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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (24)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 139 (1973), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Anterior thalamic nuclei (AM and AV) ; Cellular and fiber structure ; Golgi study ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The characteristic dendritic arborization of different cell types, the axon arborization of Golgi type II neurons, and the terminal parts of the specific and non-specific afferents in the nucleus anterior ventralis and medialis were observed, using the Golgi-Kopsch perfusion method. The cell types and their special characteristics, such as the dendritic tree, dendritic processes and axon-arborization patterns are similar to those described in the other specific nuclei of the thalamus. The significance of Golgi type II/a cells and their synaptic relations are discussed from the point of view of inhibitory mechanisms postulated in the thalamic relay nuclei. The synaptic articulations of specific (Vicq d'Azyr) and non-specific afferents with the different cell types have been studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 431-454 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar nuclei ; Synaptic ultrastructure ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The synaptic organization of the cerebellar deep nuclei in the cat has been analysed with the Golgi technique and the electron microscope. The Golgi picture is qualitatively very similar in the four nuclei. Both thick and thin fibers, with the latter being more numerous, contribute to the formation of pericellular nests around large neurons, where a large amount of boutons “en passant” can be observed. The electron microscopic study corroborates these observations since the cell surface of large neurons is mostly covered by axon terminals, while smaller neurons receive very few axo-somatic synapses. According to their size and shape three types of axon terminals have been encountered synapsing on large neurons: medium-sized, large slender and climbing-like boutons. The two last types only represent less than 13% of the total amount of axon terminals, and they are considered as synaptic boutons arising from different sources. The medium-sized boutons must represent a mixed population. A majority of these boutons contain rounded vesicles, while some, in a variable proportion from one animal to another, contain flattened or pleomorphic vesicles. The morphological features of “active” zones present in medium-sized boutons are not related to the shape of the vesicular population. This lack of association between vesicular shape and a specific pattern of “active” zones has been discussed. In the neuropil, large and smaller dendritic profiles have their surface mostly covered by axon terminals. These boutons are morphologically of the same three types described in axo-somatic position. Synapses on axon hillocks and on the initial segments of axons of large neurons are frequently observed, the presynaptic element being always a medium-sized bouton. However, axo-axonic serial synapses are only a very rare observation. In all the normal cats used in this study, axons and axon terminals containing atypical organelles, mostly originated from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, have been observed. They probably represent aspects of a degenerative process of axon terminals reflecting a continuous remodeling of synaptic connections, as has been suggested by Sotelo and Palay (1971).
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 315-332 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Red nucleus ; Unit recording ; Motor cortex ; Topographical organization ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A topographical study of the cortico-rubrospinal pathway was conducted in cats anesthetized with chloralose. Extracellular unit recordings were made from cells in the red nucleus projecting to the spinal cord. They were identified by antidromic invasion following stimulation of their axones at the 2nd cervical and 9th thoracic levels of the spinal cord. I. The pericruciate cortical regions from which spikes could be induced in rubrospinal neurons were limited to the lateral part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus, the lateral sigmoid gyrus and the anterior part of the posterior sigmoid gyrus. No responses were obtained from stimulation of the medial part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus or the gyrus proreus. Compared to the somatotopic organization of the motor cortex for the cat described by Woolsey (1958), our results show that the rubrospinal cells receive projections from the motor cortex controlling proximal and distal muscles but not axial muscles. II. Neurons projecting to the cervico-thoracic cord receive afferents from the lateral part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus and the lateral sigmoid gyrus whereas those projecting to the lumbo-sacral cord receive projections from the entire surface of the sigmoid gyrus except the medial part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus and the gyrus proreus. III. A latero-medial organization of cells within the red nucleus was found according to the origin of their cortical