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  • Artikel: DFG Deutsche Nationallizenzen  (3.923)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Linkage analysis of candidate myelin genes in familial multiple sclerosis (1999)
    Springer
    Neurogenetics 2 (1999), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1364-6753
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Genetics ; Myelin basic protein ; Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein ; Proteolipid protein
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: ABSTRACT Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. A complex genetic etiology is thought to underlie susceptibility to this disease. The present study was designed to analyze whether differences in genes that encode myelin proteins influence susceptibility to MS. We performed linkage analysis of MS to markers in chromosomal regions that include the genes encoding myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMGP), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in a well-characterized population of 65 multiplex MS families consisting of 399 total individuals, 169 affected with MS and 102 affected sibpairs. Physical mapping data permitted placement of MAG and PLP genes on the Genethon genetic map; all other genes were mapped on the Genethon genetic map by linkage analysis. For each gene, at least one marker within the gene and/or two tightly linked flanking markers were analyzed. Marker data analysis employed a combination of genetic trait model-dependent (parametric) and model-independent linkage methods. Results indicate that MAG, MBP, OMGP, and PLP genes do not have a significant genetic effect on susceptibility to MS in this population. As MOG resides within the MHC, a potential role of the MOG gene could not be excluded.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100480050076
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The neurofibromatoses. An overview (1999)
    Springer
    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. 89-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Neurofibromatosis ; Nf1 ; Nf2 ; Mosaic/segmental neurofibromatosis ; Variants ; Classification ; Neurological manifestations ; Genetics ; Childhood ; Adulthood
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The last two decades have seen clinical and molecular delineation of the different forms of neurofibromatosis. Differentiation of these forms is not just an academic exercise: their natural history, management and genetic counselling are quite different. Of the numerical classifications of neurofibromatosis proposed in the past, only neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1) and neurofibromatosis type 2 (Nf2) are now well delineated clinically and have been shown to be distinct at the molecular level. For both forms of neurofibromatosis, patients with clinical generalised disease have been demonstrated to be mosaic at the molecular level, and features of segmental or mosaic Nf1 and Nf2 have been delineated. Other reported forms of neurofibromatosis are rarer; they include Watson syndrome, hereditary spinal neurofibromatosis, familial intestinal neurofibromatosis, autosomal dominant café-au-lait spots alone, autosomal dominant neurofibromas alone, and schwannomatosis, the latter believed to be a variant of Nf2. Further delineation is neeeded for individuals having overlapping features of Noonan's syndrome and neurofibromatosis (the so-called Noonan/neurofibromatosis syndrome) and the syndrome of “multiple naevi, multiple schwannomas and multiple vaginal leiomyomas”. In this article we review the forms of neurofibromatosis which we believe are true clinical entities. Particular attention is given to the neurological manifestations of neurofibromatosis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100720050017
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion due to phosphofructo-1-kinase-deficiency in humans (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 77 (1999), S. 96-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Diabetes ; Genetics ; Phosphofructokinase ; Glycogenosis ; NIDDM ; PFK
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The etiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is usually explained as a combination of peripheral insulin resistance and impaired beta-cell function. Phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK1) is a rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis, and its muscle subtype (PFK1-M) deficiency leads to an autosomal recessively inherited disorder known as glycogenosis type VII or Tarui’s disease. It was evaluated whether PFK1-M deficiency leads to NIDDM in humans. A core family of four was evaluated for PFK1-M deficiency by DNA- and enzyme-activity-analyses. All members underwent oral and intravenous glucose tolerance test (oGTT/ivgtt), as well as an insulin sensitivity test (IST) using octreotide. Results: Father (46 years, BMI 22.4 kg/m2) and older son (19 years, BMI 17.8 kg/m5) showed homozygous PFK1-M deficiency, while mother (47 years, BMI 28.4 kg/m5) and younger son (13 years, BMI 16.5 kg/m5) were shown to be heterozygously PFK1-M-deficient on enzyme activity levels. DNA analysis revealed an exon 5-missense-mutation at one allele of all four members, and an exon 22-frameshift-mutation at the other allele of the two homozygously affected individuals. By oGTT the father showed impaired glucose tolerance, and the mother clinical diabetes. By ivGTT both parents and the older son had a decreased first phase insulin secretion, and a diminished glucose disappearance rate. The IST showed marked insulin resistance in both parents and the older son, and moderate resistance in the younger son, previously not described. Conclusion: PFK1-M-deficiency leads to a metabolic state typical for early NIDDM in homozygously affected humans, especially concerning insulin resistance and loss of first phase beta-cell insulin secretion, and may contribute to the manifestation of NIDDM in a subgroup of patients.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001090050311
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Erbliche Ursachen und Risikofaktoren der Alzheimer-Krankheit (1999)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 195-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Alzheimer-Krankheit ; Genetik ; Risikofaktoren ; Genetische Beratung ; Key words Alzheimer’s disease ; Genetics ; Risk factors ; Genetic counseling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A multifactorial etiology underlies the majority of cases of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Both ill-defined environmental and genetic factors contribute to the development of the disease. Allele ɛ4 of ApoE is a genetic risk factor. Its presence increases the risk of developing AD. However, presence of e4 is neither necessary nor sufficient for the disease to arise. Apart from the common multifactorial forms of the disease, there are rare variants which are inherited as Mendelian traits. To date three genes are known that can be mutated in these rare forms of AD. Of these, mutations in the gene presenilin 1 on chromosome 14 are most frequent. In addition, mutations in the gene presenilin 2 on chromosome 1 and in the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP on chromosome 21) occur in autosomal dominant AD. This article reviews our present knowledge of the genetics of AD and discusses its relevance for patients with AD and their relatives.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Der Großteil der Fälle von Alzheimer-Krankheit (AK) hat eine multifaktorielle Ätiologie. Das bedeutet, bisher nicht genauer bekannte Umwelteinflüsse und genetische Faktoren spielen bei der Entwicklung der Krankheit eine wesentliche Rolle. Von seiten der Genetik unterscheidet man bei der AK gegenwärtig genetische Risikofaktroren und Mutationen. Der einzige bisher gesicherte genetische Risikofaktor ist das Allel ɛ4 des Gens für Apolipoprotein E auf Chromosom 19. Dieses Allel erhöht die Wahrscheinlichkeit, an der AK zu erkranken, ist jedoch weder eine notwendige noch eine hinreichende Bedingung. Neben den häufigen Formen mit multifaktorieller Ätiologie kommen seltene Varianten der Krankheit vor, die nach Mendelschen Regeln vererbt werden. Bisher sind 3 Gene bekannt, die bei diesen seltenen, in der Regel früh auftretenden und autosomal dominant vererbten Formen mutiert sein können. Am häufigsten findet sich bei den autosomal-dominanten Fällen eine Mutation im Gen präsenilin 1 auf Chromosom 14, seltener liegen Mutationen im Gen präsenilin 2 auf Chromosom 1 und im Gen des Amyloid- Vorläuferproteins auf Chromosom 21 vor. In diesem Beitrag geben wir eine Übersicht über gegenwärtige Befunde zur Genetik der AK und diskutieren die Bedeutung dieses Wissens für Patienten und deren Verwandte.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050423
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Genetik schizophrener Störungen Neuere Konzepte und Befunde (1999)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 955-969 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Schizophrenie ; Genetik ; Schizophrenes Spektrum ; Kopplungsuntersuchungen ; Assoziationsuntersuchungen ; Key words Schizophrenia ; Genetics ; Schizophrenia spectrum ; Linkage studies ; Association studies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Schizophrenia is a genetic complex disease as it does not follow monogenic transmission while non-familial environmental factors have a strong additional impact. A heterogenous, continuous phenotype is transmitted in families which can now be more precisely characterized. Genes coding for proteins with presumed pathophysiological relevance are apparently not playing a major causal role. However, in the last three years several (currently seven) candidate regions have been identified in a replicable manner by linkage studies. These regions are likely to host susceptibility genes for schizophrenia, but none of them has been identified up to now. Given these findings, polygenic transmission has now become very likely. The candidate regions are currently being narrowed down by various promising techniques.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die Schizophrenie gehört zu den genetisch komplexen Erkrankungen, die keinem monogenen Erbgang folgen und bei denen auch nichtfamiliäre Umgebungsfaktoren eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Dabei wird intrafamiliär ein heterogener, quantitativ variierender Phänotyp übertragen, der zunehmend genauer charakterisiert werden kann. Keines der bekannten Gene mit vermuteter pathophysiologischer Relevanz spielt nach den bisherigen Erkenntnissen eine substantielle Rolle. In den vergangenen drei Jahren ist es aber erstmals durch Kopplungsuntersuchungen gelungen, mehrere replizierbare Kandidatenregionen (derzeit sieben) auf dem Genom zu identifizieren, in denen vermutlich Suszeptibilitätsgene für Schizophrenie liegen. Keines dieser Gene wurde jedoch bislang identifiziert. Mit diesen Befunden ist eine polygene Übertragung der Schizophrenie sehr wahrscheinlich geworden. Verschiedene Techniken zur Eingrenzung der Kandidatenregionen werden derzeit erfolgreich angewandt.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050524
