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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 71 (1988), S. 429-436 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The magnetostriction (MS) of REBa2Cu3O7−δ (RE=Y, Nd, Eu, Gd, Ho, Er, Yb) is reported as a function of magnetic field and temperature forH〈5 T and 1.5〈T〈40 K. With nonmagnetic rare earths the MS is small and a linear function of the field atH〉1 T. The MS is much larger when the rare earth carries a magnetic moment, as usual, but the volume MS observed with moment carrying REBa2Cu3O7−δ is larger than that of nonsuperconducting intermetalics. This effect is explained by the shielding currents which are induced by the 4f magnetic moments in the superconducting CuO-lattice. The thermal expansion of GdBa2Cu3O7−δ shows a large peak at the ordering temperature of 2.2 K in both the superconducting and the nonsuperconducting samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 24 (1985), S. 4020-4023 
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 37 (1989), S. 410-412 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 205 (1997), S. 158-164 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Adulteration ; Carbon-13 ; Citric acid ; Ethanol ; Malic acid ; Tartaric acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The δ13C-values of organic acids and their correlations to those of the sugar and ethanol, respectively, from 57 EU data bank wines of the Rheinpfalz area (years 1991 – 1993) and from some of their corresponding musts have been determined. In addition to the well established difference between fermented sugar and ethanol (Δδ13C = –1.7±0.2‰), a new constant correlation was found in wine for ethanol and citric acid (Δδ13C = +2.4±0.4‰). From this result a fixed δ-value difference for citric acid in wine to the fermented sugar of +0.7±0.6‰ can be deduced. The δ13C-values of L-malic acid and L-tartaric acid in must were not altered by the alcoholic fermentation; they should therefore directly provide access to the δ13C-value of the natural sugar in must. However, in non-adulterated wines the expected δ13C-value differences between these acids and ethanol showed unsatisfactory correlation coefficients. For L-malate this is attributed to the secondary (partial) degradation of this acid by the malolactic fermentation; a corresponding correction is envisaged in order to make L-malate available as an internal standard. As a reason for the unsatisfactory correlation between L-tartaric acid and ethanol, it is supposed that the time of its maximum biosynthesis period does not coincide with that of glucose in the grape ripening period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 208 (1999), S. 400-407 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Wine ; Oxygen isotopes ; Adulteration control ; Origin assignment ; European Union data bank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The application of oxygen isotope analysis to wine water (according to EU regulation no. 822/97) to determine a wine's origin, and check that it has not been adulterated is gaining increasing importance in both laboratories and industry. Using samples of Italian, French and German wines from the EU wine data bank (EU-DB), good agreement between the results from participating laboratories was demonstrated. Close correlations between the oxygen isotope contents of must and related wine water were found for samples from all countries. Based on the results of the δ18O values for EU-DB wines from 1991 to 1996 from Italy, France and Germany, we describe and discuss the main factors which are responsible for the variation of the oxygen isotope ratios of wine water. The examination of spiked samples demonstrated the usefulness of δ18O analysis for the detection of the watering down of wine. The possibility of origin assignment, preferably if the determination of the δ18O value by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is employed together with the determination of the site-specific hydrogen isotope content of wine ethanol by 2H-NMR and the measurement of δ13C values of ethanol by IRMS, is outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 207 (1998), S. 237-243 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words 2H-Nuclear magnetic resonance ; 13C ; 18O-Isotope ratio mass spectrometry ; Glycerol ; Origin assignment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The adulteration of wine with glycerol is considered to be a problem in European wine-producing countries. The latest control methods are mainly based on the detection of impurities from commercial products, but suffer from the raising efficiency of the purification processes. As there is little chance of being able to identify glycerol from different sources on the basis of a method which uses only one isotope, a multielement approach was tested. Glycerol from wine showed the lowest relative enrichment with D, mainly in position C-2, a relatively high 