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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 53 (1966), S. 537-537 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 17 (1969), S. 344-346 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 205 (1997), S. 158-164 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Adulteration ; Carbon-13 ; Citric acid ; Ethanol ; Malic acid ; Tartaric acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The δ13C-values of organic acids and their correlations to those of the sugar and ethanol, respectively, from 57 EU data bank wines of the Rheinpfalz area (years 1991 – 1993) and from some of their corresponding musts have been determined. In addition to the well established difference between fermented sugar and ethanol (Δδ13C = –1.7±0.2‰), a new constant correlation was found in wine for ethanol and citric acid (Δδ13C = +2.4±0.4‰). From this result a fixed δ-value difference for citric acid in wine to the fermented sugar of +0.7±0.6‰ can be deduced. The δ13C-values of L-malic acid and L-tartaric acid in must were not altered by the alcoholic fermentation; they should therefore directly provide access to the δ13C-value of the natural sugar in must. However, in non-adulterated wines the expected δ13C-value differences between these acids and ethanol showed unsatisfactory correlation coefficients. For L-malate this is attributed to the secondary (partial) degradation of this acid by the malolactic fermentation; a corresponding correction is envisaged in order to make L-malate available as an internal standard. As a reason for the unsatisfactory correlation between L-tartaric acid and ethanol, it is supposed that the time of its maximum biosynthesis period does not coincide with that of glucose in the grape ripening period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 208 (1999), S. 400-407 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Wine ; Oxygen isotopes ; Adulteration control ; Origin assignment ; European Union data bank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The application of oxygen isotope analysis to wine water (according to EU regulation no. 822/97) to determine a wine's origin, and check that it has not been adulterated is gaining increasing importance in both laboratories and industry. Using samples of Italian, French and German wines from the EU wine data bank (EU-DB), good agreement between the results from participating laboratories was demonstrated. Close correlations between the oxygen isotope contents of must and related wine water were found for samples from all countries. Based on the results of the δ18O values for EU-DB wines from 1991 to 1996 from Italy, France and Germany, we describe and discuss the main factors which are responsible for the variation of the oxygen isotope ratios of wine water. The examination of spiked samples demonstrated the usefulness of δ18O analysis for the detection of the watering down of wine. The possibility of origin assignment, preferably if the determination of the δ18O value by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is employed together with the determination of the site-specific hydrogen isotope content of wine ethanol by 2H-NMR and the measurement of δ13C values of ethanol by IRMS, is outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 207 (1998), S. 237-243 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words 2H-Nuclear magnetic resonance ; 13C ; 18O-Isotope ratio mass spectrometry ; Glycerol ; Origin assignment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The adulteration of wine with glycerol is considered to be a problem in European wine-producing countries. The latest control methods are mainly based on the detection of impurities from commercial products, but suffer from the raising efficiency of the purification processes. As there is little chance of being able to identify glycerol from different sources on the basis of a method which uses only one isotope, a multielement approach was tested. Glycerol from wine showed the lowest relative enrichment with D, mainly in position C-2, a relatively high 18O content, and very negative δ13C values, which significantly correlated with those of ethanol from the same wines. The isotopic data of glycerol samples from different sources were in agreement with those given by indices of origin (impurities). These data allowed us to identify the origin of these glycerol samples, i.e. whether they were produced industrially or synthesised by animals or plants. Glycerol of plant origin was most similar to glycerol found in wine. The combination of several isotopic data by