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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    European Economic Review 38 (1994), S. 1257-1276 
    ISSN: 0014-2921
    Keywords: Cointegration ; Integration ; Market fundamentals ; Non-stationarity ; Rational bubbles ; [JEL classification codes] C22 ; [JEL classification codes] E31 ; [JEL classification codes] E41
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    European Economic Review 37 (1993), S. 757-762 
    ISSN: 0014-2921
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 36 (1996), S. 951-959 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Bildgebende Verfahren ; Diagnostik ; Instabilität des Schultergelenks ; Key words Imaging techniques ; Diagnosis ; Shoulder joint instability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The diagnosis of glenohumeral instability is based on the patient's history and physical examination. The main objective in using imaging techniques is to define the tpye and extent of the underlying pathology for therapeutic planning. Plain radiography is the initial step in the diagnostic procedure but can miss typical lesions of the glenohumeral joint structures. CT arthrography and MR imaging offer great sensitivity and accuracy for the detection of traumatic abnormalities of the labral-capsular complex, fractures of the glenoid rim and Hill-Sachs lesions. The advantages and pitfalls of both imaging techniques are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Diagnose einer glenohumeralen Instabilität wird in den meisten Fällen schon durch die Anamnese und die klinische Symptomatik gestellt. Aufgabe der bildgebenden Verfahren ist es, Art und Ausmaß der zugrundeliegenden Pathologie exakt zu dokumentieren und eine Entscheidungshilfe für das therapeutische Vorgehen zu liefern. Konventionelle Röntgenaufnahmen in gut eingestellten Projektionen stellen unverändert die Grundlage jeder bildgebenden Diagnostik dar, wobei jedoch typische pathologische Befunde insbesondere am Kapsel-Band-Apparat dem radiologischen Nachweis entgehen. Mit der Nativ-CT gelingt der eindeutige Nachweis von knöchernen Verletzungen am Pfannenrand und am Humeruskopf. Als etabliertes Verfahren zur Beurteilung des kapsulolabralen Komplexes gilt die CT-Arthrographie. Nachteile sind die Gelenkpunktion und der vermehrte Zeitaufwand. Als Alternative bietet sich die Magnetresonanztomographie an. Sie liefert als nicht-invasive Untersuchung mit hohem Gewebekontrast in beliebigen Schnittebenen in der Diagnostik des Labrums und der Gelenkkapsel eine ähnlich hohe Treffsicherheit, kann jedoch bei Formvarianten und fehlendem Gelenkerguß diagnostische Schwierigkeiten aufwerfen. Der Stellenwert der verschiedenen Verfahren wird diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 137-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71.20 ; 81.60 ; (68.00, 71.45, 78.20)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reflection electron energy loss measurements of CuInSe2 single crystals are reported and when possible, the losses are compared with former results by Kazmerski and Jamjoum et al. Their identification of the transitions is confirmed and refined by spectrum simulations with total and partial densities of states from band structure calculations of Jaffe, Bendt, Zunger, and Bullett. New conduction-band maxima at energies not covered by the available calculations, are proposed and their consistency with the experimental loss energies is shown by another simulation with Lorentzian density peaks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Iotrolan ; CT ; MR ; Arthrography ; Gd-DTPA ; Gleuchumeral joint
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of conventional arthrography versus computed tomography (CT) arthrography of the glenohumeral joint using iotrolan was evaluated in patients with different shoulder problems. In addition, a diagnostic combination of conventional and CT arthrography was compared with magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography of the glenohumeral joint. Two diagnostic protocols were used. Protocol 1: conventional followed after 30 min by CT arthrography of 37 joints using a double contrast technique with iotrolan 300. Protocol 2: conventional followed after 90–180 min by MR arthrography in 20 patients using a single-contrast technique with 10 ml iotrolan 300 and 1 ml gedopentetate dimeglumine 500 mM. Ten patients also underwent CT arthrography. Neither patient group experienced contrast-related complications. Image quality was good for all conventional arthrograms, excellent in 45/47 CT arthrograms and good in 20 MR arthrograms. CT and MR arthrography were diagnostically valuable in many patients. We conclude that glenohumeral joint evaluation should be perfomed first using conventional or CT arthrography. Iotrolan has proven to be highly reliable and safe in these applications. Iotrolan in combination with gadopentetate dimeglumine, permits MR arthrography following completion of the standard examinations if necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Breast radiography ; Technology ; Breast neoplasms ; calcification ; Radiation dose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of our study was to evaluate a mammography unit capable of magnification of up to fourfold at an equivalent or lower dose than with current systems. A prototype mammography tube with an electron-beam-focusing technology resulting in a focal spot size of 40–120 μm was combined with a highly intensifying screen-film system. To evaluate contrast-detail