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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic Aspects of Motor-Fuel Supply from Petroleum. (1923)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 15 (1923), S. 479-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50161a021
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photochromic response of bismuth germanium oxide doped with chromium (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 6017-6021 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Doping the photorefractive material bismuth germanium oxide Bi12GeO20(BGO) with chromium significantly affects its optical properties. An absorption spectrum taken at 300 K shows that the introduction of chromium produces a strong unresolved band which overlaps the absorption cutoff of BGO and a series of smaller overlapping bands between 650 and 1100 nm. Cooling BGO:Cr to 10 K sharpens the small bands and resolves the strong band into a peak near 510 nm. This peak is responsible for the reddish-brown color of BGO:Cr. Excitation at room temperature with visible light increases the bands in the 650–1100 nm range. The production of this additional room temperature photochromic absorption is most efficient with excitation near 490 nm but extends throughout the visible. Chromium occupies the tetrahedral germanium site in BGO; and the observed spectra are consistent with a Cr4+ tetrahedral state. During crystal growth some of the chromium gives up an electron to the antisite bismuth native defect and becomes Cr5+. Exposing the sample to light returns the electron to the chromium and increases the Cr4+ absorption. The photoinduced absorption is thermally stable for temperatures up to about 425 K. This stability suggests that doping BGO with Cr should lead to room temperature persistent photorefractive gratings. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1415763
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In-plane magnetization of garnet films imaged by proximal probe nonlinear magneto-optical microscopy (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 2166-2168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We show that small in-plane magnetization components in magnetic garnet films with perpendicular anisotropy can be imaged using nonlinear magneto-optical proximal probe microscopy, i.e., magnetization-induced second harmonic generation together with a scanning near-field optical microscope. A relationship exists between the in-plane magnetization domains we observed and the typical maze-like out-of-plane magnetization domains that are simultaneously imaged recording the linear Faraday effect. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1302734
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Persistent refractive index gratings in bismuth germanium oxide doped with chromium (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 6022-6025 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the production and dark-decay of index gratings in chromium-doped bismuth germanium oxide Bi12GeO20 (BGO) and undoped BGO were investigated as a function of temperature from room temperature to about 500 K. During the write process in undoped BGO the gratings show a fast leading edge peak, which drops quickly to a steady saturated value. The leading-edge peak does not change significantly at the higher temperatures. Grating production was much slower in the BGO:Cr samples and the gratings grew monotonically throughout the 0.5 s write interval. At room temperature the gratings in BGO:Cr are highly persistent. A grating written at room temperature retains 70% of its initial strength after 24 h when it was read only once an hour. Optical erasure plays a major role in the decay of such gratings; reading the grating every 6 min reduced its strength to 48% of its initial value after 24 h. The grating written at room temperature and monitored as the sample was heated decayed within the same 10 K temperature range as the photochromic absorption bands. As expected, undoped BGO shows a rapid dark decay at room temperature that becomes faster at higher temperatures. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1415764
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and magnetization changes upon annealing of Fe/Cu(100): An in situ scanning tunneling microscopy and magneto-optical Kerr effect study (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 482-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Morphology changes and irreversible reorientation of the easy magnetization axis upon annealing of thin epitaxial fcc-iron films grown at 100 K on Cu(100) were studied in situ with scanning tunneling microscopy and the magneto-optical Kerr effect. An irreversible spin reorientation from in-plane to out-of-plane is observed for 6 monolayers thick iron films annealed to 350 K. This change in magnetic anisotropy is accompanied by considerable smoothing of the iron film surface. Annealing to higher temperatures leads to a strong increase of the coercive field by up to a factor of 6. The surfaces of these films are atomically flat and display some scattered needle-like protrusions and dislocation lines. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365581
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kerr-rotation imaging in scanning near-field optical microscopy using a modified Sagnac interferometer (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 538-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A scanning near-field optical microscope is combined with a modified Sagnac interferometer to generate high-resolution magnetic contrast images of a magneto-optical disk (MOD) in reflection. The interferometer acts as a magnetic sensor to determine the Kerr rotation of reflected circularly polarized light. A separate shear-force sample topography is obtained simultaneously with the optical. This technique allows successful magnetic imaging of samples with complicated surface topographies, as demonstrated with the MOD. For these initial measurements, the resolution with nonmetal-coated fiber tips is 300 nm, and the magnetic phase sensitivity is 1 mrad. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121925