discriminance analysis yielded clusters of data obtained from glycerol samples of similar origin. Taking into account the characteristics of possible mixtures, proof that wine has been adulterated depends on the origin and isotope levels of the added compound. This study showed that it is possible to prove that wine has been adulterated with glycerol from other sources when the latter is present at a concentration of 15% of the total glycerol content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 47 (1998), S. 81-82 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Inhalationsanästhesie ; Sevofluran ; Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse ; Kostenkontrolle ; Key words Anaesthetics ; Inhalation ; Sevoflurane ; Cost-effectiveness ; Cost control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The economic impact of the new German health care laws requires an awareness of cost-effectiveness when using newer drugs. The main goal in patient care, i.e., effective treatment, must be achieved by the rational use of restricted resources at a maximum degree of effectiveness. Economic aspects of the new inhalational anaesthetics such as sevoflurane are discussed in this article. The cost of inhalational anaesthetic agents accounts for up to 5% of all the running expenses of an anaesthesia department. The consumption and cost of an inhalational agent depend on fresh gas flow, vapour setting, and duration of anaesthesia. Comparing the cost for 1 MAC-h of anaesthesia, desflurane is more expensive at current market prices than sevoflurane and isoflurane. However, at low or minimal fresh-gas flows, the price for one MAC-h is almost the same for these volatile anaesthetics. Total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol is even more expensive, partly due to wastage, i.e., opened ampoules with a remainder of propofol that has to be discarded after each case. When choosing an anaesthetic agent, the price of 1 ml liquid anaesthetic is an important factor. However, the overall cost-effectiveness analysis must balance the cost of the agent with its pharmacodynamic advantages such as more rapid recovery from anaesthesia. Furthermore, the indirect costs of side effects have to be taken into account. For example, nausea and vomiting lead to a prolonged stay in the recovery room after anaesthesia for outpatient surgery, which in turn incurs additional costs for antiemetic drugs and the extra time for nursing care. Therefore, a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting and a more rapid recovery from anaesthesia leading to earlier discharge from the recovery room may compensate for the higher price. Volatile agents account for up to 1% of the total intraoperative costs. In analysing the costs of 1 h of anaesthesia, other products such as plasma substitutes and blood products account for a much higher proportion than anaesthetic agents, and reductions or increases in costs pertaining to these products have a bigger impact on overall costs than do volatile anaesthetics. We conclude that volatile anaesthetics account for only a minor portion of the anaesthesia department budget and the cost of anaesthesia delivery. The higher market price of the new agents may be compensated for by the economic impact of fewer side effects and a shorter post-anaesthesia stay in the hospital. In analysing data for sevoflurane, this agent may be cost-effective, for example, for outpatient anaesthesia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die veränderten ökonomischen Bedingungen aufgrund des Gesundheitsstrukturgesetztes machen Kosten-Effektivitätsanalysen bei der Einführung neuer Medikamente erforderlich. Das Hauptziel der Patientenversorgung, nämlich die effektivste Behandlung, muß unter maximaler Effizienzsteigerung angesichts der beschränkten Ressourcen erreicht werden. Am Beispiel der modernen Inhalationsanästhetika, insbesondere des Sevofluran, werden die für den Anästhesisten ökonomisch relevanten Aspekte dargestellt. Inhalationsanästhetika verursachen nur ca. 5% der Sachkosten einer Anästhesieabteilung. Die Kosten für eine einzelne Inhalationsanästhesie hängen neben den Einkaufskosten für diese Substanzen im wesentlichen von dem Frischgasfluß, der Vaporeinstellung und der Anästhesiedauer ab. Beim Vergleich einer MAC-Stunde ist bei den aktuellen Preisen die Inhalationsanästhesie mit Desfluran teurer als die mit Sevofluran oder Isofluran, wobei sich jedoch unter low- und minimal-flow Bedingungen die Kosten annähern. Die Kosten für das Inhalationsanästhetikum betragen bis zu 1% der intraoperativen Kosten einer Fallpauschale. Andere Faktoren wie z.B. die Personalkosten