18O content, and very negative δ13C values, which significantly correlated with those of ethanol from the same wines. The isotopic data of glycerol samples from different sources were in agreement with those given by indices of origin (impurities). These data allowed us to identify the origin of these glycerol samples, i.e. whether they were produced industrially or synthesised by animals or plants. Glycerol of plant origin was most similar to glycerol found in wine. The combination of several isotopic data by discriminance analysis yielded clusters of data obtained from glycerol samples of similar origin. Taking into account the characteristics of possible mixtures, proof that wine has been adulterated depends on the origin and isotope levels of the added compound. This study showed that it is possible to prove that wine has been adulterated with glycerol from other sources when the latter is present at a concentration of 15% of the total glycerol content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 47 (1998), S. 81-82 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Inhalationsanästhesie ; Sevofluran ; Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse ; Kostenkontrolle ; Key words Anaesthetics ; Inhalation ; Sevoflurane ; Cost-effectiveness ; Cost control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The economic impact of the new German health care laws requires an awareness of cost-effectiveness when using newer drugs. The main goal in patient care, i.e., effective treatment, must be achieved by the rational use of restricted resources at a maximum degree of effectiveness. Economic aspects of the new inhalational anaesthetics such as sevoflurane are discussed in this article. The cost of inhalational anaesthetic agents accounts for up to 5% of all the running expenses of an anaesthesia department. The consumption and cost of an inhalational agent depend on fresh gas flow, vapour setting, and duration of anaesthesia. Comparing the cost for 1 MAC-h of anaesthesia, desflurane is more expensive at current market prices than sevoflurane and isoflurane. However, at low or minimal fresh-gas flows, the price for one MAC-h is almost the same for these volatile anaesthetics. Total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol is even more expensive, partly due to wastage, i.e., opened ampoules with a remainder of propofol that has to be discarded after each case. When choosing an anaesthetic agent, the price of 1 ml liquid anaesthetic is an important factor. However, the overall cost-effectiveness analysis must balance the cost of the agent with its pharmacodynamic advantages such as more rapid recovery from anaesthesia. Furthermore, the indirect costs of side effects have to be taken into account. For example, nausea and vomiting lead to a prolonged stay in the recovery room after anaesthesia for outpatient surgery, which in turn incurs additional costs for antiemetic drugs and the extra time for nursing care. Therefore, a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting and a more rapid recovery from anaesthesia leading to earlier discharge from the recovery room may compensate for the higher price. Volatile agents account for up to 1% of the total intraoperative costs. In analysing the costs of 1 h of anaesthesia, other products such as plasma substitutes and blood products account for a much higher proportion than anaesthetic agents, and reductions or increases in costs pertaining to these products have a bigger impact on overall costs than do volatile anaesthetics. We conclude that volatile anaesthetics account for only a minor portion of the anaesthesia department budget and the cost of anaesthesia delivery. The higher market price of the new agents may be compensated for by the economic impact of fewer side effects and a shorter post-anaesthesia stay in the hospital. In analysing data for sevoflurane, this agent may be cost-effective, for example, for outpatient anaesthesia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die veränderten ökonomischen Bedingungen aufgrund des Gesundheitsstrukturgesetztes machen Kosten-Effektivitätsanalysen bei der Einführung neuer Medikamente erforderlich. Das Hauptziel der Patientenversorgung, nämlich die effektivste Behandlung, muß unter maximaler Effizienzsteigerung angesichts der beschränkten Ressourcen erreicht werden. Am Beispiel der modernen Inhalationsanästhetika, insbesondere des Sevofluran, werden die für den Anästhesisten ökonomisch relevanten Aspekte dargestellt. Inhalationsanästhetika verursachen nur ca. 5% der Sachkosten einer Anästhesieabteilung. Die Kosten für eine einzelne Inhalationsanästhesie hängen neben den Einkaufskosten für diese Substanzen im wesentlichen von dem Frischgasfluß, der Vaporeinstellung und der Anästhesiedauer ab. Beim Vergleich einer MAC-Stunde ist bei den aktuellen Preisen die Inhalationsanästhesie mit Desfluran teurer als die mit Sevofluran oder Isofluran, wobei sich jedoch unter low- und minimal-flow