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A mutation at codon 279 (N279K) in exon 10 of the Tau gene causes a tauopathy with dementia and supranuclear palsy (1999)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 98 (1999), S. 62-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Frontotemporal dementia ; Genetics ; Progressive supranuclear palsy ; Tauopathy ; Exon ; amplifcation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Recently intronic and exonic mutations in the Tau gene have been found to be associated with familial neurodegenerative syndromes characterized not only by a predominantly frontotemporal dementia but also by the presence of neurological signs consistent with the dysfunction of multiple subcortical neuronal circuitries. Among families, the symptomatology appears to vary in quality and severity in relation to the specific Tau gene mutation and often may include parkinsonism, supranuclear palsies, and/or myoclonus, in addition to dementia. We carried out molecular genetic and neuropathological studies on two patients from a French family presenting, early in their fifth decade, a cognitive impairment and supranuclear palsy followed by an akinetic rigid syndrome and dementia. The proband died severely demented 7 years after the onset of the symptoms; currently, his brother is still alive although his disease is progressing. In both patients, we found a Tau gene mutation in exon 10 at codon 279, resulting in an asparagine to lysine substitution (N279K). Neuropathologically, widespread neuronal and glial tau accumulation in the cortex, basal ganglia, brain stem nuclei as well as in the white matter were the hallmark of the disease. These deposits were shown by immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy, using a battery of antibodies to phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent epitopes present in multiple tau regions. In the neocortex, tau-immunopositive glial cells were more numerous than immunopositive neurons; the deeper cortical layers as well as the white matter adjacent to the cortex contained the largest amount of immunolabeled glial cells. In contrast, some brain stem nuclei contained more neurons with tau deposits than immunolabeled glial cells. The correlation of clinical, neuropathological and molecular genetic findings emphasize the phenotypic heterogeneitiy of diseases caused by Tau gene mutations. Furthermore, to test the effect of the N279K mutation and compare it with the effect of the P301L exon 10 mutation on alternative splicing of Tau exon 10, we used an exon amplification assay. Our results suggest that the N279K mutation affects splicing similar to the intronic mutations, allowing exon 10 to be incorporated more frequently in the Tau transcript.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010051052
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Management of mantle cell lymphoma (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 78 (1999), S. 485-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Mantle cell lymphoma ; Classification ; Pathology ; Prognosis ; Immunology ; Genetics ; Antineoplastic agents ; Combined ; Therapeutic use ; Radiotherapy ; Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002770050545
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Why is acute leukemia more common in males? A possible sex-determined risk linked to the ABO blood group genes (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 78 (1999), S. 233-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Acute leukemia ; Genetics ; Sex ; ABO Blood group
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Acute leukemia is more common in males at almost every age, and this fact remains unexplained. A study was carried out in northeast peninsular Malaysia, where the population is predominantly Malay, to examine whether there was a difference in ABO blood group distribution between males and females with acute leukemia (AL). The ABO blood groups of 109 male and 79 female patients with AL (98 ALL, 90 AML) were compared with those of 1019 controls. In the control population, 39.7% were group O. Among males with AL, 39.4% were group O, whereas among females with AL, the proportion was 24.1% (p=0.03). The same trend to a lower proportion of group O among females was seen if the group was divided into adult/pediatric or lymphoblastic/myeloblastic groups, though these differences were not statistically significant. If these findings can be confirmed, they suggest the presence of a "sex-responsive" gene near to the ABO gene locus on chromosome 9, which relatively protects group O women against AL, at least in our population. The existence of such a gene might also partly explain why acute leukemia, and possibly other childhood cancers, are more common in males.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002770050507
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analysis of potential phosphorylation sites in human T cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 6 (1999), S. 206-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Schlagwort(e): Tax ; HTLV-1 ; Trans-activation ; Phosphorylation ; Mutagenesis ; Transcription ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax is a phosphoprotein, however, the contribution of phosphorylation to Tax activity is unknown. Previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of Tax occurs on serine residue(s), within one tryptic fragment, in response to 4β-phorbol-12β-myristate-13α-acetate, in both mouse and human cells. Studies were conducted in multiple cell lines to identify the specific phosphorylated serines as a prelude to functional analysis. The phosphorylation pattern of Tax was found to be different in 293T and COS-7 cells in comparison with MT-4 and Px-1 cells. However, one tryptic fragment remained consistent in comigration analyses among all cell lines. Using selected Tax serine mutants a tryptic fragment containing a serine at residue 113 believed to be the site of phosphorylation of Tax did not comigrate with the common phosphorylated tryptic fragment. Analysis of selected Tax mutants for ability totrans-activate the cytomegalovirus promoter demonstrated mutation of serine 77 to alanine reducedtrans-activation by 90% compared to wild-type Tax. However, examination of the phosphorylation pattern of the serine 77 mutant demonstrated that it is not the site of phosphorylation. These studies demonstrate the importance of using relevant cell lines to characterize the role of phosphorylation in protein function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02255904
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pathologie der Rhabdo- myosarkome des Kindes- und Adoleszentenalters Ein Bericht des Kindertumorregisters bei der Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie (GPOH) (1999)
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 20 (1999), S. 87-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Rhadomyosarkom ; Klassifizierung ; Immunhistochemie ; Genetik ; Prognose ; Key words Rhabdomyosarcoma ; Classification ; Immunohistochemistry ; Genetics ; Prognosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most important and a very heterogeneous group of malignant soft tissue tumors of childhood and adolescence.The two major subtypes (embryonal and alveolar) share a common myogenic differentiation, but seem to be histogenetically not related. The so-called ’International Classification of Rhabdomyosarcoma’ includes, besides the two major subtypes, the botryoid and leiomyomatous subtypes of embryonal RMS which are associated with a better prognosis and are treated less aggressively according to current protocols. In addition, the solid variant of alveolar RMS is included in the alveolar group of RMS. The identification of the various subtypes is necessary and important because the treatment with the current protocols is also related to histology. Using conventional stains and immunohistochemistry, these subtypes are distinguishable. Genetic analysis can be helpful in the demonstration of t(2;13) or t(1;13) translocations in alveolar RMS. The identification of alveolar RMS with t(1;13) translocation might become important in the future, because this type of translocation seems to be related to a better prognosis as compared to tumors with a t(2;13) translocation.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Rhabdomyosarkome stellen eine heterogene Gruppe von ganz verschiedenartigen, histogenetisch wohl nicht zusammengehörenden Tumoren dar. Nach der heute verwendeten „Internationalen Klassifikation” der Rhabdomyosarkome werden neben der Unterteilung in embryonalen und alveoläre Rhabdomyossarkome auch Subtypen des embryonalen RMS identifiziert (botryoider und leiomyomatöser Subtyp), die durch eine günstigere Prognose und durch die Notwendigkeit einer weniger aggressive Therapie gekennzeichnet sind. Durch Einsatz von verschiedenen histologischen und immunhistochemischen Färbungen ist die Identifizierung der verschiedenen Typen der RMS heute möglich und auch zwingend notwendig, da die einzelnen Entitäten nach ganz unterschiedlichen Therapieprotokollen behandelt werden. Der Nachweis typischer molekulargenetischer Veränderungen kann in der Unterscheidung insbesondere von embryonalen und alveolären RMS hilfreich sein. In der Regel ist die Abgrenzung zwischen diesen beiden Entitäten auch an konventionell gefärbten Schnittpräparaten möglich. Die Identifizierung von alveolären RMS mit einer t(1;13)-Translokation könnte in Zukunft eine große Bedeutung haben, da diese genetische Veränderung möglicherweise mit einer günstigeren Prognose assoziert sein könnte als die t(2;13)-Translokation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002920050326
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Clinical relevance of monosomy 22q11.2 in children with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 302-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Congenital heart disease ; Pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect ; Genetics ; Monosomy 22q11.2
