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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 13 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Precipitins against avian antigens in sera from patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis, asymptomatic pigeon and chicken breeders and from control individuals were tested with different antigen extracts in six laboratories by a variety of different methods. Eighty percent of the results coincided in identifying the positive sera from patients and 90% in identifying the controls. It seems possible therefore to exchange results among experienced laboratories with fair confidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Proton-NMR ; spin-spin-relaxation ; lineshape analysis ; multicomponent polimeric systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A method is presented to study the proton spin-spin-relaxation of one and two phase polymeric systems in a time range of 10−6 to 10−1 s, using a logarithmic time scale. Observing the line shape of the free induction decay (FID), an extensive description of the relaxation behaviour is possible in case of one phase systems in the temperature range from the rigid solid to the melt, and in case of two phase systems (in the temperature range between the glass temperatures of each phase) for each phase separately. By a combination of serveral pulse methods known from the literature, the true shape of the FID's is measured. The FID's are analyzed by comparison with simple mathematical line shapes. Several examples of measurements and analyses are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Als Grundlage von Polymeruntersuchungen wird ein Meßverfahren vorgestellt, das die Beobachtung der Protonen-Spin-Spin-Relaxation von Ein- und Zweiphasensy steinen in einem Zeitbereich von 10−6 bis 10−1 s unter Verwendung einer logarithmischen Zeitachse gestattet. Hierdurch wird eine einwandfreie Kennzeichnung der Einphasensysteme hinsichtlich der Kettenbeweglichkeit vom Festbis in den Schmelzzustand und der Zweiphasensysteme für jede Phase separat ermöglicht. Durch die Kombination einer Reihe von in der Literatur beschriebener Meßverfahren werden Störeffekte, die die Relaxationskurve verzerren, ausgeschaltet. Die gemessenen Relaxationskurven werden durch Vergleich mit geeigneten Kurvenprofilen mathematisch analysiert. Einige Anwendungsbeispiele werden diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 250 (1972), S. 1094-1104 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The relaxation behavior of polyethylene is studied by analyzing the line shape of the NMR-spectra. The broad, medium and narrow components correspond to three kinds of molecular motion: rigid, hindered mobile and liquid like mobile. The line shapes of the components are assumed to be that of a completely crystalline polyethylene sample, a hybrid between aGauβ andLorentz curve, and aLorentz curve, respectively. For a melt crystallized linear polyethylene of density 0,972 gcm−3 it is found that only (25±3)% of the noncrystalline protons are able to participate in the liquid like motion. For solution crystallized polyethylene this fraction is only (3±1)%. By swelling the polyethylene with carbon tetrachloride the mobility of the noncrystalline regions is increased. This is seen by the lowering of the glass transition temperature and a narrowing of the medium and narrow component. Branched polyethylene shows a different relaxation behavior from linear polyethylene, which follows from the disturbance of the polyethylene structure by the branching points.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung des Relaxationsverhaltens von Polyäthylen geschieht durch die Linienformanalyse der NMR-Spektren. Der breiten, mittleren und schmalen Komponente entsprechen drei Arten der Molekularbeweglichkeit: unbeweglich, behindert beweglich und fiüssigkeitsähnlich beweglich. Zur mathematischen Beschreibung der breiten Komponente benutzen wir die an einer hochkristallinen Probe experimentell bestimmte Kurvenform, für die mittlere Komponente eine ausGauss- undLorentz-Kurve gemischte Kurve und für die schmale Komponente eineLorentz-Kurve. Die Wendepunktsbreiten der drei Komponenten betragen 14 bis 16 G, 2 bis 10 G und⩽1G. Es wird gefunden, daß bei schmelzkristallisiertem linearem Polyäthylen der Dichte 0,972 g cm−3 nur (25±3)% aller nichtkristallinen Protonen eine flüssigkeitsähnliche Bewegung ausführen. Bei lösungskristallisiertem linearem Polyäthylen derselben Kristallinität ist der Anteil mit (3 ±1)% noch wesentlich kleiner. Durch