afferents. Rubrospinal neurons with fibers terminating in the cervical or thoracic cord receive projections from the motor cortex controlling the proximal musculature of the forelimb when they are located in the dorso-lateral region of the nucleus and the entire forelimb motor cortex when they are located in the medial part of the nucleus. It is suggested that this organization may indicate a control of proximal forelimb musculature by dorsolateral rubrospinal cells and distal musculature by medial cells. IV. Rubrospinal cells placed medially in the nucleus receive more convergent projections (i.e. from a greater cortical surface) than cells placed more laterally. It was shown that for certain cells the convergence occurs in the direct pathway. These results are discussed in terms of a functional organization allowing coordinated movements of different segments of a single limb or of different limbs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 18 (1973), S. 304-315 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retina ; Ganglion cell ; Receptive field ; Lateral inhibition ; Surround antagonism ; Center-surround interaction ; Adaptation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. 57 on- and off-center units in the cat's optic tract were studied after 30 min of dark adaptation by stimulating the receptive field periphery with flashing annuli. 49 reacted with center-like responses, 4 did not respond and 4 offcenter cells showed weak antagonistic surround responses. 54 showed antagonistic surround responses when a steady adapting spot of suitably chosen luminance was directed on to the center of the fields. 2. With equal stimulation of the surround the total flux of the steady center spot determined the condition of reversal from center to surround responses. 3. Under the condition of reversal the on-going firing rate was also affected. Reversal of responses was also observed with short stimulus durations (≥ 50 msec). 4. The recovery time from reversed responses to center-like responses was less than I min after darkening the center again. 5. With increasing center spot luminance, the latency of the center-type excitatory responses from on- and off-center neurones remained approximately constant, whereas the latency of the surround excitatory response was decreased. 6. Neuronal mechanisms are considered which give rise to excitatory responses in total darkness and inhibitory responses if neighbouring parts of the retina are light adapted. The equivalence of light adaptation and lateral inhibition as well as the effects of stray light are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 247-254 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sensory cortex ; Cat ; Spindle input
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 27 cells in the S I group I projection area of the cerebral cortex, identified as activated by group I afferent fibres by electrical stimulation of the deep radial nerve, were examined by natural stimulation in 4 awake cats. Sixty-four percent of the cells responded to wrist and/or digital ventroflexion only. Another 28% of the cells responded also to elbow flexion or extension. Only one cell responded to stretch of antagonistic muscles. Half of the cells responded to pulling of only one out of four available muscle tendons of wrist and digital dorsiflexors. The rest of the cells responded to pulling of two adjacent tendons. All cells tested responded to light tapping stimulation of skin areas overlying the muscles providing excitation, presumably as a result of mechanical stimulus spread to sensitive muscle spindles. 20% of the cells responded to deflection of hairs located on the paw. The receptive fields obtained were compared with those obtained in the cortex and at lower levels of the pathway with electrical nerve stimulation on nembutalized animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Medulla oblongata ; Vasomotor Tone ; Heart Rate ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The medulla oblongata of cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethane was exposed from the ventral side and systematically explored in three coordinates by stimulation (rectangular stimuli 1 msec, 40/sec, 1–4V) with unipolar electrodes. The responses of arterial pressure and of heart rate were determined and mapped similarly to the respiratory responses in the preceding paper (Trouthet al., 1973 a,b). A vast preponderance of vasopressor points was found, whereas vasodepressor points showed a sparse and less consistent distribution with a maximum effect in the neighborhood of the expiratory half center. Pressor effects were obtained from most of the reticular nuclei, the gratest effects being observed in the nucleus parvocellularis. The heart rate was usually influenced to a minor degree only and very often in the opposite direction to the arterial pressure. Only at one point (2 mm rostral, 2 mm lateral, 3–4 mm deep) was the heart rate clearly diminished simultaneously with a strong depression of arterial pressure. More caudally the vasopressor area migrates to the lateral part of the medulla. Pressor effects from very superficial structures beneath the ventral surface have been observed in a rostral and lateral location corresponding to the area described by Mitchellet al. (1963a, b) and