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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Psychiatry Research 14 (1985), S. 343-351 
    ISSN: 0165-1781
    Keywords: Phasic pain ; analgesia ; evoked cerebral potential ; man ; tonic pain
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 137 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cytokines have been proposed as histamine-independent itch mediators. To investigate this hypothesis, single doses of interleukin-2 (IL-2, 10MU/mL) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α, 10 μg/mL) were delivered to the epidermis of 10 healthy volunteers with a controlled skin-prick model; 1% histamine and solvent controls were included in a double-blind, randomized crossover design. Itch ratings (computerized visual analogue scale) were obtained every 20s for 15 min and cutaneous reactions (weal, flare and temperature) were measured. Reactions were also recorded after 2, 24 and 48 h. The mean itch ratings were: histamine 35·5, IL-2 3·3 (both P〈0·01 compared with control), TNF-α 1.6 and solvent control 1.75 (not significant). Weal and flare occurred only with histamine. In two volunteers, an inflammatory papule with transient pruritus developed 12–18 h after applying IL-2. In conclusion, IL-2 showed a rapid, low pruritogenic effect, which may be followed by an inflammatory response. TNF-α induced no itching in this setting. Skin-prick testing with appropriate doses of potential pruritogens provides a safe and sensitive model for further chemoreceptor studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 645 (1981), S. 243-252 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Myelinated nerve) ; Inactivation model ; Na^+ permeability
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 597 (1980), S. 384-390 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Na^+ channel, R. esculenta) ; Myelinated nerve fiber ; Phenobarbital ; Voltage clamp
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: While the enormous clinical and psychosocial importance of pruritus in many areas of medicine and the detrimental effects of chronic ‘itch’ on the quality of life of an affected individual are widely appreciated, the complexity of this sensation is still often grossly underestimated. The current Controversies feature highlights this complexity by portraying pruritus as a truly interdisciplinary problem at the crossroads of neurophysiology, neuroimmunology, neuropharmacology, protease research, internal medicine, and dermatology, which is combated most successfully if one keeps the multilayered nature of ‘itch’ in mind and adopts a holistic treatment approach – beyond the customary, frequently frustrane monotherapy with histamine receptor antagonists. In view of the often unsatisfactory, unidimensional, and altogether rather crude standard instruments for pruritus management that we still tend to use in clinical practice today, an interdisciplinary team of pruritus experts here critically examines recent progress in pruritus research that future itch management must take into consideration. Focusing on new insights into the neuroimmunological, neuroendocrine, and neurophysiological bases of pruritus, and discussing available neuropharmacological tools, specific research avenues are highlighted, whose pursuit promises to lead to novel, and hopefully more effective, forms of pruritus management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schmerztherapie ; Opioide ; Morphin ; Mukositis ; Knochenmarktransplantation ; Reaktionszeit ; Kurzzeitgedächtnis ; Schmerzmessung ; McGill Schmerzfragebogen ; Befindlichkeitsskalen ; Key words Pain therapy ; Opioids ; Morphine ; Mucositis ; Bone marrow transplantation ; Reaction time ; Short-term memory ; Pain measurement ; McGill pain questionnaire ; Mood scales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Aims. Severe pain of mucositis induced by cytostatic conditioning therapy in bone marrow transplantation (BMT) patients generally requires continuous parenteral opioid treatment. Cognitive and psychological disturbances are frequent complications subsequent to BMT and may result from cerebral opioid side effects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of continuous morphine in mucositis pain and the side-effects in BMT patients. Particular emphasis was placed on the question of whether reaction times, which are usually measured to estimate opioid effects upon vigilance, are influenced by pain-induced cognitive impairments in pain patients. Methods While in hospital, 10 BMT patients were examined daily