resolution, phantom radiographs were performed with the prototype magnification mammography system using a magnification factor of 1.7 for survey views and a magnification factor of 4.0 for spot views. They were compared with unmagnified survey views and magnification spot views (magnification factor 1.9) of a state-of-the-art mammography system. The radiation exposure was measured and mean glandular doses were calculated. The contrast-detail resolution with both prototype (m = 1.7) and conventional (m = 1.1) survey views was equivalent while the entrance dose and the mean glandular dose were approximately 50 % lower with the prototype. For spot views, the contrast-detail resolution was substantially higher for the prototype than for conventional magnification while the dose was equivalent. Dose reduction and improved detail resolution are possible with this new technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 15 (1993), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Sacroiliac joint ; Computed tomography ; Secondary ossification centres ; Os sacrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des formations osseuses apparemment bilatérales, de formes et tailles différentes, localisées dans les parties antéro-supérieures et inférieures des articulations sacroiliaques, ont été observées sur les images de coupes axiales de la région pelvienne chez des patients jeunes. Aucune autre modification pathologique n'a été notée au niveau des articulations sacro-iliaques de ces individus. Chez l'un des patients, les structures osseuses pouvaient aussi être observées sur les radiographies standard. Nous avons aussi étudié cette articulation chez 3 sujets anatomiques juvéniles, par la radiographie, la TDM, l'étude macroscopique et histologique. Chez deux d'entre eux des formations osseuses semblables à celles observées chez les patients jeunes pouvaient être détectées sur les coupes TDM. Les recherches macroscopiques ont montré que ces structures étaient des points d'ossification secondaires localisés dans le cartilage articulaire de la partie latérale du sacrum en regard du 1er et du 3e segments sacrés. Si l'on se réfère à une littérature anatomique plus ancienne, ces points d'ossification épiphysaires contribuent à la surface auriculaire de la partie latérale du sacrum et à la surface libre latérale des parties caudales du sacrum. Ils peuvent être observés entre 12 et 25 ans et commencent à fusionner avec les parties latérales aux environs de la 18e année. Sur les bassins osseux provenant de pièces juvéniles conservées, les ossicules libres n'ont pas pu être décelés dans la région des articulations sacroiliaques. Les particularités histologiques du processus d'ossification observé sont discutés. Ces points d'ossification physiologiques doivent être distingués des altérations pathologiques apparaissant au scanner comme des structures osseuses ou assimilées.
    Notes: Summary Bilateral apparently bony structures of different forms and sizes located in the inferior and superior ventral parts of the sacroiliac joints were observed on axial CT images of the pelvic region of juvenile patients. No other pathological changes were noted in the sacroiliac joints of these individuals. In one patient the bony structures could also be seen on a conventional plain radiograph. We also examined 3 juvenile autopsy specimens of this joint using radiology, CT, macroscopical evaluation and histology. In two of them, structures could be detected on the CT scans which were similar to those observed in the young patients. Macroscopic investigations revealed the structures to be secondary ossification centres located in the articular cartilage of the lateral part of the os sacrum at the levels of the first and third sacral segments. According to older anatomical literature, these epiphysial ossification centres contribute to the auricular surface of the lateral part of the os sacrum and the free lateral surface of the inferior sacral parts. They can be observed between the ages of 12 and 25 years and begin to synostose with the lateral part around the age of 18 years. In macerated juvenile specimens of the bony pelvis, free ossicles were not detectable in the region of the sacroiliac joints. Histological peculiarities of the ossification process observed are discussed. These physiologically occurring ossification centres are to be differentiated from pathological alterations appearing as bony or bone-like structures on CT scans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Key words High magnification mammography • Microfocus • Dose reduction • Mammography ; Schlüsselwörter Vergrößerungsmammographie • Mikrofokus • Dosisreduktion • Mammographie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch die technische Realisierung eines Mammographiegerätes mit einem Mikrofokus, das Brennfleckgrößen von 0,12 mm bis 0,05 mm aufweist, kann die direkte Vergrößerungsmammographie in die klinische Routine eingeführt werden. Die technischen Besonderheiten des Gerätes werden vorgestellt. Dosismessungen am Phantom zeigen im Vergleich zu konventionellen Mammographiesystemen bei Übersichtsaufnahmen, die mit 1,7 facher Vergrößerung angefertigt wurden, eine Reduktion um bis zu 50 % bei annähernd vergleichbarer Bildqualität. Bei Zielaufnahmen mit 4 facher Vergrößerung ist ein deutlicher Auflösungsgewinn zu verzeichnen, wobei ähnliche Dosiswerte erreicht werden wie mit konventionellen Systemen. Damit entspricht das neue Mammographiesystem den heutigen Anforderungen im Hinblick auf Ortsauflösung und Strahlenbelastung.