oder die Sachkosten für Plasmasubstitute oder Blutprodukte sind für höhere Kostenanteile verantwortlich, so daß sich Einsparungen oder Mehrkosten in diesen Bereichen wesentlich stärker auswirken als bei dem Kostenfaktor Inhalationsanästhetikum. Eine Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse am Beispiel der Inhalationsanästhetika muß nicht nur den Einkaufspreis der jeweiligen Substanz, sondern die Gesamtkosten mit einschließen, die durch unterschiedliche Nebenwirkungen oder differente postnarkostisch notwendige Überwachungszeiten bedingt sind. Am Beispiel des Sevofluran kann nach den bisherigen Daten für einige Einsatzgebiete wie z.B. die ambulante Tageschirurgie errechnet werden, daß dieses Inhalationsanästhetikum aufgrund der kürzeren notwendigen Betreuung im Aufwachraum trotz des höheren Einkaufspreises kosteneffektiv ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 4 (1965), S. 402-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Histological examination of the brains of 258 premature and mature infants, who died in early childhood due to various diseases, showed lesions of the type of elective parenchymal necrosis in 38% of the cases. Sites of predilection were the cerebellar cortex and the Ammonshorn, less often cerebral cortex, striatum, thalamus, and inferior oliva. The areas known to be sensitive to oxygen deficiency, however, were rarely affected. These changes in cases of serious asphyxia are not found as often as in cases of serious traumatic birth injury. Therefore, it is not assumed that immature brain tissue is especially sensitive to general oxygen deficiency. This is in agreement with physiological, clinical and experimental findings. It is considered, however, that functional circulatory disturbances, expecially due to mechanical obstetrical influences on the skull and brain, are the most important pathogenetic factors. In this connection, an increased susceptibility of immature brain tissue to sustained vasomotoric reactions is probable.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Histologische Untersuchungen an den Gehirnen von 258 früh- und reifgeborenen Kindern, die in der ersten frühkindlichen Lebensperiode im Gefolge verschiedenartiger Erkrankungen gestorben waren, ergaben in einer Häufigkeit von 38% Veränderungen vom Typ elektiver Parenchymnekrosen. Bevorzugt betroffen waren Kleinhirnrinde und Ammonshorn, seltener Großhirnrinde, Striatum, Thalamus und unterer Olivenkern. Die bekannten sauerstoffmangel-empfindlichen Kerngebiete zeigten sich dagegen nur sehr selten in Mitleidenschaft gezogen. Aus diesem Grunde sowie im Hinblick auf die Tatsache, daß diese Veränderungen bei Kindern mit schweren Asphyxien wesentlich seltener gefunden wurden als bei Kindern mit geburtstraumatischen Hirnschädigungen, wird — im Einklang mit physiologischen, klinischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen — eine besondere Empfindlichkeit des unreifen Hirngewebes gegenübee allgemeinem Sauerstoffmangel nicht für wahrscheinlich erachtet. Es wird vielmehr angenommen, daß funktionelle, vor allem auf geburtsbedingte mechanische Einwirkungen auf Schädel und Gehirn zurückgehende vasomotorische Zirkulationsstörungen als ursächlich entscheidende Faktoren in Frage kommen. Im Zussammenhang damit wird eine erhöhte Neigung des unreifen Hirngewebes zu nachhaltigen vasomotorischen Reaktionen für wahrscheinlich gehalten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The ratio of the smallest negative-inotropic dose to the smallestβ-adrenolytic dose was measured in Heart-Lung-Preparations of the 16 dogs with Propranolol (Dociton), MHIP (Kö 592), Prenylamine (Segontin) and Iproveratril (Isoptin). With Propranolol the ratio was 6,1:1, MHIP 4,9:1, Prenylamine 6,5:1, with Iproveratril on the contrary only 1,2:1. Due to the distinct individual effect of Iproveratril a specificβ-adrenolytic effect could not be seen in the Heart-Lung-Preparations of the dog. In small doses Prenylamine has a positive-inotropic and chronotropic effect. Such sympathomimetic properties cannot be shown with Propranolol and MHIP. Both these substances, even with marked negative-inotropic doses, do not influence the spontaneous frequency of the hearts. On 7 isolated hearts, the catecholamine stores of which had been depleted by pretreatment with Reserpin, all four drugs also showed a distinctly depressing effect on the myocardium. This effect is obviously independent of the specificβ-blocking effect. With quantities of Prenylamine, which correspond to the smallestβ-adrenolytic doses, an evident negative-inotropic and negative-chronotropic effect in the depleted hearts takes place. Iproveratril has a negative-inotropic effect with equal doses in the normal and depleted heart.