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The purpose of our study was to describe the prevalence and the clinical spectrum of monosomy 22q11.2 in a population of patients with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect. We examined all 44 patients with this conotruncal cardiac malformation who presented to our institution from January 1994 until December 1997. The type of collateral lung perfusion was recorded including anomalies of the pulmonary arteries as well as facial and immunological abnormalities. Molecular-cytogenetic testing for a 22q11.2 microdeletion was performed using the probes D22S75 and cHKAD26. Statistical differences were evaluated with the Fisher's Exact Test. Monosomy 22q11.2 was present in ten children (23%) with major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (group 1). The remaining 13 children (29%) with major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (group 2) and all 21 children (48%) with ductus arteriosus (group 3) were negative for this microdeletion. All children in group 1 had facial anomalies, six had mild immunological abnormalities including decreased CD 4+ or CD 8+ cells. Anomalies of the pulmonary vascular bed were significantly more frequent in children of group 1 (9/10) than in children of group 2 (4/13) or group 3 (0/21). Due to these pulmonary vascular anomalies, corrective surgery had been accomplished in fewer children with monosomy 22q11.2 (none in group 1) as compared to 7/13 children in group 2 and 14/21 children in group 3. Conclusion In children with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect, monosomy 22q11.2 is preferentially associated with major aortopulmonary collateral arteries. Due to the higher incidence of pulmonary arterial abnormalities, successful surgical repair will require a different therapeutic approach in most patients with this microdeletion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310051077
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Controlling septation in fission yeast: finding the middle, and timing it right (1999)
    Springer
    Current genetics 35 (1999), S. 571-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cytokinesis ; Kinase ; Mitosis ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Cell division ; Phosphatase ; Mutant ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe provides a simple eukaryotic model for the study of cytokinesis. S. pombe cells are rod-shaped, grow mainly by elongation at their tips, and divide by binary fission after forming a centrally placed division septum. Analysis of mutants has begun to shed light upon how septum formation and cytokinesis are regulated both spatially and temporally. Some of the proteins involved in these events have been functionally conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution, suggesting that aspects of this control will be common to all eukaryotic cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050455
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polymorphisms in the glutamate transporter gene EAAT2 in European ALS patients (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 1140-1144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Genetics ; Glutamate transporter gene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurological disorder characterised by degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Whilst the primary pathogenic trigger is unknown in most cases, evidence is mounting to implicate a role for glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity in the disorder. Recent studies have shown reduced levels of the mainly astroglial glutamate transporter EAAT2 in ALS motor cortex and spinal cord and multiple abnormal EAAT2 mRNA species in ALS brain tissue. One cause of the low EAAT2 levels may be that point mutations in the EAAT2 gene, EAAT2, result in an abnormal unstable protein. To test this hypothesis we analysed EAAT2 in 128 sporadic and 23 familial European ALS cases. No variants within the coding sequence of EAAT2 to affect the protein sequence nor in the consensus splice sites of the flanking intronic sequences were found in any cases, similar to findings in other reports. Frequent polymorphisms within the flanking intronic sequences of both exons 2 and 4 were seen but at similar frequencies in controls. Mechanisms other than mutations within the coding region of EAAT2 must therefore be responsible for the low levels of EAAT2 seen in most cases of ALS.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050532
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Etiology of the inflammatory bowel diseases (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of colorectal disease 14 (1999), S. 2-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Inflammatory bowel disease ; Crohn's disease ; Ulcerative colitis ; Epidemiology ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are complex disorders. While the exact etiology of these diseases remains unknown, recent progress in the epidemiology and genetics of IBD has clearly demonstrated both environmental and genetic factors to play a role in the development of the disease, and it is expected that some risk factors are common for both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The environmental factor(s) are associated with the Western way of life in the second half of the twentieth century. Cigarette smoking is presently the best known environmental factor. However, the effect of tobacco is opposite in CD and UC. A familial history of IBD is the most important risk factor for developing the disease, suggesting a genetic predisposition to IBD. This hypothesis has recently been confirmed by the localization of at least two susceptibility loci on chromosomes 12 and 16. These genes seem to play a role in both CD and UC. They must now to be identified.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003840050175
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Craniosynostosis: from a clinical description to an understanding of bone formation of the skull (1999)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 676-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Craniosynostosis ; Genetics ; FGFR ; Msx2 ; Development ; Skull
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The genetic studies of syndromic craniosynostoses lead to the characterisation of genes that regulate the correct development of the bones of the skull. From these studies, it appears that FGF/FGFR signalling has a crucial role in this problem. Numerous mutations affecting the genes coding for FGFR1, 2 or 3 are responsible for these syndromes. It is interesting to note that some identical mutations produced various different phenotypes, suggesting that other genes modulate the phenotypic expressivity. The other involved genes in these syndromes code for such proteins as Msx2 or Twist that interact in the cellular pathways responsible for FGF action. From these genetic studies, it is now important to establish the role of these proteins during the development of the skull. Msx2 plays a repressive role in osteogenesis, whereas FGFRs act as promoting proteins. In the near future, it will be very important to improve our understanding of these phenomena in order to test specific treatments to prevent the development of such syndromes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050457
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Early diagnosis and the clinical genetics of Alzheimer’s disease (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 69-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Alzheimer’s disease ; Genetics ; Genetic counseling ; Predictive testing ; Diagnosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has a significant genetic background manifested as autosomal dominant inheritance in some early-onset families and as familial risk in late-onset cases. Three genes responsible for early-onset autosomal dominant AD have been identified, and one gene, apolipoprotein E, has been confirmed as a susceptibility gene for late-onset forms of the disorder. These findings raise the possibility of genetic testing, either for early diagnosis or prediction. For early-onset autosomal dominant AD genetic testing will have a limited but useful role in confirming diagnosis in established cases and in predictive counselling for relatives; a situation analogous to that for Huntington’s disease. For late-onset AD significant problems remain to be overcome before the advances in molecular genetics have a direct clinical application
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050310
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mitochondrial DNA mutation at np 3243 in a family with maternally inherited diabetes mellitus (1999)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 36 (1999), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Mitochondrial DNA ; Genetics ; Maternally inherited diabetes mellitus ; Deafness ; np 3243 mutation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene defects may play a role in the development of maternally inherited diabetes mellitus and deafness (MIDD). A family from Southern Italy who showed maternal transmission of type 2 diabetes mellitus with three individuals affected is described. A 10.4 kb deletion and mutations at nucleotide positions (np) 3243, 7445 and 11778 in the mtDNA of six relatives were sought. The mitochondrial np 3243 mutation of the tRNA Leu (UUR) gene was identified in a boy affected by optic atrophy and mental retardation, as well as in his diabetic mother. No other mutations or deletions were found. Our study points out the variable phenotypic expression of the np 3243 mtDNA mutation. This may suggest the presence of other mitochondrial or nuclear mutations required to modulate the phenotype. A clinical and metabolic follow-up of all family members was necessary to understand the role of the np 3243 mutation, especially in one child affected by optic atrophy and mental retardation. Further studies will be aimed at investigating the prevalence of mutations and deletions of mtDNA in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005920050161
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Self-incompatibility in passion fruit: evidence of two locus genetic control (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 564-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Passiflora ; Self-incompatibility ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The self-incompatibility in yellow passion fruit was previously described as homomorphic sporophytic with monofactorial inheritance. Five progenies were obtained by bud-selfing. The plants of these progenies were selfed, reciprocally crossed within each progeny and crossed with known incompatible phenotypes to identify their phenotypic group. Fruit set was evaluated at the 7th day after pollination. Two progenies consisted of two self-incompatible groups, the other three formed three suck groups. The groups were identified as S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6. The results provide evidence that the self-incompatibility of passion fruit is controlled by two loci, the S-gene and another, whose expression needs to be investigated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051105