with the aid of a mucositis scale, subjective visual analog scales (VAS) for pain and mood parameters, a German version of the McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ), and a mental performance task battery, and the morphine given was documented. Mental performance tests were simple auditory reaction time and choice reaction time. Seven patients also performed a Sternberg memory search test in which they had to use ’yes' and ’no' response keys to match visually presented test letters to a previously memorized set of letters. Practice and baseline data were collected within the first week before BMT. Results The intensity and duration of mucositis differed from patient to patient, resulting in different pain intensities and MPQ scores. Prolongation of the choice reaction time averaged over the period of mucositis treatment correlated significantly with residual pain intensity (Spearman r s = 0.88, p 〈 0.01) but not with morphine dose (r s = 0.35, p = 0.33). For the Sternberg memory search test greater correlation coefficients resulted between reaction time and morphine dose (r s = 0.86, p = 0.014) than between reaction time and residual pain intensity (r s = 0.61, p = 0.15). In turn, pain intensity, unlike morphine dose, was significantly correlated with high scores in the mood parameters for depression, passivity, and tiredness. Conclusions It is concluded that both pain and morphine can impair cognitive performance, but that these mental stressors seem to differ according to qualitative criteria. Whereas pain might slow reaction time by distracting a patient's attention, particularly in low mental demand tasks, morphine could interfere with more specific cognitive processes, such as short-term memory operations, that are required in more complex tasks.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung: Eine kontinuierliche parenterale Opioidanalgesie ist in der Regel erforderlich, um äußerst schmerzhafte Entzündungen der Schleimhäute (Mukositis) zu behandeln, die Patienten nach zytostatischer Konditionierung im Rahmen einer Knochenmarktransplantation (KMT) entwickeln. Kognitive und psychologische Beeinträchtigungen treten häufig im Gefolge einer KMT auf und können Ausdruck von zerebralen Opioidnebenwirkungen sein. Das Ziel der Studie war die Bewertung der Effizienz und der Nebenwirkungen kontinuierlich verabreichten Morphins zur Behandlung der Mukositisschmerzen bei KMT-Patienten. Ein besonderes Augenmerk galt der Frage, ob Reaktionszeiten, die zur Abschätzung von Vigilanzeffekten nach Opioidgaben bei Gesunden üblicherweise herangezogen werden, bei Patienten mit Schmerzen maßgeblich durch schmerzbedingte kognitive Leistungseinbußen beeinflußt werden. Methoden: Während ihres stationären Aufenthaltes wurden 10 KMT-Patienten täglich untersucht anhand einer Mukositisskala, subjektiver visueller Analogskalen (VAS) für Schmerz und Befindlichkeitsparameter, einer deutschen Version des McGill Schmerzfragebogens (MPQ), einer mentalen Leistungstestbatterie sowie der Dokumentation der verabreichten Morphinmenge. Die Testbatterie beinhaltete die einfache auditive Reaktionszeit und eine Wahlreaktionsaufgabe. 7 Patienten bearbeiteten zusätzlich einen Sternberg-Gedächtnistest, bei dem sie durch ''Ja’- und ''Nein’-Antworttasten angeben mußten, ob visuell dargebotene Probenbuchstaben mit zuvor eingeprägten Testbuchstaben übereinstimmten. Übungs- und Kontrolldaten wurden in der ersten Woche vor KMT erhoben. Ergebnisse: Intensität und Dauer der Mukositis variierten zwischen den Patienten und bewirkten unterschiedliche Schmerzintensitäten und MPQ-Skalenwerte. Die Verlängerung der Wahlreaktionszeit, gemittelt über die Mukositis-Behandlungsperiode, korrelierte signifikant mit der Restschmerzintensität (Spearman rs = 0,88, p 〈 0,01), nicht aber mit der Morphindosierung (rs = 0,35, p = 0,33). Im Sternberg-Gedächtnistest hingegen resultierten höhere Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen Reaktionszeit und Morphindosis (rs = 0,86, p = 0,014) als zwischen Reaktionszeit und Restschmerzintensität (rs = 0,61, p = 0,15). Befindlichkeitsparameter für Depressivität, Passivität und Müdigkeit korrelierten wiederum mit Schmerzintensität, nicht aber mit Morphinmenge. Schlußfolgerungen: Es wird gefolgert, daß sowohl Schmerz als auch Morphin die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit verschlechtern können. Allerdings scheinen sich beide mentalen Stressoren bezüglich qualitativer Merkmale zu unterscheiden. Während Schmerz Reaktionszeiten möglicherweise durch Ablenkung der Aufmerksamkeit vornehmlich in Aufgaben mit geringen