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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The NaCl pressure standard (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 5801-5808 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A revised pressure scale for NaCl is proposed as an update for the 30-year-old work of Decker. An alternative approach to the analysis is utilized in conjunction with more recent data. The zero-Kelvin compression curve is parameterized using local basis functions (splines) and constrained by accurate pressure-volume-temperature data. Thermal pressures are estimated within a quasiharmonic framework using a volume-dependent Grüneisen parameter and the Debye thermal energy. In the pressure regime extending to 5 GPa uncertainties in pressure (based on measured volumes) are estimated to be less than 1%. Uncertainty increases to 1.5% at 10 GPa and 3% at 25 GPa. The largest contribution to systematic uncertainty at the highest pressures is the lack of knowledge of the volume dependence of the Grüneisen parameter. Misfit of other calculated thermodynamic properties with respect to data is relatively small. On the basis of the current analysis, pressures determined using the older Decker calibration are low. Along the 300 K isotherm, apparent errors in the Decker scale are as large as −3% (−0.3 GPa at 10 GPa, −0.47 GPa near 18 GPa, and −0.37 GPa at 25 GPa). At higher temperatures the apparent errors are smaller. At 1100 K and 20 GPa the error is −0.2 GPa. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371596
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arsenic for antimony exchange on GaSb, its impacts on surface morphology, and interface structure (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 329-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We quantify the rates and total amounts of the arsenic for antimony exchange on both the Sb-terminated and Ga (or In)-terminated GaSb (001) surfaces using in situ real time line-of-sight mass spectrometry (LOS-MS) during molecular beam epitaxy. On the Sb-terminated GaSb (001) surface, an As for Sb exchange is observed to occur at all values of incident As2 flux considered. At high substrate temperature, three-dimensional (3D) nanometer-sized clusters from as a consequence of As/Sb exchange and lattice mismatch strain between GaAs and GaSb. The 3D clusters are found to have lateral dimensions of ∼10–30 nm and heights of 1–3 nm by atomic force microscopy (AFM). By contrast, at lower substrate temperatures a two-dimensional surface morphology is maintained, and AFM reveals an array of atomically flat terraces. On the surface terminated by one monolayer (ML) of Ga or In, there exists a critical As2 flux below which the As/Sb exchange is greatly diminished. The net amounts of Sb leaving the surface during one period of InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice growth are measured in real time by LOS-MS and estimated to be in the range of 0–0.4 ML for the various conditions used. By supplying only an As2 beam to a GaSb surface covered by InAs, the Sb riding over the InAs layer is replaced by arsenic and the total amount of such Sb is measured. The amount of Sb riding on the InAs can be as large as 0.8 ML for the first 1 ML of InAs and it gradually decreases to zero as the number of InAs monolayer increases. X-ray diffraction data show that all the InAs/GaSb superlattices coherently match with the GaSb substrate in the growth plane. The average lattice constant along the growth direction reduces with decreasing Sb mole fraction shown by the increased Sb desorption signal. Using the information on As/Sb exchange and Sb riding on the InAs surface, we predict an average lattice constant along the growth direction to be consistent with the measured one to within 2×10−4. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370733
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Density gradient columns: Dynamic modeling for linear profiles (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3973-3980 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Rigorous mathematical modeling of the process dynamics associated with the construction and filling of density gradient columns is presented in this article. These models incorporate the hydrostatic driving forces for fluid flow, friction losses associated with this flow, and the unsteady-state behavior of the liquid levels in the filling vessels and in the column itself. Four different filling arrangements are considered, corresponding to the density order of the two fluids in the filling vessels and two methods for introducing the fluid of varying density into the column. Time requirements for filling of the column and the resulting calibration curve for liquid density versus height in the gradient column are both obtained as a result of this modeling procedure. Further, extremely important operating guidelines for the final achievement of a linear density gradient in the column, which is normally the desired objective in most laboratory applications, are derived and presented. Conversely, the causes leading to nonlinear gradients are elucidated and quantified. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147301