medially of the hypoglossal roots in the area described by Loeschckeet al. (1970). These areas, however, are not clearly separated from deep structures yielding vasomotor effects as is the case with the respiratory responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Chemosensitive Areas ; Control of Respiration ; Medulla oblongata ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The region on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata (see preceding communication) responding maximally to both electrical and chemical stimulation by inducing an increase of ventilation was marked electrolytically and examined histologically. A characteristic group of large multipolar nerve cells was always found at the spot marked by electrolysis. These cells are located medial to the hypoglossal roots and ventral to the inferior olive which separates them from the respiratory centers. The cells are distributed at a distance of 8–450 μm from the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, the greatest concentration being located at 150–200 μm beneath the surface. The possible role of these cells in the central chemical respiratory drive is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Chemosensitive Areas ; Control of Respiration ; Medulla oblongata ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The medulla oblongata of cats anesthetized with Chloralose-Urethane was electrically stimulated with a unipolar electrode (rectangular impulses 40/sec; 1 msec; 1–4 V) from the lower pons to C1–C2. Beginning at the ventral surface all points were stimulated at distances of 0.1–0.2 mm up to a depth of 1 mm, thereafter at millimeter intervals up to a depth of 6 mm below the surface. Ventilation, expiratoryPCO2 and arterial pressure were recorded. 1. As has been demonstrated earlier by Loeschckeet al. (1970) stimulation of two separate areas on the ventral medullary surface caused increase in tidal volume, respiratory frequency and arterial pressure, the latter not without exception. 2. In the more caudal area medial of the hypoglossal roots the response to electrical stimulation was strongest at the surface or not more than 0.2 mm below the surface. The response decreased with increasing distance from the surface until at a depth of 0.6–0.8 mm no or only a minimal response was observed. In 2 to 3 mm depth either a second rise in the rhythmic ventilatory response or a maintained forced inspiration was evoked, while stimulation at still deeper location was followed by a decrease of the tidal volume or by respiratory arrest in expiratory position. 3. In the more rostral area, the response pattern in the more superficial layer was similar but less marked. 4. It is suggested that one type of substrates responding to stimulation is confined to two thin layers at the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata and that these structures are involved in the drive of ventilation and of vasomotor tone. Their location is similar to the location of chemosentitivity as described by Schläfkeet al. (1970) and it seems possible that they play a role either in the origin or the transmission of chemosensitive impulses. Other substrates showing respiratory responses of the inspiratory or expiratory type are located deeper in the medulla oblongata and well demarcated from the described superficial substrates. They include the respiratory centres.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Main cuneate nucleus ; External cuneate nucleus ; Muscle stretch receptors ; Convergence patterns ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patterns of inhibitory and excitatory convergence were investigated for 70 group I activated cells in the main cuneate nucleus (MCN) (34 identified cuneo-thalamic relay cells) and 102 group I activated cells in the external cuneate nucleus (ECN), using natural stimulation of stretch receptors in various wrist muscles. MCN cells as well as ECN cells showed a high degree of spatial specificity. Most of the cells were activated by receptors in one wrist muscle only. A few cells were activated from a couple of adjacent synergists. Inhibitory effects were rarely produced in group I activated MCN cells, but were common among the ECN cells (40%). Many different combinations of excitation and inhibition from the various wrist muscles were found for ECN cells. There was no particular tendency of reciprocal effects from antagonistic muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 507-520 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Synapse ; Motor cortex ; Microstimulation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Spread of synaptic effects within the gray substance of the motor cortex was examined in cats by delivering intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) through a tungsten electrode and recording postsynaptic potentials (p.s.p.'s) intracellularly from neighbouring cells. 2. ICMS of 4 μa within layer I did not produce any p.s.p.'s in the surrounding neurons. 3. ICMS of 4 μa at layers II, III and IV produced monosynaptic p.s.p.'s only in adjacent neurons. Their horizontal and vertical spread was limited to within 0.5 mm of the stimulating site. Ascending spread from the stimulating sites was not observed in these layers. 