mentalen Anforderungsmerkmalen verlangsamt, könnte Morphin mit spezifischeren kognitiven Prozessen interferieren, etwa Suchvorgängen im Kurzzeitgedächtnis, die bei komplexeren Aufgaben erforderlich sind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 363 (1976), S. 181-185 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Ampullae of Lorenzini ; Thermosensitivity ; Electrosensitivity ; Dynamic receptor characteristics ; Scyliorhinus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In single-fibre preparations the afferent discharges from prepolarized ampullae of Lorenzini responding to graded temperature steps were investigated in the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula). The transformation characteristics of the ampullary receptors, especially their differential thermosensitivity interfering with electrosensitivity, were analyzed. Prepolarization significantly influenced the dynamic component of differential thermosensitivity, while the static component remained practically unchanged. Hyperpolarization reduced positive and negative dynamic thermal responses: depolarization amplified them. Biological consequences of this bimodal interference for receptor transformation of superimposed thermal and electric stimuli and for decoding afferent ampullary impulse patterns are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Myelinated nerve ; Motor fibre ; Sensory fibre ; Voltage clamp ; Na inactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Development of Na permeability inactivation was investigated in myelinated motor (N=12) and sensory (N=12) nerve fibres ofRana esculenta at 20° C. The K currents were blocked by 10 mM tetraethylammoniumchloride, added to the superfusing solution. Additionally, in 4 fibres of each group internal CsCl was applied by diffusion from the cut internodes. Development of Na inactivation was approximated by the sum of two exponentials. The time constants of the fast and slow inactivation phase (σh1 and σh2) were dependent on membrane potential (E) with similar values in both fibre types for a given E. In contrast, significant differences were found in the contribution of both phases. In motor nerve fibres the amplitude of the fast phase wasg=0.70 (mean value of 12 fibres) throughout the potential range investigated (−30 mV≤E≤40 mV). In sensory fibres g was potential dependent, increasing from 0.76 (mean value of 12 fibres) at E=−30 mV to unity at E〉30 mV. This difference in Na permeability inactivation is a further distinguishing property between motor and sensory nerve fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 31 (1975), S. 958-960 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aethyl-m-Aminobenzoat (MS-222) führt in Konzentrationen von 10−3 bis 5 · 10−5 g cm−3 an Lorenzinischen Ampullen zu einer kompletten und reversiblen Hemmung der Spontanaktivität, der dynamischen Reaktion bei Kältesprüngen und der elektrischen Reizantwort. Ebenso hemmt es die Spontanaktivität von Seitenlinienorganen. Diese periphere Wirkungskomponente der als Kaltblüter-Anaestheticum verwendeten Substanz muss bei allen Versuchen an peripheren Rezeptoren berücksichtigt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 27 (1977), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model is proposed to explain the rise of nystagmic eye movements in response to caloric stimulation of the external meatus. For this purpose, equations are set up to describe the physical processes involved in caloric nystagmus. The mathematical description of heat transport from the meatus to the lateral semicircular canal includes heat transmission through the meatus wall and heat conduction in the petrous bone. The influence of blood perfusion is taken into account as well as the greater heat conductivity of the bone situated between the external and internal edge of the semicircular canal. The model is represented in Laplace notation, as is usually done in system modelling. The endolymph flow induced by a temperature gradient across the lateral canal, and the eye movements resulting from endolymph rotation are described by means of established models of other authors. Thus, the time-course of nystagmus can be computed for a given duration and temperature of caloric irrigation. The predicted nystagmus is in good agreement with experimental results of common clinical tests. Long-term stimulation results in complete adaptation in the model, whereas preliminary experiments suggest sustained nystagmus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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