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    AC/GT and AG/CT microsatellite repeats in peach [Prunus persica (L) Batsch]: isolation, characterisation and cross-species amplification in Prunus (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Simple sequence repeat (SSR) ; Microsatellites ; Molecular markers ; Genetics ; Fingerprinting
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  We report the sequences of 17 primer pairs of microsatellite loci, which we have cloned and sequenced from two genomic libraries of peach [Prunus persica (L) Batsch] ‘Redhaven’, enriched for AC/GT and AG/CT repeats respectively. For ten of these microsatellite loci we were able to demonstrate Mendelian inheritance in a segregating back-cross population; the remainder did not segregate. The polymorphism of the microsatellites was evaluated in a panel of ten peach genotypes, including true-to-type peaches, nectarines and one canning-peach. Fifteen microsatellites (88%) were polymorphic showing 2–4 alleles each. The mean heterozygosity, averaged over all loci, was 0.32 and significantly higher than that reported in the literature for isozymes and molecular markers, such as RFLPs and RAPDs. We have also assayed the cross-species transportability and found that ten microsatellite (59%) gave apparently correct amplification in all Prunus species surveyed, namely P. domestica (European plum), P. salicina (Japanese plum), P. armeniaca (apricot), P. dulcis (almond), P. persica var. vulgaris (peach), P. persica var. laevis (nectarine), P. avium (sweet cherry) and P. cerasus (sour cherry), with three of them also being amplified in Malus (apple). The remaining microsatellites gave less-extensive amplification. Because of their appreciable polymorphism and wide cross-species transportability, most of these new markers can be integrated into the linkage maps which are currently being constructed in peach, as well as in other stone fruit crops, such as almond, apricot, cherry and plum.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051209
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A stylar ribonuclease assay to detect self-compatible seedlings in almond progenies (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 800-810 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Almond ; Compatibility ; Genetics ; Prunus dulcis ; Ribonucleases
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Six almond progenies, each the product of a cross between a self-compatible and a self-incompatible parent, were analysed for stylar ribonucleases. Proteins were extracted and separated using non-equilibrium pH gradient electrofocusing (NEPHGE), and the gels were stained for ribonuclease activity. Most seedlings showed either two principal bands, interpreted as corresponding to two incompatibility alleles, or a single band. The seedlings were also bagged in the field at flowering time to determine fruit set after selfing, and some were also examined for the growth of pollen-tubes in selfed styles using UV fluorescence microscopy. With very few exceptions, those seedlings showing single-banded zymograms were found to be self-compatible according to field and microscope studies, and those with two bands were found to be self-incompatible. We conclude that the allele for self-compatibility in almond does not code for ribonuclease activity and that the ribonuclease isoenzyme assay is a convenient technique for predicting self-compatibility in segregating progenies. A novel band in two derivatives of ’Ferrastar’ was ascribed to a new incompatibility allele, S 10 .
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051299
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Division of labor in a dynamic environment: response by honeybees (Apis mellifera) to graded changes in colony pollen stores (1999)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 46 (1999), S. 171-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Division of labor ; Genetics ; Pollen foraging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  A fundamental requirement of task regulation in social groups is that it must allow colony flexibility. We tested assumptions of three task regulation models for how honeybee colonies respond to graded changes in need for a specific task, pollen foraging. We gradually changed colony pollen stores and measured behavioral and genotypic changes in the foraging population. Colonies did not respond in a graded manner, but in six of seven cases showed a stepwise change in foraging activity as pollen storage levels moved beyond a set point. Changes in colony performance resulted from changes in recruitment of new foragers to pollen collection, rather than from changes in individual foraging effort. Where we were able to track genotypic variation, increases in pollen foraging were accompanied by a corresponding increase in the genotypic diversity of pollen foragers. Our data support previous findings that genotypic variation plays an important role in task regulation. However, the stepwise change in colony behavior suggests that colony foraging flexibility is best explained by an integrated model incorporating genotypic variation in task choice, but in which colony response is amplified by social interactions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050607
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterization of B-cell lines from SLE patients and their relatives (1995)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 15 (1995), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Schlagwort(e): SLE Lupus ; BBV transformation ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Epstein-Barr-virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid B-cell lines were generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 55 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 44 healthy relatives. All donors have previously been extensively characterized with regard to clinical, serologic, and genetic parameters. Here, peripheral blood lymphocytes and lines were characterized for cell surface antigens. Furthermore, autoantibody production and proliferation rate of the cell lines were monitored. A significant difference between patients and relatives was the lower proliferation rate of EBV-transformed cell lines of the SLE patients. All SLE cell lines are available for interested researches and can be obtained from the European Cell Bank, Salisbury, UK.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302123
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Genetic mapping of adrenergic receptor genes in humans (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 73 (1995), S. 299-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenergic receptors ; Human genetics ; Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; Chromosome mapping ; Linkage ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We have genetically mapped the genes encoding four human adrenergic receptors (ARs) of subtypes α1C, α2A, α2B, and β1, which are prototypic G protein coupled receptors that mediate the physiological effects of neurotransmitters, hormones, and drugs. We placed these genes onto the Cooperative Human Linkage Center (CHLC) and Genethon framework maps, within confidence intervals with greater than 1000∶1 odds. With multipoint analysis the α1C gene (locus ADRA1C) mapped to the interval between NEFL and D8S283; α2-C4, the gene encoding the α2C AR (locus ADRA2C), mapped to the interval between D4S126 and D4S62; and the α2-C10 (α2A AR)/β1 haplotype (loci ADRA2A/ ADRB1) mapped to the interval between D10S259 and D10S187. A fifth AR gene, β2, yielded significant LOD scores with markers on the long arm of chromosome 5; however, this locus (ADRB2) could not be mapped to any specific interval with odds of greater than 1000∶1. The two AR genes that are completely linked, α2-C10 and β1, were oriented on their shared 225-kb genomic fragment relative to the direction of transcription, with β1 being 5′ to α2-C10. The positioning of these genes on high-density framework maps allows them to be tested as candidates in a spectrum of diseases that might involve AR dysfunction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231616
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene associated with macroangiopathy and blood pressure in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 73 (1995), S. 307-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Atherosclerosis ; Hypertension ; Type 2 diabetes ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In the search for new risk factors for diabetic macroangiopathy the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene was studied in 237 consecutive patients (125 men and 112 women) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The female population showed an excess of ischemic electro-cardiographic changes or definite myocardial infarctions in the patients homozygous for the deletion [D/D; odds ratio (OR) 2.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–5.3] and in the insertion/deletion heterozygotes (I/D; OR 1.8; CI 1.1–3.1) compared with the patients homozygous for the insertion (I/I). In the total series coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and claudication were more often observed in the patients with I/D (OR 1.5; CI 1.0–2.2) or the D/D genotype patients (OR 1.7; CI 1.1–2.6) than in those with the genotype I/I. The systolic blood pressure was lower in patients with genotype I/I (138±19 mmHg) than in those with the genotype I/D (149±22 mmHg) or D/D (150±21 mmHg; P〈0.02). The prevalence of hypertension and the median urinary albumin excretion rate also tended to be lowest in the I/I genotype patients. Multiple logistic analysis revealed that in women the angiotensin-converting enzyme D/D genotype is independently associated with coronary heart disease. Our findings suggest that variation at the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene locus is one of the factors involved in the predisposition of diabetic patients to the development of arterial disease and hypertension.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231617