4. Polysynaptic effects from layers II, III and IV were found at a distance up to 1.0 mm from the stimulating site both in horizontal and vertical directions. Inhibitory spread was wider than excitatory. 5. ICMS of 4 μa in the deep layers (V and VI) produced both mono and poly synaptic activation of cells in these same layers as well as in the superficial layers (II–III). The effects of ICMS were mixed, but were predominantly inhibitory. 6. The possible synaptic organization within the cortex is discussed and it is concluded that these neuronal connections as a whole constitute a columnar organization within the cortex with feedback circuits built into the system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; LGN ; Spontaneous activity ; Vestibular stimulation ; Caloric irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The spontaneous activity of 132 single LGN neurones was recorded prior to and following irrigation of the external auditory meatus from cats in light urethane-pentobarbitone anaesthesia with immobilized eyes. Caloric irrigation was administered in the case of 96 units; the remaining 36 units were controls for irrigation with water at body temperature. The data for each individual neurone were analyzed statistically. 2. It was found that the spontaneous activity of 71 % of the 96 LGN neurones studied was significantly changed by at least one kind of caloric irrigation. This percentage is significantly higher than the 17% of the control LGN neuronal sample (n = 36) whose spontaneous activity was influenced significantly by irrigation with water at 37°C. 3. The majority of LGN neurones were affected by only one kind of caloric irrigation (either warm or cold). Both activity enhancement and activity depression were observed. 4. Possible mediating pathways are discussed as well as the implications of the 0findings for opto-vestibular interactions at the cortical level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 10-17 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; LGN ; Evoked activity ; Opto-Vestibular Interaction ; Caloric irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The light-evoked activity of 97 single LGN neurones was recorded from anaesthetised cats prior to and following caloric irrigation. The data from each individual neurone were analyzed statistically. 2. It was found that the light-evoked responses of 79% of the LGN neurones studied were significantly changed by at least one kind of caloric irrigation. This percentage is significantly higher than the 20% of a control LGN neuronal sample whose light-evoked responses were influenced significantly by irrigation with water at 37° C. 3. Both light-evoked activity enhancement and depression were observed. 4. For a given LGN neurone, caloric effects on its light-evoked responses are independent of those on its spontaneous activity. 5. Caloric irrigation often affects the light-evoked responses of only the centre or the periphery of a given LGN neurone's receptive field, thus upsetting the balance between these two antagonistic mechanisms.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 221-237 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Main cuneate nucleus ; External cuneate nucleus ; Muscle stretch receptors ; Natural stimulation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular recording was made from 77 primary afferent fibres, 106 cells in the external cuneate nucleus, and 60 cells in the main cuneate nucleus, all activated by slowly adapting muscle stretch receptors. The nature of the muscle receptors responsible for the activation was determined by various types of receptor stimulation. Primary group I afferents from muscle spindles and tendon organs in distal forelimb muscles showed complete overlap of conduction velocities and thresholds to electrical stimulation. Both types of group I afferents as well as group II muscle spindle afferents were shown to ascend through the dorsal funiculus to the level of the cuneate nuclei. Three groups of cells were identified in the external cuneate nucleus, activated by group I muscle spindle afferents, tendon organ afferents and group II muscle spindle afferents, respectively. Almost all group I activated cells in the main cuneate nucleus, including all 34 cells identified as cuneo-thalamic relay cells, received their afferent input from muscle spindle afferents. Three cells were activated by tendon organ afferents.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 410-430 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar nuclei ; Cellular ultrastructure ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The four deep cerebellar nuclei exhibit a similar pattern of organization. They consist of isodendritic neurons of different sizes. The dendritic fields of the neurons display the characteristics of “noyaux fermés”. The medium sized neurons contain small Nissl bodies anastomosed by threads of the same material giving rise to a tridimensional network; the large majority of the polyribosomes are free and suspended among the cisterns of the Nissl substance. Peculiar inclusions, resembling laminated inclusion bodies, are occasionally present in the perikarya. The origin of such inclusions from the endoplasmic reticulum has been proved, since intermediary steps in the transformation of endoplasmic reticular cisterns into