    Notes: Summary A recently developed X-ray unit for mammography using microfocal (spot size 0.12– 0.05 mm) direct magnification radiography will soon be introduced into clinical practice. Unit arrangement and tube construction have been demonstrated. Mean surface dose was measured using PMMA-phantoms. A dose reduction of up to 50 %was obtained in 1.7-fold magnification mammography (full sized views) compared with conventional techniques. The image quality was almost equivalent. However, in comparison with 1,7-fold magnification mammography, a comparable dose range for 4-fold magnifications with the microfocus system was measured with a substantial gain in spatial resolution. These findings satisfy the demands of a modern mammographic unit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Key words Mammography ; Microcalcifications ; Direct magnification technique ; Computed radiography ; Schlüsselwörter Mammographie ; Mikrokalk ; Vergrößerungstechnik ; Digitale Speicherfolienradiographie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer klinischen Studie sollte geprüft werden, ob durch Kombination von direkter Vergrößerungsmammographie und Speicherfolientechnik die digitale Mammographie mit einer diagnostisch ausreichenden Bildqualität realisierbar ist und zu einer vergleichbaren oder verbesserten Mammadiagnostik führen kann. Mit einem Mammographiesystem für direktradiographische Vergrößerungsaufnahmen wurden digitale Übersichtsmammographien in 1,5- bzw. 1,7facher Vergrößerung und Ausschnittsvergrößerungen in 4facher Vergrößerung angefertigt. Es erfolgte ein intraindividueller Vergleich von 100 digitalen Übersichtsmammogrammen und 50 digitalen Zielaufnahmen mit den konventionellen Voraufnahmen derselben Patientinnen. Digitale Übersichtsmammographien in 1,5- bzw. 1,7facher Vergrößerungstechnik zeigten im Hinblick auf Herdbefunde, Mikroverkalkungen und klinische Konsequenzen keine signifikant abweichenden Ergebnisse im Vergleich zu konventionellen Übersichtsmammogrammen. Die Ausschnittsvergrößerungen erbrachten jedoch eine verbesserte Beurteilbarkeit von Mikroverkalkungen. In ∼ 15 % führte dies zu einer Änderung der diagnostischen Vorgehensweise. Die digitale Mammographie in Speicherfolientechnik kann durch Kombination mit der direkten Vergrößerungstechnik und der damit verbundenen Verbesserung der Ortsauflösung erstmals sinnvoll eingesetzt werden. Übersichtsmammogramme erbrachten eine vergleichbare diagnostische Aussagekraft, während Ausschnittsvergrößerungen eine verbesserte Beurteilung von Mikroverkalkungen ermöglichten.
    Notes: Summary Introduction: The combination of direct magnification mammography and computed radiography provides an improvement in spatial resolution of storage phosphor-based digital systems. A clinical study comparing conventional and digital direct magnification mammograms was performed. Methods: 100 survey mammograms in 1.5- or 1.7-fold magnification and 50 4-fold spot magnification views were obtained with a prototype direct magnification mammography system and a storage phosphor-based digital system. An intraindividual comparison of these with previous conventional radiograms of the same patients was carried out. Results: The diagnostic value of digital survey mammograms using the direct magnification technique is comparable to that of conventional radiograms of the breast, especially with regard to the identification of microcalcifications and lesions and the clinical consequences. Spot magnification views performed with this combination of techniques allowed improvement in the evaluation of microcalcifications. In 15 % of cases, diagnostic procedures were adjusted accordingly. Conclusion: The combination of the direct magnification technique with digital storage phosphor radiography systems allows the performance of digital mammography by improving the overall spatial resolution. The diagnostic value of digital direct magnification survey mammograms was comparable to that of conventional mammograms. Digital 4-fold spot magnification views improved visualisation of the morphologic aspects of microcalcifications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Empirical economics 14 (1989), S. 307-328 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary A four-variable, a five-variable and a six-variable vector autoregression (VAR) is used in the study to test empirically the linkages among changes in money, outstanding public bonds, interest rates, output, real asset prices, and real investment expenditures in West Germany. After estimating Sims-type and Hsiao-type vector autoregressions the VAR models are the converted to their moving-average representations and the innovation accounting technique is used to examine the impact of changes in asset prices and output on investment behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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