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [3H]Homoquinolinate Binds to a Subpopulation of NMDA Receptors and to a Novel Binding Site (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 71 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: NMDA receptors mediate several important functions in the CNS; however, little is known about the pharmacology, biochemistry, and function of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes in brain tissue. To facilitate the study of native NMDA receptor subpopulations, we have determined the radioligand binding properties of [3H]homoquinolinate, a potential subtype-selective ligand. Using quantitative receptor autoradiography, NMDA-specific [3H]homoquinolinate binding selectively labeled brain regions expressing NR2B mRNA (layers I–III of cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and septum). NMDA-specific [3H]homoquinolinate binding was low in brain regions that express NR2C and NR2D mRNA (cerebellar granular cell layer, NR2C; glomerular layer of olfactory bulb, NR2C/NR2D; and midline thalamic nuclei, NR2D). In forebrain, the pattern of NMDA-specific [3H]homoquinolinate binding paralleled NR2B and not NR2A distribution. In addition to NMDA-displaceable binding, there was a subpopulation of [3H]homoquinolinate binding sites in the forebrain, cerebellum, and choroid plexus that was not displaced by NMDA or l-glutamate. In contrast, we found that the derivative of homoquinolinate, 2-carboxy-3-carboxymethylquinoline, markedly inhibited the NMDA-insensitive binding of [3H]homoquinolinate without inhibiting the NMDA-sensitive population. [3H]Homoquinolinate may be useful for selectively characterizing NR2B-containing NMDA receptors in a preparation containing multiple receptor subtypes and for characterizing a novel binding site of unknown function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71041464.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of annealing on the defect structure in a-SiC:H films (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 2216-2223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The annealing behavior of amorphous, hydrogenated silicon carbide films in the range 400–900 °C was studied by optical characterization methods, 15N hydrogen profiling, and defect profiling using a variable energy positron beam. The films were deposited in an electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition system using ditertiary butyl silane [SiH2(C4H9)2] as the monosource for silicon and carbon. As-deposited films were found to contain large concentrations of hydrogen, both bonded and unbonded. Under rapid thermal annealing in a N2 atmosphere, the bonded hydrogen effuses giving rise to additional Si–C bond formation and to film densification. After annealing at high temperatures in N2, a marked decrease in the total hydrogen content is observed. After annealing in vacuum, however, the hydrogen effusion promotes void formation in the films. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363049
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collaborative development of a sun protection factor test method: a proposed European Standard. COLIPA Task Force ‘Sun Protection Measurement’, Europe (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 18 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Standardization of the method to determine sun protection factors (SPF) is fundamental to uniform labelling of SPF values on sun products. The COLIPA Task Force ‘Sun Protection Measurement’(SPM), including representatives of major European sun-product manufacturers and contract testing laboratories, was established in 1990 to define methods for sun products testing. The process involved in developing the COLlPA SPF Test Method started with a critical appraisal of previously existing methods, and identification of areas for improvement. Experiments were performed by the participating laboratories to establish the new recommended test protocol which was then confirmed in two multicentred ring tests. Improvements to test methodology included the number and selection of volunteers and skin types, the application of the product, the definition of W output from solar simulators, and the method for assessing erythemal response (MED) including an option to use colorimetry to define objectively the ‘erythemal threshold’ of skin and to predetermine MED prior to exposure. Four cosmetic formulations and neutral density physical filters (SPF from 4 to 20) were tested in two ring tests. Results showed that variations in SPF of the cosmetic products were, on average, directly proportional to SPF value. An excellent correlation was found between visual and colorimetric SPF assessments (r = 0.99). An acceptable range of values for low and high SPF standard products was also established. The COLIPA SPF test method is now fully defined and supported by experimental data. Its use will harmonize SPF testing throughout Europe and help in the quest for global harmonization in testing sun products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1996.tb00151.