laminated bodies have been disclosed. Rarely, annulate lamellae occur in the perinuclear region. The smaller neurons contain a large nucleus, almost 2/3 of the somatal volume, and in their cytoplasm Nissl bodies are practically absent. The Golgi impregnation and the electron microscopic observations have revealed the existence of large dendritic varicosities, giving rise to long slender filopodia localized in distal segments of some dendrites. The varicosities are filled with mitochondria and some glycogen particles. These features are characteristics of growing tips of dendrites (Sotelo and Palay, 1968). The immediate environment of medium sized neurons consists of axon terminals and astrocytic processes, in a near similar proportion. On the other hand, smaller neurons are in intimate contact with satellite oligodendrocytes, astrocytic processes, myelinated fibers and very few axon terminals. Close appositions, resembling “gap” junctions have been disclosed between perikarya of interfascicular oligodendrocytes.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 133-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Adrenal medulla ; Rabbit ; Osmiophilic vesicles ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die organspezifischen Strukturen im Glomus caroticum und Nebennierenmark zeigen unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen ein unterschiedliches Bild. So läßt sich unter anderem durch Modifizierung der Fixationsmedien (Glutaraldehyd, Osmiumsäure in Kombination mit verschiedenen Puffern) eine optimale Differenzierung der zellulären Strukturelemente von Glomuszellen erreichen. An den osmiophilen Vesikeln fällt eine starke Variabilität ihres Erscheinungsbildes auf. Feinstrukturelle Unterschiede werden in Elektronendichte des Vesikelinhaltes, Größe und Ausbildung des Hofes sowie in Aufbau und Verlauf der Membran deutlich. Auf Grund dieser Kriterien lassen sich im wesentlichen 4 Haupttypen der Granula von seltener vorkommenden Sonderformen abgrenzen.
    Notes: Summary The organospecific structures of the carotid body and the adrenal medulla show a different appearance under various experimental conditions. Thus, it is possible to obtain an optimal differentiation of the cellular structure elements of the carotid body cells by modifying the fixatives (glutaraldehyde, osmic acid, in combination with various buffer systems). Especially the osmiophilic vesicles show a great variability in their appearance. Ultrastructural differences become evident in the electron-density of the vesicle content, in the size of the electron-lucent space (halo of the dense core), as well as in the structure and conduct of the membrane. Based on these criteria four main types of granules can be said to occur in the carotid body. These can be distinguished from more uncommon special types.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 421-437 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Cat ; Magnocellular neurons ; Electron microscopic autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopic autoradiographic analysis revealed that H3-valine infused into the lateral ventricle of normal and acutely dehydrated cats is preferentially taken up by the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Grain counts for these magnocellular neurons in normal unstressed cats were highest at one hour post infusion with a significant fall off by three hours. Uptake by the SON and PVN at one hour exceeded neighboring nuclear groups by a factor of 7 and 4 fold respectively. Electron microscopic autoradiographs from acutely dehydrated cats revealed the presence of emission grains in association with rough endoplasmic reticulum and large osmiophilic neurosecretory vesicles. In view of statistically significant uptake values and rapid turnover of H3-valine by SON and PVN in normal animals, coupled with emission tracks in direct association with underlying neurosecretory product in acutely dehydrated ones, it is speculated that valine may be an amino acid component of one or both of the neurophysins to which neurohypophyseal hormones are non-covalently linked.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 515-524 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteriovenous anastomoses ; Carotid body ; Cat ; Corrosion casting technique ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den arteriennahen, peripheren Bereichen des Glomus caroticum der Katze wurden arteriovenöse Verbindungen nachgewiesen, die ihrem Charakter nach unterschiedlich sind. Es ist allerdings noch nicht zu entscheiden, ob derartige Anastomosen regelmäßig vorkommen und wie sie funktionieren. Die beschriebenen Gefäßverbindungen konnten lichtmikroskopisch anhand von histologischen Serienschnitten und mit Hilfe einer weiterentwickelten Korrosionstechnik im Rasterelektronenmikroskop dargestellt werden.
