increased demand by the aerospace and turbine industries to obtain higher engine temperatures and increased life enhancement as a result of the inhomogeneous microstructure, unmelted particles, voids, and poor bonding with the substrate. High-energy beams, i.e. electron beam-physical vapour deposition (EB-PVD), laser glazing, laser surface alloying, and laser surface cladding, have been explored to enhance the life of turbine components and overcome the limitations of the thermal spray processes. EB-PVD has overcome some of the disadvantages of the thermal spray processes and has increased the life of turbine components by a factor of two as a result of the columnar microstructure in the thermal barrier coating (TBC). Laser glazing has been used to produce metastable phases, amorphous material, and a fine-grained microstructure, resulting in improved surface properties such as fatigue, wear, and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures without changing the composition of the surface material. Laser surface alloying and laser surface cladding have shown promising results in improving the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the substrate's surface. Metal-matrix composite coatings have also been produced by a laser technique which resulted in increased wear and oxidation-resistant properties. The advantages and disadvantages of thermal spray processes, EB-PVD, laser glazing, laser surface alloying, and laser surface cladding will be discussed. Microstructural evolution of thermal barrier coatings, recent advancements in functionally gradient coatings, laser grooving, and multilayered textured coatings will also be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004675900887
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructural evolution of titanium nitride (TiN) coatings produced by reactive ion beam-assisted, electron beam physical vapor deposition (RIBA, EB-PVD) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 34 (1999), S. 2997-3006 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Titanium nitride (TiN) coatings have been successfully deposited on 304 stainless steel substrates by reactive ion beam-assisted, electron beam-physical vapor deposition (RIBA, EB-PVD). The hardness values of the TiN coatings varied from 800 to 2500 VHN depending on the processing condition. The lattice parameter and hardness variation were correlated with processing parameters such as: deposition rate, bias, ion source energies, process gas, substrate temperature, and coating composition. The hardness of the TiN coatings increased with increasing ion energy. The ion energies combined with the deposition rate were the limiting factors controlling the degree of surface texturing. Surface texturing was only observed for those coatings deposited 〉8 Å/s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004668325924
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