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An 23 Herz-Lungen-Präparaten von Hunden wird für Propranolol (Dociton®), MHIP (Kö 592), Prenylamin (Segontin®) und Iproveratril (Isoptin®) das Verhältnis der kleinsten negativ-inotropen zur kleinstenβ-adrenolytischen Dosis bestimmt. Es beträgt für Propranolol im Mittel 6,1 : 1, für MHIP 4,9:1, für Prenylamin 6,6:1 und für Iproveratril 1,2:1. Eine spezifischeβ-adrenolytische Wirkung des Iproveratrils kann am Herz-Lungen-Präparat des Hundes wegen der ausgeprägten Eigenwirkung nicht festgestellt werden. Prenylamin wirkt in kleinen Dosen positiv-inotrop. Solche sympathicomimetische Eigenschaften sind beim Propranolol und MHIP nicht nachweisbar. Beide Stoffe lassen auch in deutlich kardiodepressiv wirkenden Dosen die Spontanfrequenz des Herzens praktisch unbeeinflußt. Auch an katecholaminentspeicherten Herzen zeigen alle vier Pharmaka eine deutliche kontraktilitätsmindernde Wirkung. Dies ist also eine Eigenwirkung der Stoffe, die vom adrenolytischen Effekt unabhängig ist. Prenylamin hat in den Mengen, die den kleinsten adrenolytisch wirkenden Dosen entsprechen, am entspeicherten Herzen eine deutliche negativ-inotrope und negativ-chronotrope Wirkung. Iproveratril wirkt in gleicher Dosierung am normalen und entspeicherten Herzen depressiv.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Pancreatic edema, following injection of trypsin into the pancreatic duct, ist significantly reduced after I.V. administration of the trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor trasylol. This effect is probably due to inhibition of the injected trypsin, and not to prevention of intra-pancreatic enzyme activation. Because trasylol does not affect pancreatic edema 15 minutes after the injection of Na-taurocholate in the pancreatic duct. 2. On injecting trasylol together with Na-taurocholate into the pancreatic duct of the rat, there is no effect on serum amylase elevation, weight increase of the pancreas, nor on the degree of pancreatic necrosis (estimated 6 hrs and 24 hrs after producing pancreatitis). 3. Proteolytic activity, not identical with trypsin, is already found in traces in homogenates of normal pancreas. This increases 2 to 3-fold within 6 and 24 hours after producing Na-taurocholate pancreatitis, independent of whether the animals received trasylol into the pancreatic duct or not. This proteolytic activity is not inhibited through trasylolin vitro. 4. The development of pancreatitis by calciphylaxis (Selye's method) ist not prevented through I.V. doses of trasylol. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis of the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. No enzyme that could be inhibited by trasylol were found in the course of experimental pancreatitis. Therefore the only therapeutic effect that can be expected is that on the shock and pain by inhibiting kallikrein and thus kinine release.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Das Pankreasödem 15 min nach Injektion von Trypsin in den Pankreasgang der Ratte ist nach i.v.-Gaben des Trypsin-Kallikrein-Inhibitors Trasylol signifikant vermindert. Dieser Effekt beruht wahrscheinlich auf einer Hemmung des injizierten Trypsins und nicht auf einer Verhinderung intrapankreatischer Enzymaktivierungen, weil Trasylol das Pankreasödem 15 min nach Injektion von Natrium-Taurocholat in den Pankreasgang nicht beeinflußt. 2. Die Injektion von Trasylol zusammen mit Natrium-Taurocholat in den Pankreasgang der Ratte hat keinen Einfluß auf Serumamylaseanstieg, Gewichtszunahme des Pankreas und Ausmaß der Pankreasnekrose (bestimmt 6 Std und 24 Std nach Erzeugung der Pankreatitis). 3. Eine nicht mit Trypsin identische proteolytische Aktivität ist in Spuren bereits in Homogenaten normaler Pankreata nachweisbar. Sie nimmt 6 und 24 Std nach Erzeugung einer Natriumtaurocholat-Pankreatitis auf das 2–3fache zu, gleichgültig, ob die Tiere intrapankreatisch Trasylol erhielten oder nicht. Diese proteolytische Aktivität ist durch Trasylol in vitro nicht hemmbar. 4. Die Entwicklung einer Calciphylaxie-Pankreatitis nachSelye läßt sich durch i.v.-Gaben von Trasylol nicht verhindern. 5. Die Befunde werden im Hinblick auf die Vorstellungen über die Pathogenese der Pankreatitis diskutiert. Da im Verlaufe der experimentellen Pankreatitis keine durch Trasylol hemmbaren Enzyme nachweisbar sind, ist ein therapeutischer Effekt lediglich auf den Schock und den Schmerz durch Hemmung der Kininfreisetzung durch Kallikrein zu erwarten.
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