die Quellung des Polyäthylens mit Tetrachlorkohlenstoff erhöht sich die Beweglichkeit in den nichtkristallinen Bereichen. Dies äußert sich in der Erniedrigung der Glastemperatur sowie in einer Verschmälerung der mittleren und schmalen Komponente. Verzweigtes Polyäthylen zeigt aufgrund seiner durch die Verzweigungsstellen gestörten Struktur ein von linearem Polyäthylen abweichendes Verhalten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 240 (1984), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Biochemical analysis ; Perilymph ; Sources of error ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Contamination of perilymph with other fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, tissue fluid, blood, endolymph) together with sampling, anaesthesia, surgical intervention or food intake of the animals may considerably affect the analytical result. The numerous possible artefacts seem to be the main reason why varying values are given in the literature for the same chemical component of perilymph. This is also partly true of cerebrospinal fluid and blood. The effect of some sources of error on selected chemical components of perilymph, cerebrospinal fluid and blood is briefly summarized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 272 (1972), S. 450-453 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Urinary Excretion ; Methyldigoxin ; Digoxin ; Metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In man the oral or intravenous administration of 4‴-methyldigoxin yields metabolites in urine which are soluble either in chloroform or in water. The chromatographic analysis reveals demethylation as the main metabolic reaction in man. In addition to methyldigoxin and digoxin small amounts of digoxigenin-bisdigitoxoside and digoxigenin-mono-digitoxoside can be detected. The water soluble metabolites represent 7% of the radioactivity excreted in 7 days reaching a maximum within the first 8 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 274 (1972), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Digoxin ; 4‴-Acetyldigoxin ; 4‴-Methyldigoxin ; Absorption Velocities ; Blood Level ; Biliar Excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of absorption, of changes in blood concentration, and of biliary excretion after the i.v. and i.d. administration of 40 μCi each, of digoxin, 4‴-acetyldigoxin and 4‴-methyldigoxin were studied in biliary fistula rats. The highest blood concentrations were found after the i.v. administration of 4‴-methyldigoxin, which decline with a half life time of 10 h, compared with 5.6 and 4.5 h for 4‴-acetyldigoxin and digoxin respectively. 71%, 55% and 17% of the dose were excreted in the bile within 12 h after the i.v. administration of digoxin, 4‴-acetyldigoxin and 4‴-methyldigoxin. The blood concentrations observed after the i.d. administration of digoxin and 4‴-acetyldigoxin show almost identical pharmacokinetics with respect to height and elimination velocity (half life 7.0 h for digoxin and 7.5 h for 4‴-acetyldigoxin). In contrast, following the i.d.administration of 4‴-methyldigoxin, blood concentrations, which were twice as high, were observed and declined with the same half life as after the i.v. administration. Determination of the disappearance rates of these glycosides from the intestinal lumen reveals a biphasic course of absorption. A first phase, with k values of 0.4, 0.5, 1.2 for digoxin, 4‴-acetyldigoxin and 4‴-methyldigoxin respectively is followed by a second phase with k values of 0.04, 0.04, 0.001 for digoxin, 4‴-acetyldigoxin and 4‴-methyldigoxin. Thus, 4‴-methyldigoxin is almost completely absorbed within the first two hours, while digoxin and 4‴-acetyldigoxin continue to be absorbed during the following hours. The absorption velocity of digoxin from the ileum was found to be one half of that seen in the duodenum. But this slow absorption, as well, follows a biphasic course. The data indicate that 4‴-methyldigoxin is absorbed at a distinctly higher rate than 4‴-acetyldigoxin and digoxin. Acetylation in 4‴ position evidently provides no important advantage with respect to absorption. While this study allows the determination of absorption and excretion velocities, no account of absorption quotes is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 273 (1972), S. 154-167 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Digoxin and Derivatives ; Bis- and Monodigitoxosides ; Biliary Excretion ; Renal Excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The metabolism of digoxin (D), 4‴-acetyldigoxin (AD) and 4″-methyldigoxin (MD) was studied in biliary fistula rats by quantitative analysis of the excretion of these glycosides after intraduodenal administration. The total activity excreted within 12 h in bile amounts to 45.1; 40.5; 21.3 and in urine to 11.6; 14.3; 17.6% of the dose of D, AD and MD respectively. AD undergoes a rapid, but incomplete desacetylation in the organism. The highest desacetylation activities were found in liver, in intestinal mucosa and in kidney. Yet considerable amounts of unchanged AD were found in portal vein blood and still another 1–2% of the dose in bile and urine. In contrast MD is very slowly demethylated. 