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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: AbstractThe paper reviews the work done and conclusions reached on resource allocation to R&D in the public sector in the last twenty years, and examines what changes have been made in the field of R&D assessment. The paper is based mainly on the author's experience with the UK government's Programmes Analysis Unit (PAU) which was set up in the early 1960s.The Unit's main remit was to examine and disseminate techniques by the use of which the benefit to the nation from possible R&D strategies, programmes and projects might be calculated. It was also called in to help review policy and carry out long-range forecasting. In the course of its existence — it was wound up in 1977 — it analysed many new techniques of analysis which have now passed into common use and took part in studies to support decisions at all levels from the macro-economic sector down to the individual project.The author lists the benefits derivable from such analyses — helping to identify objectives, assemble total programmes, evaluate efficiency of technological transfer, carry out technology assessment and so on. But he warns of their limitations.As for the present day, the author is unhappy about the importance given by the UK Government to the market as a test of value in decision-making about R&D, in so far as it leads to neglect of long-term issues and relies on uncertain causal relationships among critical inputs. Cost-benefit is adequate for dealing with short-term, small-scale projects. For larger projects with controversial long-term implications he advocates broader-based techniques such as multi-attribute analysis, which bring the interests of many parties into the judgment and take into account considerations such as the environment, finite resources and social
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 86 (1987), S. 6523-6530 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: IRAS (infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy) has been employed to study the isotopic mixing reaction: 13C16O(a)+12C18O(a)→13C18O(a)+12C16O(a) on Ni(111) with preadsorbed K adatoms. Under high temperature conditions (T〉450 K) where the isotopically mixed CO is being desorbed, it has been shown that the isotopic exchange reaction cannot be detected by IRAS on the surface among CO molecules strongly interacting with K adatoms. This result implies that dissociation of CO occurs at K-promoted Ni sites followed by surface diffusion of C(a) and O(a) away from the K promoter site. Statistical recombination of C(a)+O(a) occurs with concomitant CO desorption on Ni(111) sites some distance from K centers. The empty K-promoted sites may be refilled by surface diffusion of CO from outside. Thus, alkali metal promotion of C–O bond scission may act via a "feeder-site'' mechanism connecting promoter atoms to external surface sites via surface diffusion of atomic C and O species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 90 (1989), S. 5209-5210 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 3780-3780 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A Dy-substituted Fe14Nd2B-type permanent magnet alloy (Crumax 32) has been studied by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, and also magnetic coercivity and microstructural analysis, to evaluate the effects of thermal treatment of the material. The results of this study show that the room temperature lifetime spectra can be modeled accurately using a partially constrained three-component fit. The variations in lifetime spectra induced by thermal treatment of the sintered magnet can be correlated with the concomitant decreases in coercivity and with a decrease in the surface area of free α-Fe as indicated by transmission electron microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 54 (1989), S. 2321-2323 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The etching of silicon in CF3Br/O2 plasmas has been examined. In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that silicon surfaces etched in CF3Br/O2 plasmas with a proportion of 30% O2 or less are covered with a reaction layer that is mainly due to bromine bonded to silicon. As the proportion of oxygen is increased above 30% the reaction layer becomes thicker and contains mainly fluorine and oxygen, and the silicon etch rate decreases simultaneously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 55 (1989), S. 2331-2332 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A micrographic investigation of the effect of mercury exposure on silicon substrates was conducted. Mercury was found to leave a residue on the silicon surface. A further study was conducted to determine the extent of electrical degradation of Si Schottky contacts due to the presence of a contaminant mercury residue between the metal and the semiconductor. It was concluded that such a layer caused uncertainties in subsequent resistivity measurements, higher capacitance-voltage (C-V) barrier heights, and observable leakage currents in current-voltage (I-V) plots taken from mercury-contaminated Si Schottky diodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 12 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Movement of teeth during denture processing is an unsolved problem. This study investigates the amount of vertical tooth movement during controlled processing of acrylic, using 33° and 0° teeth invested in specific mixes of plaster of Paris or dental stone.Forty sample set-ups each containing four posterior teeth were processed under strictly controlled laboratory conditions. Twenty of these samples carried 33° teeth and the other twenty carried 0° teeth. Each group of twenty samples was randomly divided on a factorial design into batches of ten for investment in plaster of Paris or stone. The vertical movements were measured with a greater degree of accuracy than is required for clinical application. All results were analysed statistically.Significantly greater movement occurred with teeth invested in stone than those invested in plaster of Paris. Whereas, for teeth invested in stone, significantly greater movement occurred with 33° than with 0° teeth, no such effect was found with teeth invested in plaster of Paris.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 12 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The aim of this study was to determine the pulpal response to three dilute citric acid smear removers. Forty-eight vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus), in three groups of sixteen animals provided 384 tooth specimens for the histological evaluation of the pulpal response at 3, 31, and 59 days post-operatively. Labial Class V cavities were prepared in the maxillary and mandibular incisor teeth. The pulpal responses elicited by 1% aqueous citric acid, 1% citric acid in 30% ethanol and 0.1% citric acid in 30% ethanol solutions, in unlined cavities and in cavities lined with Dycal after acid application, were compared with those elicited by a negative control material—(Nobetec), and a positive control material—(Syntrex). Using Stanley's criteria the most severe pulpal responses were seen in teeth treated with 1% aqueous citric acid and 1% citric acid in 30% ethanol without a subsequent liner, and by Syntrex at all three time intervals. The use of Dycal as a liner after smear removal markedly reduced the pulpal responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Primary immunization with a single inoculum of either micelles or iscoms containing influenza A virus glycoproteins failed to induce either B or cytotoxic T (Tc) cell responses. In contrast, immunization with two inocula of iscoms, but not micelles, resulted in the appearance of influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) but not Tc cells in the lung. There was a 10-fold increase in Tc cell precursor frequency and an increase in ASC generated by secondary in vitro stimulation of lung cell cultures obtained from mice primed with iscoms but not micelles. In mice primed with infectious virus, secondary immunization with either micelles or iscoms increased the number of ASC in the lung and elicited virus-specific Tc cell responses. In contrast homologous virus challenge failed to induce detectable secondary B or Tc cell responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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