Bedingungen die Kosten annähern. Die Kosten für das Inhalationsanästhetikum betragen bis zu 1% der intraoperativen Kosten einer Fallpauschale. Andere Faktoren wie z.B. die Personalkosten oder die Sachkosten für Plasmasubstitute oder Blutprodukte sind für höhere Kostenanteile verantwortlich, so daß sich Einsparungen oder Mehrkosten in diesen Bereichen wesentlich stärker auswirken als bei dem Kostenfaktor Inhalationsanästhetikum. Eine Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse am Beispiel der Inhalationsanästhetika muß nicht nur den Einkaufspreis der jeweiligen Substanz, sondern die Gesamtkosten mit einschließen, die durch unterschiedliche Nebenwirkungen oder differente postnarkostisch notwendige Überwachungszeiten bedingt sind. Am Beispiel des Sevofluran kann nach den bisherigen Daten für einige Einsatzgebiete wie z.B. die ambulante Tageschirurgie errechnet werden, daß dieses Inhalationsanästhetikum aufgrund der kürzeren notwendigen Betreuung im Aufwachraum trotz des höheren Einkaufspreises kosteneffektiv ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Bone marrow transplantation ; Anti-CMV hypergammaglobulin ; Azyklovir ; Conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bone marrow transplantation was performed between IV/82 and X/85 in 64 patients with acute leukemia (n=36), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML;n=13), severe aplastic anemia (n=12), and neuroblastoma stage IV (n=3). Of these patients 57 received allogeneic marrow from HLA-ABCDR identical, MLC-negative sibling donors. Six transplants were performed with syngenic marrow and one with autologous marrow. Of the 64 patients 48 survived 40-1,250 days after transplantation, resulting in a survival rate (SR) of 75% and a survival probability (SP) of 71%. Of the 36 patients suffering from acute leukemia (SR=64%, SP=51%), patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in first complete remission (n=11; SR=81%, SP=76%), as well as patients with acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) in 1st to 4th complete remission at the time of transplantation (n=14; SR=81%, SP=76%) show a favorable prognosis. A poor survival rate was seen for patients with AML when transplanted in second or partial remission (1/5; SR=20%), as well as for patients suffering from ALL and transplanted during relapse or partial remission (1/6; SR=16%). Of 13 patients suffering from CML 12 survived the transplantation free of relapse (SR=93%, SP=92%), and one patient died from varicella zoster pneumonia. Of the transplanted patients with severe aplastic anemia, 12 of 13 are surviving with complete hematologic reconstitution; one patient, however, died on day 10 from a sepsis. In our patient group, the SR as well as the SP has been improved through changes in the irradiation protocol concomitant with prophylactic application of anti-CMV hypergammaglobulin, as well as through additional oral medication of Azyklovir. The 41 patients (BMT No. 7–47) with total body irradiation at one time-show an SR of 44% and an SP of 41%. The following 46 patients (BMT No. 48–93) have reached an SR of 83% and an SP of 74% under the regimen of fractionated total body irradiation, plus prophylaxis with anti-CMV hypergammaglobulin and Azyklovir. Within this group, no fatal CMV pneumonia was encountered as opposed to six patients lost from CMV pneumonia in the first group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Acyclovir, bioavailability ; Drug monitoring ; Bone marrow transplantation ; Herpes infections, prevention and control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Viral infections are one of the major complications after bone marrow transplantation, with high mortality and morbidity. Fourty-six patients between 3 and 48 years old (median 15 years) received orally 400 mg (under age 6, 200 mg) acyclovir 4 times daily from day −12 before to day 84 after BMT. All patients were isolated in laminar-airflow units for at least 23 days with total enteral decontamination. They were concomitantly treated with anti-CMV-hyperimmunoglobulin and cotrimoxazol. During acyclovir prophylaxis seven patients had herpes simplex virus infections, all of them were seropositive before BMT. Acyclovir plasma concentrations were measured by use of a new HPLC method. No acyclovir was present (detection limit 40 ng/ml) in the plasma of five out of six patients with HSV infections. Three of them had non-compliance, and a lack of acyclovir absorption developed in two patients under conditioning regimen. No drug-related side effects were observed. Laboratory tests did not show liver or renal toxicity. Take and hematologic reconstitution were unchanged. In our study, oral acyclovir reduced the incidence of herpes simplex infections after bone marrow transplantation. Herpes infections only occurred in patients with non-compliance or lack of acyclovir absorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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