    Notes: Summary In artery surrounding areas in the periphery of the carotid body of the cat we found arteriovenous anastomoses differing in respect to their character. So far, it is not yet to decide the frequency of their occurrence and their functional significance. The anastomoses were demonstrated by light microscopy of serial sections and by scanning electron microscopy with a more developed corrosion casting technique.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 31-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Colon rectum ; Cat ; Adrenergic ; Cholinesterase ; Autonomic innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomy and intrinsic innervation of the colon, rectum, internal anal sphincter, ano-coccygeus and recto-coccygeus have been studied in the cat with cholinesterase and catecholamine-fluorescence histochemical techniques. A variable pattern of intrinsic innervation by acetylcholinesterase-positive and adrenergic nerves along the length of the large bowel is described and is related to segmental variations in motor activity. A variation in the distribution of non-specific cholinesterase within the muscle layers is also described. Adrenergic nerves in proximal colon are arranged in the usual peri-ganglionic manner but there is also a rich direct adrenergic innervation of the longitudinal muscle in distal colon and rectum, and of circular muscle in lower rectum and internal anal sphincter. This distribution has not been reported in other species. Direct adrenergic innervation of muscle cells has been confirmed at ultrastructural level after treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine. Adrenergic neurones have not been detected in cat bowel. The ano- and recto-coccygeus muscles and internal anal sphincter possess a dense innervation of adrenergic and cholinesterase-positive nerves. It is suggested that the variation in intrinsic innervation along the large bowel should be considered in the interpretation of pharmacological and physiological experiments on this part of the gut.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenergic innervation, smooth muscle cells ; Degeneration of sympathetic nerve endings, Schwann cell ; Nictitating membrane ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Ultrastruktur der vegetativen Endformation im Bereich der Katzennickhaut wird beschrieben. Nach Exstirpation des Ganglion cervicale superius werden die degenerativen Veränderungen der postganglionären sympathischen Nervenfasern vor allem im Bereich ihrer Endstrecke untersucht. Axonale Degenerationsmerkmale sind Agglutination und Koagulationsnekrose der Organellen sowie Lyse der Matrix mit anschließender Absorption durch die Schwannsche Zelle. Darüber hinaus werden im Bereich der vegetativen Endformation entartete Axone aus den Begleitzellen ins Interstitium ausgeschleust. Die koagulierten Axoplasmareste werden von Histiozyten beseitigt. Die Schwannschen Zellen ziehen sich allgemein zurück; einige weisen Zeichen der Hypertrophie sowie osmiophile Einschlußkörper („residual bodies“) auf. Außerdem finden sich degenerierende Begleitzellen. Wahrscheinlich wird auch ein Teil der funktionslos gewordenen, entarteten Schwannschen Zellen phagozytiert.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the innervation of the nictitating membrane in the cat is described. Degenerative changes of adrenergic nerve endings were studied after superior cervical ganglionectomy. Fine structural changes of degenerating axon terminals include agglutination and coagulation of axonal organelles as well as lysis of the axonal matrix. Absorption of the axonal debris by the Schwann cytoplasm follows. Moreover axonal extrusion from the sheath cell and macrophage activity can be observed. Most of the Schwann cells withdraw, some of them show signs of hypertrophy and contain osmiophilic inclusion bodies (residual bodies). A few degenerating Schwann cells can be seen. It seems that a portion of the degenerated sheath cells is phagocytosed following loss of normal function after denervation.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 34 (1973), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: Cat ; Electroretinogram ; Centrifugal optic nerve fibers ; Dark adaptation ; Intermittent stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In twelve cats the ERG was examined prior to and after severance of one optic nerve. The neurally isolated eye displayed enhanced ERG b-waves as compared to preoperative recordings and to recordings from the fellow eye. The concept of an inhibitory control of retinal function via centrifugal fibers within the optic nerve which rivals retinal sensitivity is discussed. Photic stimulation superimposed upon background illumination did not produce differences in the ERGs. During recovery from light adaptation the ERG was often equal in both eyes during the photopic phase of dark adaptation. Thereafter the isolated eye exhibited enhanced retinal responses. These findings are in accordance with those from patients with optic nerve lesion. When intermittent stimulations at different intensities were used the positive amplitudes of the first response in the isolated eye were always higher than those in the fellow eye. The steady states were achieved later in the isolated eye than in the fellow eye and decreased at a faster rate in the former. This suggests a decreased ability of the isolated eye to maintain its performance as compared to the eye under cerebral control.