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mixed desmoplastic primitive neuroepithelial tumor of infancy: a light microscopic, immunocytochemical, ultrastructural and genetic study (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1995), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Primitive neuroepithelial tumor ; Desmoplastic small cell tumor ; Brain tumor of infancy Immunocytochemistry ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We describe a case of a desmoplastic brain tumor which was initially resected from the right fronto-temporal region in a 2 year-old boy. This nodular, calcified tumor was vascularized by the internal carotid artery and the middle meningeal artery branches. Grossly, it contained several mucoid cysts. Light microscopy showed cords or nests of small cuboidal cells surrounded by a loose connective tissue and desmoplasic areas containing fibers and spindle cells. The cuboidal cells expressed epithelial, neuronal and neuroendocrine markers. Some foci of spindle cells showed glial differentiation. The tumor recurred 16 months later and displayed some characteristics of the small cell neuroepithelial component, mitoses being conspicuous. Electron microscopy revealed undifferentiated clear cells, some containing neurosecretory granules. Karyotyping demonstrated the following formula: 〈 15 〉 46, t(8;11) (a13; q11). The chromosome 11 breakpoint was different from that described in Ewing's sarcoma. This isolated translocation has not been previously reported to our knowledge. These unusual features lead us to report this case and to discuss its pathogenesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294266
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sex segregation ratio and gender expression in the genus Actinidia (1995)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 129-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Sex control ; Disomic segregation ; Dioecy Kiwifruit ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The sex segregation ratio was checked in bi-parental families of Actinidia deliciosa (2n=6x=174) obtained by crossing four females (A12, Mo3, Br4, Hw1) with two males (T2, M1) and one fruiting male (M3h, subandroecious) according to a factorial mating design. The M3h fruiting male was also selfed. The sex ratio was checked in maternal families of A. kolomikta (2n=2x) and A. chinensis (2n=2x) as well as in A. deliciosa. Seedlings of both diploid species took 3–4 years to progress beyond juvenility, whereas a noticeable number of seedlings from biparental crosses of A. deliciosa involving A12 and Hw1 as seed parents were still non-flowering after seven growing seasons. Open-pollinated families of both diploid and hexaploid species as well as most families from biparental crosses showed a sex segregation ratio approaching 1∶1. Subandroecious lines with different degrees of ovary and pistil development appeared in proportions of 0–4.2%, depending on the cross, but only 6 of the 2567 male vines checked were capable of setting fruit. No case of self-fertility or apomixis was detected among 1866 bagged female vines. Selfed M3h progenies gave only female and male phenotypes in a ratio of 1 female to 3 males. No off-type vines were found among these progenies. The same disomic sex segregation ratio seems to be operating at different ploidy levels in the genus Actinidia. Since selfed fruiting males produced both female and male individuals, the male sex appears to be the heterogametic one. Such evidence indicates that a monofactorial system based on one or more linked genes or on an X/Y chromosome set must be controlling sex expression. How a monofactorial sex-determining mechanism could operate in polyploids to give a 1∶1 female: male ratio is discussed. Minor modifying gene(s) seem to be responsible for the feminization of males, and their expression appears enhanced by environmental conditions. Masculinizing gene(s) seem to be lacking in female genotypes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00242255
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Opioid operant self-administration, analgesia, stimulation and respiratory depression inμ-deficient mice (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 117 (1995), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Opioid ; Genetics ; Self-administration ; CXBK/ByJ ; Reinforcement
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract It is commonly thought thatμ-receptors play an important role in the reinforcing effects of opioids. In the present study, inbred strains widely divergent in CNS opiate receptor densities were used to investigate the influence of genetic variation in receptor concentration on opioid-reinforced behavior. In particular, the CXBK/ByJ mice were used as an investigative tool because of their significantly lower number of CNSμ opioid receptors. The behavioral pharmacology of opioids in theμ-deficient CXBK/ByJ mice was compared to other commonly used inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ, and the opiate receptor rich CXBH/ByJ mice. Operant opioid reinforced behavior, opioid-induced locomotor stimulation, analgesia and respiratory depression were investigated in all four inbred strains. To assess the acquisition and maintenance of opioid reinforced behavior, oral self-administration of the potent benzimidazole opioid, etonitazene, was determined using an operant fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement (FR 8). Acquisition of etonitazene-reinforced behavior was established in all four strains including theμ-deficient CXBK/ByJ mice. However, there were significant genetic differences in the amount of drug intake during the maintenance of opioid-reinforced behavior and extinction behavior following vehicle substitution. For example, drug intake was significantly greater in the BK versus BH mice during the maintenance phase and an extinction burst was seen in the BH but not the BK mice following vehicle substitution. Thus,μ-receptor density may not account for individual variability in the acquisition of opioid-reinforced behavior under these conditions. Sensitivity to etonitazene-induced respiratory depression, stimulation of locomotor activity and analgesia were unrelated to drug intake during self-administration sessions across these four inbred strains. These data indicate that inherited differences in CNSμ-opiate receptor concentrations do not affect acquisition of etonitazene-reinforced behavior.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245094
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chromosomal mapping of loci influencing sensitivity to cocaine-induced seizures in BXD recombinant inbred strains of mice (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 117 (1995), S. 62-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Cocaine ; Quantitative trait loci ; Seizure ; Recombinant inbred strains ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Among inbred mice, genetic factors mediate differences in sensitivity to the convulsant properties of cocaine; however, the gene(s) underlying cocaine's effects have not been identified. To help elucidate the gene(s) responsible for cocaine seizure susceptibility, we used recombinant inbred-quantitative trait loci (RI-QTL) analyses to identify chromosomal loci associated with cocaine-induced seizures. RI-QTL analyses seek to identify associations between a quantitative measure of a particular phenotype and one or more previously mapped marker genes across a panel of RI strains. This report describes an RI-QTL analysis of cocaine seizure susceptibility among 26 BXD RI strains. These strains showed a skewed, bimodal range of seizure susceptibility which could be the result of one or more modifying genes acting in concert with a major gene to influence cocaine sensitivity. Correlating the percent seizures displayed by each strain following 60 mg/kg cocaine with chromosomal marker data for these strains revealed a number of significant correlations clustered in two regions on chromosomes 12 and 6. This is the first identification of putative chromosomal loci associated with a cocaine-related phenotype and should facilitate identification of the gene(s) underlying cocaine toxicity and other cocaine-related phenotypes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245099
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Genetic counselling on brittle grounds: recurring osteogenesis imperfecta due to parental mosaicism for a dominant mutation (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Osteogenesis imperfecta ; Collagen I ; Mosaicism ; Genetics ; Recurrence risk
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a dominantly inherited connective tissue disorder, is usually caused by defects in collagen I. There is growing evidence for parental mosaicism that results in affected children born to unaffected parents. This situation poses a difficult task for the geneticist because a mosaic parent may appear clinically healthy while carrying the mutation in a fraction of her or his gonadal cells. To illustrate this problem, we report a Swiss couple whose first child was affected with severe OI. The unexpected recurrence of the disorder in the second child raised the suspicion of a recessive trait or, rather, of parental mosaicism. We identified the responsible collagen mutation in the COL1A2 gene (Gly688Ser in the α2(I)-chain) in both children and demonstrated the father to be a somatic mosaic for this mutation and to have subtle clinical signs such as soft skin and short stature that may be a result of his mosaic state.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050261
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Floating-Harbor syndrome: description of a further patient, review of the literature, and suggestion of autosomal dominant inheritance (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 658-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Schlagwort(e): Floating-Harbor syndrome ; Growth retardation ; Dysmorphology ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Abstract The Floating-Harbor syndrome is a growth retardation syndrome with delayed bone age, speech development, and typical facial features. The face is triangular with deep-set eyes, long eyelashes, bulbous nose, wide columella, short philtrum, and thin lips. We present an additional patient and review 16 cases from the literature. The possible phenotype in the patient's mother suggests a dominant mode of inheritance for the syndrome. Conclusion The Floating Harbor syndrome is a growth deficiency syndrome characterized by proportionate short stature, characteristic face and delayed speech development. Inheritance is possibly autosomal dominant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02079072