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron cyclotron resonance etching characteristics of GaN in SiCl4/Ar (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 367-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma etching characteristics of gallium nitride (GaN) are investigated using low pressure (4–10 mTorr) SiCl4/Ar ECR discharges. The purpose of this effort is to examine the dry etching processes of GaN that do not require hydrogen, which is known to cause carrier compensation in GaN. A maximum etching rate of 960 A(ring)/min and good surface morphologies are obtained. The etch rate is found to increase near-linearly with increasing dc bias, and a minimum dc bias of 100 V is required to initiate etching. Enhanced etching rates are obtained as the fraction of active chemical etchant species (SiCl4) in the discharge is increased. We have also found that the material quality significantly affects the etch rate. The latter decreases with x-ray rocking curve half-width and increases with defect density. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116718
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonalloyed Ti/Al Ohmic contacts to n-type GaN using high-temperature premetallization anneal (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 2737-2739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: On Si-implanted n-type GaN, a nonalloyed Ti/Al metallization has been found to form an Ohmic contact that has a specific contact resistance as low as 1.0×10−5 Ω cm2. The Ohmic character is believed to be caused by the 1120 °C implant activation anneal which generates nitrogen vacancies that leave the surface heavily n type. This theory is indirectly confirmed on unimplanted n-type GaN by comparing the rc of nonalloyed Ti/Al on unannealed GaN with that of nonalloyed Ti/Al on 1120 °C annealed GaN. The former has rectifying electrical characteristics, while the latter forms an Ohmic contact with an rc=1.3×10−3 Ω cm2. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.117695
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catecholamine release and interrenal response of brown trout, Salmo trutta, exposed to aluminium in acidic water (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 46 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cannulated brown trout, Salmo trutta, were exposed for 36 h to synthetic water with a low calcium content of pH 5 and similar synthetic water dosed with aluminium to raise the filterable A1 from 5 to 290 μg 1−1 over the 36-h period. There were no significant disturbances of plasma concentrations of glucose, cortisol or catecholamine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) in fish held in water of pH 5. The addition of aluminium to this acidic synthetic water resulted in a generalized endocrine stress response with a four-fold increase in plasma glucose concentration after 18 h and a significant increase in plasma cortisol concentration from 24 h onwards when filterable A1 exceeded 200 μg 1−1. Plasma catecholamine concentration indicated an adrenergic stress response in aluminium-exposed brown trout. A transient doubling in noradrenaline after 6 h in A1 was followed by a larger increase in both plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in fish surviving the 36-h exposure to A1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb05993.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endocrine, osmoregulatory, respiratory and haematological parameters in flounder exposed to the water soluble fraction of crude oil (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 49 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Flounders Pleuronectes flesus with an implanted vascular catheter were exposed to a 50% dilution of the water soluble fraction (WSF) of Omani crude oil (c. 6ppm total aromatic hydrocarbons) and serial blood samples taken to determine their endocrine status (cortisol, catecholamines and thyroid hormones) and the resultant and/or causal physiological (haematological, ionoregulatory and respiratory) disturbances. This resulted in a progressive increase in plasma cortisol concentrations from 3 h onwards (rising from 18 to 51 ng ml−1 after 48-h exposure), and increased plasma glucose concentrations indicating a generalized stress response. Plasma T3 and T4 concentrations of both control and WSF-exposed groups declined progressively over the experimental period; exposure to the WSF of crude oil further depressed plasma T4 concentrations but not plasma T3 concentrations relative to those of control fish. Plasma osmolality and sodium and chloride concentrations were stable in WSF-exposed fish, however, plasma potassium concentrations were increased significantly at the 24-and 48-h sampling points. The most profound physiological disturbance in WSF-exposed fish was a dramatic decline in blood oxygen content (CvO2) (from 2–8 to 0–8 ml 100 ml−1 after 48-h exposure), which is likely to be the cause of the increased plasma noradrenaline concentrations from 3 h onwards. Increased noradrenaline is likely in turn to have been responsible for the significant increase in blood haematocrit and blood haemoglobin at the 3-h sampling point, although the dominant effect in the longer-term was a significant decline in both of these haematological parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01796.x
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