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 247-260 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Synaptic excitation ; Hippocampus ; Pyramidal cells ; Dendritic activation ; Cat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following selective activation of four afferent paths that terminate exclusively on dendrites, only a small proportion of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3 discharged impulses. Following a single afferent volley, an EPSP was never observed even in cells synaptically excited. On tetanic stimulation (about 10/sec), a large EPSP developed, but this was not a prerequisite for an action potential. Studies of the extracellular field potentials corresponding to the EPSP and the population spike potential, indicated that the EPSP was generated across the dendritic membrane and that the spike was initiated in the neighbouring part of the dendritic tree, propagating from there along the thicker dendrites towards the soma. This conduction had an average velocity of 0.4m/sec, and, presumably, a relatively low safety factor. In certain cases, the intrasomatic electrode recorded small all-or-nothing spikes which presumably were generated in the dendritic tree. These small spikes (D-spikes) invaded the soma only if assisted by some additional depolarization, for example by frequency potentiation of excitatory synapses. The results indicate two functional types of pyramidal dendrites, the conducting and the synaptic type.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inhibitory interneurones ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Extracellular microelectrode recording has been employed to study the responses of three types of interneurones in the cat cerebellar cortex: basket cells, superficial stellate cells and Golgi cells. The large unitary spike potentials of single cells were sharply localized and presumably were generated by impulse discharges from the cell somata. The characteristics of their responses described below sharply distinguished them from Purkinje cells. 2. The parallel fibre volleys generated by surface stimulation of a folium evoked brief repetitive discharges that were graded in respect of frequency and number. Maximum responses had as many as 10 impulses at an initial frequency of 500/sec. 3. At brief test intervals there was facilitation of the response to a second parallel fibre volley; at about 50 msec it passed over to depression for over 500 msec. 4. Stimulation deep in the cerebellum in the region of the fastigial nucleus (juxta-fastigial, J.F.) evoked by synaptic action a single or double discharge, presumably by the mossy fibre-granule cell-parallel fibre path, but climbing fibre stimulation from the inferior olive also usually had a weak excitatory action evoking never more than one impulse. 5. J.F. stimulation also had an inhibitory action on the repetitive discharge evoked by a parallel fibre volley. Possibly this is due to the inhibitory action of impulses in Purkinje cell axon collaterals. 6. There was a slow (7–30/sec) and rather irregular background discharge from all interneurones. The inhibitory actions of parallel fibre and J.F. stimulation silenced this discharge for some hundreds of milliseconds, probably by Golgi cell inhibition of a background mossy fibre input into granule cells. 7. All these various features were displayed by cells at depths from 180 to 500 μ; hence it was concluded that superficial stellate, basket and Golgi cells have similar properties, discrimination being possible only by depth, the respective depth ranges being superficial to 250μ, 250μ to 400μ, and deeper than 400μ.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 17-39 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parallel fibres ; Purkinje cells ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. When electrical stimuli were applied to the surface of a cerebellar folium by a local electrode (LOC), there was a propagated potential wave along the folium with a triphasic (positive-negative-positive) configuration. 2. Investigations by microelectrode recording established that this wave is produced by impulses propagating for at least 3 mm and at about 0.3 m/sec along a narrow superficial band or “beam” of parallel fibres. As expected from this interpretation, there was an absolutely refractory period of less than 1 msec and impulse annihilation by collision. 3. Complications occurred from the potential wave forms resulting from the excitation of mossy fibres by spreading of the applied LOC stimulus. These complications have been eliminated by chronically deafferenting the cerebellum. 4. When recording within the beam of excited parallel fibres there was a slow negative wave of about 20 msec duration, and deep and lateral thereto, there was a slow positive wave of approximately the same time course. 5. These potential fields were expressed in serial profile plots and in potential contour diagrams and shown to be explicable by the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action on Purkinje cells: excitatory depolarizing synapses of parallel fibre impulses on the dendrites; and hyperpolarizing inhibitory synapses of stellate and basket cells respectively on the dendrites and somata. The active excitatory synapses would be strictly on the parallel fibre beam and the inhibitory concentrated deep and lateral thereto, which is in conformity with the axonal distributions of those basket and stellate cells that would be excited by the parallel fibre beam. 6. Complex problems were involved in interpretation of slow potentials produced by a second LOC stimulus at brief stimulus intervals and up to 50 msec: there was a potentiation of the slow negative wave, and often depression of the positive wave deep and lateral to the excited beam of parallel fibres. 