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fetal brain disruption sequence in sisters (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 654-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Schlagwort(e): Fetal development ; Brain diseases ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report two female siblings with the fetal brain disruption sequence. Extensive investigation of both children failed to define a definitive aetiology but clinical and laboratory findings are consistent with a hitherto unknown storage disease. We postulate that the accumulation of a neurotoxic metabolite may be responsible for the disease phenotype observed. This is the first report of recurrence of the fetal brain disruption sequence and supports the existence of a genetic form of this condition. Previous reports have emphasized possible environmental aetiologies. Infants with fetal brain disruption sequence should be investigated exhaustively and, in the absence of definitive evidence of an environmental cause, the possibility of a genetic aetiology should be considered. In some families the recurrence risk may be as high as one in four.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02079071
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fetal brain disruption sequence in sisters (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 654-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Fetal development ; Brain diseases ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report two female siblings with the fetal brain disruption sequence. Extensive investigation of both children failed to define a definitive aetiology but clinical and laboratory findings are consistent with a hitherto unknown storage disease. We postulate that the accumulation of a neurotoxic metabolite may be responsible for the disease phenotype observed. This is the first report of recurrence of the fetal brain disruption sequence and supports the existence of a genetic form of this condition. Previous reports have emphasized possible environmental aetiologies. Infants with fetal brain disruption sequence should be investigated exhaustively and, in the absence of definitive evidence of an environmental cause, the possibility of a genetic aetiology should be considered. In some families the recurrence risk may be as high as one in four.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050366
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Floating-Harbor syndrome: description of a further patient, review of the literature, and suggestion of autosomal dominant inheritance (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 658-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Floating-Harbor ; syndrome ; Growth retardation ; Dysmorphology ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The Floating-Harbor syndrome is a growth retardation syndrome with delayed bone age, speech development, and typical facial features. The face is triangular with deep-set eyes, long eyelashes, bulbous nose, wide columella, short philtrum, and thin lips. We present an additional patient and review 16 cases from the literature. The possible phenotype in the patient's mother suggests a dominant mode of inheritance for the syndrome. Conclusion The Floating Harbor syndrome is a growth deficiency syndrome characterized by proportionate short stature, characteristic face and delayed speech development. Inheritance is possibly autosomal dominant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050367
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A genetic study of idiopathic focal dystonias (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 242 (1995), S. 508-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Dystonia ; Torticollis ; Blepharospasm ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The inheritance of focal dystonias was investigated in 43 families containing 43 index cases with torticollis (n = 21), blepharospasm (n = 18) and writer's cramp (n = 4). They generated a potential population of 235 first-degree relatives, and 168 out of 179 living first-degree relatives were examined. Ten relatives with dystonia were identified in ten families. Another two parents from two of the same group of ten families were affected according to the family history. The majority of the secondary cases (six patients, five siblings, and one child) were not aware of any dystonia. The tendency for affected relatives to have the same type of dystonia as index patients was observed only for torticollis. Overall, 23% of index patients had relatives with dystonia. Segregation analysis suggested the presence of an autosomal dominant gene or genes with reduced penetrante underlying focal dystonia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00867421
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Genetische Faktoren bei der Entstehung und Progression maligner Melanome (1995)
    Springer
    Der Hautarzt 46 (1995), S. 394-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Malignes Melanom ; Genetische Instabilität ; Genetik ; Syndrom der dysplastischen Nävi ; Xeroderma pigmentosum ; Key words Malignant melanoma ; Genetic instability ; Genetics ; Dysplastic nevus syndrome ; Xeroderma pigmentosum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet irradiation is an important risk factor for the development of malignant melanoma, with UVA possibly playing an important role. Hereditary factors are also relevant. In the dysplastic nevus syndrome a genetic instability has been shown by different methods. In xeroderma pigmentosum the DNA repair defect is thought to be responsible for the high incidence of malignant melanoma. Frequent and non-random changes in certain chromosomes have been demonstrated in melanoma cells. These might contain sequences that control melanoma growth or melanoma suppressor genes. Especially the short arm of chromosome 9 is thought to contain one of these genes. This hypothesis is supported by a genetic linkage analysis in melanoma families and the demonstration of a germ line deletion of the locus 9p21 in a patient with eight primary melanomas. Changes in known tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes have also been reported in melanoma, but no consistent sequence of genetic events is known.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die Exposition der Haut mit ultravioletten Strahlen ist ein wichtiger Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung eines malignen Melanoms. Möglicherweise spielt hierbei UVA-A eine besondere Rolle. Daneben sind hereditäre Faktoren von Bedeutung. Während beim Syndrom der dysplastischen Nävi eine genetische Instabilität mit verschiedenen Methoden nachgewiesen wurde, wird bei Xeroderma pigmentosum der DNA-Reparaturdefekt für die hohe Melanominzidenz verantwortlich gemacht. In Melanomzellen sind überzufällig häufig karyotypische Veränderungen in bestimmten Chromosomen gefunden worden. Diese enthalten möglicherweise Melanomwachstumsregulierende Sequenzen oder Melanom-Suppressorgene. Insbesondere der kurze Arm des Chromosoms 9 steht in Verdacht, eines dieser Gene zu enthalten. Diese Hypothese wird auch unterstützt durch eine genetische Kopplungsanalyse an Melanomfamilien und dem Nachweis einer Keimbahndeletion des Lokus 9p21 bei einer Patientin mit 8 primären Melanomen. Veränderungen an bereits bekannten Tumorsuppressorgenen oder Onkogenen sind ebenfalls in Melanomen beschrieben worden, ohne daß jedoch eine konsistente Reihenfolge von genetischen Ereignissen bekannt wäre.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001050050272
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Myotonic dystrophy in a large Sicilian kinship: a case report (1995)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 11 (1995), S. 453-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Schlagwort(e): Myotonic ; Dystrophy ; Muscle disease ; Genetics ; Case report
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A large Sicilian kinship in which myotonic dystrophy (DM) affected spanning four generations is presented. The pedigree clearly illustrates the phenomenon of anticipation, and illustrates that this phenomenon is more marked when transmission occurs through an affected female rather than an affected male. The pedigree is interpreted in light of recent genetic advances in DM. Neurosurgeons and neurologists should consider a diagnosis of DM when asked to evaluate a floppy infant with enlarged lateral ventricles, and should be aware of special features regarding its inheritance pattern.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334964
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterization of Japanese families with early-onset type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus and screening for mutations in the glucokinase and mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) genes (1995)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 32 (1995), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Schlagwort(e): Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) ; Genetics ; Diabetes mellitus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Genetic linkage studies of families with earlyonset type 2 diabetes have facilitated the identification of diabetes-susceptibility genes. In order to assess the feasibility of using linkage approaches to identify genes responsible for the development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese subjects, we examined our clinical records for multigenerational families suitable for genetic studies. We identified 16 families in which at least one subject was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes before 25 years of age. Seven of these families had a pattern of inheritance consistent with a diagnosis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and nine families showed a complex pattern of inheritance of type 2 diabetes with transmission of diabetes-susceptibility genes from both parents. The glucokinase and mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) genes were screened for mutations in at least one affected subject from each family in order to assess the contribution of mutations in these genes to the development of the diabetes. No mutations were found, which suggests that the diabetes in these families resulted from mutations in other genes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00581039