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ballistic-electron emission microscopy study of the Au/Si(111)7×7 and Au/CaF2/Si(111)7×7 interfaces (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 2300-2302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ballistic-electron emission microscopy (BEEM) has been performed on Au/n-Si(111)7×7 and Au/CaF2/n-Si(111)7×7 in UHV. In both cases, the topography of the Au surface is characterized by ≈2.5 A(ring) height terraces, stacked in several stages, with rounded shapes for Au/Si, and hexagonal shapes for Au/CaF2/Si. BEEM up to tip voltages of 8 V on Au/Si is not altering the ballistic transmissivity, in contrast to previous work on Au/Si interfaces which involved chemical preparations of the Si surfaces. The shape of the BEEM spectra on Au/CaF2/Si depends on spectral features of the density of states of the CaF2 thin film.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.111650
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hot electron transport in SiO2 probed with a scanning tunnel microscope (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 730-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hot electrons injected with a scanning tunnel microscope (STM) tip into Pt/SiO2/Si(100) structures were detected as a collector current in the Si by using a STM configuration known as ballistic electron emission microscopy. The collector current, observed for STM tip potentials (approximately-greater-than)4 V and for oxide biases ≥0 V, is direct evidence for electron transmission through the conduction band of the SiO2. Negative oxide biases delayed the onset of current to correspondingly higher tip potentials. A simple model was used to extract the energy and bias dependent transmission probabilities from the experimental data for a 62 A(ring) SiO2 layer. The results are compared with Monte Carlo calculations. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114114
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    p+ doping of Si by Al diffusion upon annealing Al/n-Si(111)7×7 (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 3010-3012 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A novel method for the formation of a p+-layer underneath a Si(111)7×7 surface is presented. It is based on annealing of an epitaxial Al/n-Si(111) interface up to complete desorption of the Al film. This leads to a strong potential variation within the substrate, as observed in Si-2p core-level photoemission spectra with variable sampling depth, while scanning-tunneling microscopy reveals an unchanged 7×7 reconstructed surface. These observations are consistent with a p+ doping of (4±2)×1018/cm3 and a lowering of the surface Fermi level by (0.06±0.02) eV. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114260
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Objective Severity Assessment of Atopic Dermatitis (OSAAD) score: validity, reliability and sensitivity in adult patients with atopic dermatitis (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 153 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background  The Objective Severity Assessment of Atopic Dermatitis (OSAAD) score is a recently developed scale for evaluation of severity of atopic dermatitis, constructed from the assessment of epidermal barrier function, and properties using noninvasive bioengineering methods and computer-assisted estimates of disease extent. The method has been validated for use in infants and children with atopic dermatitis and compared with a referent scoring system.Objectives  The aim of the present study was to test the validity, reliability and sensitivity of the OSAAD score as an objective tool for the assessment of the severity of atopic dermatitis in adult patients.Methods  Thirty-two adult patients with atopic dermatitis were included in the study. To assess the validity of the OSAAD score we tested it against the Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis as a referent clinical severity scale, and the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-16 as a laboratory variable for monitoring the activity of atopic dermatitis. Responsiveness to change was assessed in a longitudinal study comparing OSAAD, SCORAD and serum levels of IL-16 before and after treatment. To test the reliability of the OSAAD score we studied the interobserver variability of the score recorded by three independent board-certified dermatologists in 16 patients and compared it with SCORAD.Results  We report a significant correlation between the OSAAD and the SCORAD index as an acknowledged referent severity scale. The OSAAD score correlated significantly with the serum levels of IL-16 in the acute stage of atopic dermatitis. In a longitudinal study, the OSAAD score decreased significantly, parallel with improvement of the skin findings and a significant decrease in the SCORAD score and IL-16 serum levels. We report improved interobserver variability for the OSAAD score compared with SCORAD.Conclusions  This is the first study validating the OSAAD score as a sensitive and reliable tool for the assessment of the severity of atopic dermatitis in adult patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06697.x
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