7. Often the LOC stimulus evoked impulse discharge from the Purkinje cells, these discharges being inhibited by a preceding LOC stimulus.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 48-64 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spontaneous post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs, IPSPs) ; Motor cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Im motorischen Cortex von ausgewachsenen Katzen (mittlere Nembutalnarkose) wurden spontane postsynaptische Potentiale (PSP) mit intrazellulären Mikroelektroden untersucht. Die spontanen EPSP wurden mit ausgelösten EPSP nach schwachen Reizen in spezifischen (VL) und unspezifischen (CM) Thalamuskernen verglichen. 2. Spontane EPSP treten entweder einzeln oder gruppiert auf. spontane IPSP sind seltener und machen nur 3–10% aller spontanen PSP aus. Die kleinsten EPSP haben eine Amplitude von 150–200 μV, daneben kommen kleinere, flache Schwankungen des Membranpotentials vor. Die mittlere Amplitude von spontanen EPSP liegt bei 0.7 mV. Amplitudenhistogramme spontaner EPSP unterscheiden sich nicht wesentlich von solchen, die durch schwache CM- oder VL-Reize ausgelöst sind. 3. Die Anstiegssteilheit von spontanen EPSP liegt zwischen 2 und 15 msec. Es besteht keine konstante Beziehung zwischen Amplitude und Anstiegssteilheit. Der Potentialabfall ist annähernd exponentiell, die Zeitkonstante liegt zwischen 8 und 12 msec und ist damit etwas länger als die passive Neuronzeitkonstante (8.5±2.2 msec nach Creutzfeldt u. Mitarb., 1964b). Es bestehen keine konstanten Unterschiede der Zeitverläufe von spontanen, durch VL- oder CM-Reiz ausgelösten EPSP-Einheiten. 4. Die Intervallhistogramme von spontanen EPSP sind verschieden je nach dem, ob alle Intervalle oder nur Perioden mit sporadischer, nicht-gruppierter Aktivität ausgezählt werden. Nicht gruppierte EPSP haben längere mittlere Intervalle (70–80 msec). 5. Nach überschwelligen Thalamusreizserien ist sowohl die spontane als auch die reizinduzierte PSP-aktivität vermindert. Es kann jedoch nicht entschieden werden, inwieweit corticale und inwieweit thalamische Mechanismen für diese post-tetanische Depression verantwortlich sind. 6. Während reversibler Deafferentierung des Cortex durch K+-depolarisation afferenter Fasern und im chronisch isolierten Cortex finden sich keine spontanen PSP mehr, obwohl EPSP und IPSP am isolierten Cortex durch epicorticale Reize noch ausgelöst werden können. 7. Aus den Befunden wird geschlossen, daß die beobachteten PSP durch afferente und collaterale Faseraktivität ausgelöst sind. Für echte „Miniaturpotentiale” entsprechend Beobachtungen an Muskelendplatten findet sich kein Anhalt. Insofern repräsentiert das „synaptische Rauschen” corticaler Zellen die konvergierende Afferenz dieser Zellen und kann nicht als echtes „spontanes Rauschen” angesehen werden.
    Notes: Summary Spontaneous post-synaptic potentials (PSP's) of neurones of the motor cortex are analysed (intracellular recording, Nembutal anesthesia, cats). Distinct EPSP's either appear grouped or more sporadically distributed. Spontaneous EPSP's only represent about 3–10% of all spontaneous PSP's. The mean amplitude of EPSP's is about 0.7 mV. The smallest EPSP's have an amplitude of 150–200 μV, smaller slow fluctuations of the membrane potential (MP) are seen occasionally. Amplitude histograms of spontaneous EPSP's are similar to those of evoked EPSP units following weak thalamic stimulation. — The rising time of spontaneous EPSP's varies between 2 and 15 msec. and is not correlated with the peak amplitude. The decay is almost exponential, the time constant is between 8 and 12msec., thus being slightly higher than the neurone time constant of cortical pyramidal cells (8.5±2.2 msec. Creutzfeldt et al., 1964b). No consistant differences in time course and amplitude of “EPSP units” after VL and CM thalamic stimulation and of spontaneous EPSP's was found. Cortical and thalamic components of post-tetanic depression of spontaneous and evoked PSP activity cannot be distinguished. Interval histograms are different whether all EPSP's during sporadic and grouped activity or whether only sporadically appearing EPSP's are counted. Non-grouped EPSP's show longer mean intervals (between 70 and 80 msec.). — During reversible deafferentation with K+-depolarization of afferent fibers and in the chronically isolated cortex no spontaneous EPSP's or IPSP's are found eventhough membrane fluctuations of cells in the latter preparation may sometimes be difficult to distinguish from real EPSP's. In the chronically isolated cortex, EPSP's and IPSP's can still be elicited by epicortical stimulation. — From these findings it is concluded that the observed spontaneous PSP's represent “unit” EPSP's and IPSP's due to afferent and collateral fiber activity and that no true miniature potentials due to spontaneous liberation of transmitter substance can be recorded. Thus, the “synaptic noise” of cortical neurones represents convergent activity on these cells and consequently cannot be considered as true “spontaneous noise”.
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