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Domestication via hybridization of the wild tetraploid oats Avena magna and A. murphyi (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 639-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Gene introgression ; Genetics ; Linkage ; Taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The wild tetraploid (2n=28) oat species Avena magna and A. murphyi have been domesticated by having been transferred from the common oat, A sativa (2n=42), the characteristics of non-shedding spikelets glabrous and yellow lemma, and reduced awn formation. Domestication has been achieved by crossing the common oat with either of the tetraploid species and then backcrossing the pentaploid hybrids with pollen of the tetraploid wild parent. Among the BC plants obtained only a few produced some seeds. Fertile tetraploids exhibiting the domesticated syndrome have been selected for in the F2 generation. Although morphologically they were almost indistinguishable from the common oat, they were tetraploids. Wild x domesticated A. magna hybrids were vigorous and fertile. They retained their spikelets at maturity, lemma color and pubescence were intermediate between the parental lines, and awns were formed only on the lower floret of the spikelet. Each of these characteristics segregated in a 3∶1 fashion, indicating single gene control, as in the common oat. These four characteristics formed a linkage group in one F2 family and two linkage groups in the other two families. The usefulness of the domesticated tetraploids for oat research and production has been discussed. Taxonomically, the domesticated tetraploids were ranked as subspecies: A. magna ssp. domestica, and A. murphyi ssp. rigida.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223291
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diallel analysis for mineral element absorption in tropical adapted soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 707-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Mineral stress ; Nutrient efficiency ; Aluminium tolerance ; Inheritance ; Genetics ; Breeding
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The Brazilian tropical adapted soybeans contains, in addition to superior morphological characters, genetic factors for tolerance to cultivation in acidic, mineral-stressed soils. However, the selection process for these hindrances has been empirical, and information on the genetics of mineral element uptake by the plant is necessary. The objective of this investigation was to identify the mode of inheritance for the absorption of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminium, manganese, zinc and copper in a 9 × 9 diallel cross. General combining ability (GCA) was higher than specific combining ability (SCA), with the exception of copper, manganese and zinc, indicating predominantly additive effects. The ratios of GCA/SCA varied between 3.4 (calcium) and 8.5 (magnesium). The regression of covariance (Wr) on variance (Vr) showed that the additive-dominance model explained the genetic differences in this germ plasm. However, the detection of overdominance could be related to possible heterozygosity in the parental varieties for mineral absorption. Broad-sense heritability values were higher than narrow sense heritability values for aluminium, iron, potassium, calcium and magnesium, being in the range of 67.9–86.9% and 42.0–56.6%, respectively. This is an indication that soybeans can be further improved to efficient utilisation of nutrients and to tolerate toxic factors in the soil.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222137
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Allelic relationships between genes for resistance to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus in Capsicum chinense (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 146-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Capsicum chinense ; Resistance gene ; Genetics ; Pepper ; Tomato spotted wilt virus ; Tospoviruses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) has been reported to be an important reservoir of resistance genes to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The genes for TSWV resistance present in three C. chinense lines (‘PI 152225’, ‘PI 159236’ and ‘Panca’) were investigated for allelism. All resistant lines were crossed with each other. Parents, F1, backcrosses and F2 populations (including reciprocals) developed from those crosses were mechanically inoculated with a highly virulent TSWV isolate. Susceptible C. annuum cv ‘Magda’ was used to check inoculum virulence. Fifty plants of the F1 hybrids; ‘Magda’ x ‘PI 152225’, ‘Magda’ x ‘PI 159236’, and ‘Magda’ x 'Panca, were also inoculated with the TSWV isolate. The resistance response in all C. chinense sources was associated with a localized, hypersensitive-like reaction that was phenotypically expressed as a prompt formation of large local lesions accompanied by premature leaf abscission. All F1 generations presented a final score of resistant; indicating that the expression of resistance to TSWV is conditioned by a dominant gene regardless of the source. The absence of segregation for resistance to TSWV that was observed in all generations of the crosses between C. chinense lines indicated that either a tightly linked group of genes exists or that the resistance is governed by the same single major gene (probably the already described Tsw gene). Previous reports have indicated that the Tsw gene is not effective against tospovirus members of serogroup II, i.e. tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) and groundnut ring spot virus (GRSV). In the assay described here, all of the C. chinense lines showed, after mechanical inoculation, an identical susceptibility response to the TCSV and GRSV isolates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221009
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification of genomic regions affecting plant height in sorghum and maize (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 380-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Genetics ; Breeding ; Sorghum bicolor Zea mays
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The objective of this study was to use restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) to determine the genetic location and effects of genomic regions controlling plant height in sorghum. F2 plants (152) from the cross CK60 x PI229828 were used. Genomic and cDNA clones (106) identified 111 loci distributed among ten linkage groups covering 1299 cM. Interval mapping identified four regions, each in a separate linkage group. These regions may correspond to loci (dw) previously identified by alleles with qualitative effects. Also, these regions identified in sorghum may be orthologous to those previously reported for plant height in maize. Gene effects and gene action varied among genomic regions. In each region, PI229828 alleles resulted in increased plant height. Each region accounted for 9.2–28.7% of the phenotypic variation. Positive, additive effects ranged from 15 to 32cm. Tallness was dominant or overdominant and conferred by alleles from PI229828 for three quantitative trait loci (QTL). At the fourth QTL, PI229828 contributed to increased plant height, but short stature was partially dominant. One digenic interaction was significant. The presence of a PI229828 allele at one region diminished the effects of the other region. A multiple model indicated that these four regions collectively accounted for 63.4% of the total phenotypic variation. The utility of this information for germplasm conversion through backcross breeding is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221980
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Industrial mycology and the new genetics (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1995), S. 355-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Transformation ; Fungi ; Yeast ; Genetics ; Biotechnology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The genetic investigation of fungi has been extended substantially by DNA-mediated transformation, providing a supplement to more conventional genetic approaches based upon sexual and parasexual processes. Initial transformation studies with the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae provided the model for transformation systems in other fungi with regard to methodology, vector construction and selection strategies. There are, however, certain differences betweenS. cerevisiae and filamentous fungi with regard to type of genomic insertion and the availability of shuttle vectors. Single-site linked insertions are common in yeast due to the high level of homology required for recombination between vectored and genomic sequences, whereas mycelial fungi often show a high frequency of heterologous and unlinked insertions, often in the form of random and multiple-site integrations. While extrachromosomally-maintained or replicative vectors are readily available for use with yeasts, such vectors have been difficult to construct for use with filamentous fungi. The development of vectors for replicative transformation with these fungi awaits further study. It is proposed that replicative vectors may be inherently less efficient for use with mycelial fungi relative to yeasts, since the mycelium, as an extended and semicontinuous network of cells, may delimit an adequate diffusion of the vector carrying the selectable gene, thus leading to a high frequency of abortive or unstable transformants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569951
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Have fishes had their chips? The dilemma of threatened fishes (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 43 (1995), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): Conservation ; Extinction ; Rarity ; Biodiversity ; Breeding guilds ; Endemism ; Speciation ; Habitat degradation ; Environmental management ; Invasive fishes ; Genetics ; Ecology ; Stenotopy ; Captive propagation ; Legislation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Synopsis The conservation status and factors threatening fishes worldwide are reviewed in order to introduce a series of one-page articles on ‘Threatened fishes of the world’, and to encourage the incorporation of information on threatened fishes into international conservation programmes. Information on fish extinction and threat rates are compared with those of other animal groups, and the unique characteristics of fish conservation problems are highlighted. At present 979 species of fishes are listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List and at least 36 species and three subspecies are listed as recently extinct. It is argued that these figures are probably gross underestimates and that they may mislead conservation authorities and resource users about the seriousness of the situation. Freshwater fishes may be the most threatened group of vertebrates after the Amphibia. Urgent action is required to save many narrowly endemic, stenotopic species from extinction, especially in Africa, Asia and South America. The conservation of common species that drive essential ecological processes is also important. Anthropogenic pressures, especially habitat degradation, the introduction of invasive species and pollution, on inland and coastal waters are particularly severe and many major fish communities are threatened with elimination throughout the world. The conservation of marine fishes is complicated by the fact that it is difficult to ascertain their rarity. The importance of the retention of genetic variation is highlighted, and both orthodox and innovative conservation measures are encouraged. Further research on minimum viable populations, genetics, and the factors that cause fishes to become vulnerable to extinction, is urgently required.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001812