15 min after intraduodenal administration portal vein blood contains almost exclusively MD. A stepwise cleavage of digitoxoses from D as well as of AD and MD is indicated. The absolute amounts of digoxigenin-bis-digitoxoside (4–8% of the dose), digoxigenin-mono-digitoxoside (2.5–8.5%) excreted in bile and urine were in the same range for all three glycosides examined, although the relative amounts of these metabolites in bile and urine were much higher after administration of MD than of the two other glycosides. In addition a water-soluble fraction could be detected in bile and urine after administration of D, AD and MD. The absolute quantities of polar metabolites (4.5–7.0%) excreted in bile and urine were identical for all three glycosides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 143 (1984), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis ; Biliary lipid composition ; Bile acids ; Gallstones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Biliary lipid composition, standard liver function tests, serum lipids and faecal fat excretion were studied in 15 children with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis (severe intrahepatic cholestasis, n=6; paucity of intralobular bile ducts, n=4; benign recurrent cholestasis, n=5) and compared to 15 children without gastrointestinal diseases. Severe and benign intrahepatic cholestasis were associated with normal or moderately elevated serum lipids. Biliary lipid concentrations were extremely reduced, bile acid concentrations were below the critical micellar concentration. This may account for the high incidence of gallstone formation in these patients. Remission periods in patients with benign recurrent cholestasis were not followed by complete normalisation of biliary lipid concentrations, indicating a primary defect in hepatic excretory function. Children with paucity of intralobular bile ducts showed markedly increased serum lipids, but only a two-fold reduction in biliary lipid concentrations. Cholic acid was the predominant bile acid in bile of all cholestatic children even during remission. Neither increased levels of monohydroxy bile acids nor unusual bile acids could be identified in notable amounts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 143 (1984), S. 41-44 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis ; Biliary lipid composition ; Bile acids ; Phenobarbital
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of phenobarbital (5.4–7.5 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days were studied in four children with severe intrahepatic cholestasis (group I) and in four with a syndromatic type of paucity of intralobular bile ducts (group II). Phenobarbital administration resulted in a moderate improvement of pruritus in all patients. There was a significant decrease of bilirubin in serum (group I: from 4.8 to 2.7 mg/dl; group II: from 6.1 to 2.1 mg/dl); total bile acids (group I: from 416 to 337 μmol/l; group II: from 156 to 123 μmol/l) and cholesterol (group I: from 248 to 207 mg/dl; group II: from 351 to 292 mg/dl). Alkaline phosphatase activity increased from 929 to 1126 U/l in group I and from 1751 to 2360 U/l in group II. SGOT and SGPT activities remained unchanged in both groups. In group I total biliary lipid concentration and bile acid output increased from 0.09 to 0.17 g/dl and from 3.9 to 7.2 μmol/kg per 30 min, respectively. Molar percentages of cholesterol, phospholipids and bile acids in bile remained unchanged. In group II total lipid concentrations and bile acid output increased from 1.62 to 2.0 g/dl and from 27.8 to 39.1 μmol/kg per 30 min, respectively. The molar percentage of cholesterol decreased from 5.6 to 3.5 mol%. The present results indicate that short term administration of phenobarbital has only minimal effects on biliary lipid metabolism in children with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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