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphology and evolutionary implications of the annual cycle of secretion and sperm storage in spermathecae of the salamander Ambystoma opacum (Amphibia: Ambystomatidae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Females of the marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum, store sperm in exocrine glands called spermathecae in the roof of the cloaca. Eggs are fertilized by sperm released from the spermathecae during oviposition. Some sperm remain in the spermathecae following oviposition, but these sperm degenerate within a month and none persists more than 6 mo after oviposition. Thus, sperm storage between successive breeding seasons does not occur. Apical secretory vaculoes are abundant during the fall mating season and contain a substance that is alcian blue+ at pH 2.5. Production of secretory vacuoles decreases markedly after oviposition, and the glands are inactive by the summer months. Ambystoma opacum is a terrestrial breeder, and some mating occurs prior to arrival at pond basins where oviposition occurs. Mating prior to arrival at the ovipository site may prolong the breeding season, leading to fitness implications for both males and females. Females have opportunities for more matings, and the possibilities for sperm competition in the spermathecae are enhanced. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230106
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Annual changes in fine structure of inner epithelial lining of the ovary of a marine sculpin, Alcichthys alcicornis (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes), with internal gametic association (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 85-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Alcichthys alciocornis has a viscous ovarian fluid in the ovarian cavity, which plays an important role in its unique mode of reproduction called internal gametic association (i.e., internal insemination and sperm-egg association but a delay in the physiological fertilization until spawning). Seasonal changes in fine structure of the inner epithelial lining and capillary endothelium of the ovary revealed that ovarian fluid originated as a result of the secretory activity of the tissues. The ovarian cavity of A. alcicornis is lined with an ovigerous lamella epithelium and an ovarian wall epithelium. During the spawning period, both epithelia actively secreted proteinaceous substances which seemed to constitute the ovarian fluid. The substances appear to be synthesized in the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum from the material which was transported from the blood capillary, taken into the epithelial cells by endocytosis, accumulated in secretory vesicles via Golgi apparatus in the cells, and finally released into the ovarian cavity by exocytosis. Microapocrine secretion was also observed to occur in both epithelia. Secretory activity of both epithelia by exocytosis and microapocrine secretion showed distinct seasonal changes. Active exocytosis and microapocrine secretion were observed during the spawning period (April-May). These activities slightly declined during the degeneration period (May-June) and were lost during the early recovery period (July). During the mid to late recovery period (October-March), there was some exocytosis but no microapocrine secretion. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230108
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Surface morphology of hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) decidual cells in vitro (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Cell surface morphology of hamster decidual cells isolated from day 8 implantation swellings was studied, using both phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopy. Two kinds of cells, fibroblastic and epithelioid, were identified in cultures examined by phase-contrast microscopy. Fibroblastic cells were spindle-shaped, having pointed or blunt terminals on one end and bifid or webbed projections at the other end. Epithelioid cells, on the other hand, were flat and discoid, having a distinctively ruffled plasma membrane. Further, the plasma membrane of epithelioid cells formed rope-like or flange-like processes. The significance of such adaptations is discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230205
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Skeletal morphogenesis in the urodele skull: II. Effect of developmental stage in thyroid hormone-induced remodeling (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 149-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: This study investigates the effect of developmental stage on thyroid hormone (TH)-mediated remodeling in the skeletal tissues of hemidactyliine plethodontid urodeles. Rate of morphogenesis was quantified in 17 metamorphic tissues for three different size-age classes of Eurycea bislineata larvae immersed in a metamorphic dosage of T4. Extent of morphogenesis after a 3-week immersion was also quantified in these tissues plus four larval ones for the full size range of E. bislineata larvae and for less complete size ranges of E. wilderae, E. longicauda guttolineata, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, and Pseudotriton ruber larvae. Although all tissues respond more slowly with decreasing size/age, two tissue-specific effects are evident in all species. Larval ossifications are less inducible than metamorphic ossifications, and progressive metamorphic events are more retarded and, in some cases, more prone to abnormal morphogenesis than regressive ones. The first effect agrees with the prediction that tissues that naturally remodel at metamorphosis are more responsive to a metamorphic dosage of TH than those that respond at a larval stage and lower TH. The second effect agrees with the prediction that progressive morphogenesis is more likely to be impaired at small size than regressive morphogenesis, although the frequent discrepancies between individuals of similar size implicate developmental age more than size in this effect. Collectively, these two effects provide only equivocal support for the hypothesis that direct development in plethodontids evolved via precocious TH activity. However, the unexpected transition from ceratobranchial replacement to ceratobranchial shortening in medium-sized larvae suggests that the former pathway requires a longer period of cell specification at low TH. Since ancestral plethodontids appear to have been distinguished by an exceptionally long larval period with exceptionally low TH activity, this developmental prerequisite may in turn be partly responsible for their singular evolution of ceratobranchial replacement. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230204
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Atomic force microscopy of the morphology of the matrix and mineral components of the otolith of Hyperoglyphe antarctica (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 203-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The sagittal otolith of Hyperoglyphe antarctica (Centrolophidae: Teleostei) has a prismatic structure in which the anti-sulcal growth axes of each prism consist of a series of nested cones each composed of a mineral layer followed by an organic matrix layer. Broken sections show the mineral layers to be composed of stacks of crystals. Otolith matrix that has been decalcified and air-dried, or critical-pont-dried, retains a periodic structure of repeating high and low matrix density. At high magnifications, both broken whole crystal surfaces and decalcified matrix surfaces have a granular structure. Chloroxbleached whole otoliths also show a granular crystalline structure. At higher magnifications, the air-dried matrix showed a parallel fiber structure with similar dimensions to keratin fibers. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230208
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cellular ultrastructure and catecholamine histofluorescence of the heart of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 191-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Ultrastructural descriptions of the dipnoan heart are lacking. Many ultrastructural features of the heart of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, resemble those of other lower vertebrates. The epicardial cells appear to be adapated for the exchange of material with the pericardial fluid. The most prominent features of the endocardial cells are numerous moderately electron-dense vesicles found within the cytoplasm. These organelles might have an endocrine function. The myocardiocytes are typically small. The banding pattern of the sarcomere is shared with most fish. The intercalated disc has a convoluted path and consists of desmosomes and fascia adherens. Caveolae are a prominent feature of the sarcoplasm. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is sparse, and T-tubules are lacking. Atrial myocardial dense bodies occur in vast numbers throughout the atrium and are occasionally seen in the ventricle. These vesicles are chromaffin-positive but fail to show catecholamine fluorescence. They are likely to contain peptides related to ANP. Subendothelial cells exhibiting catecholamine-specific fluorescence are scattered throughout the atrium. Ultrastructurally these cells contain many chromaffin-positive granules. Chromaffin cells represent another cell type with a probable endocrine function within the heart of N. forsteri. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230207
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230301
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphology of complex lymphoepithelial organs of the anal canal (“anal tonsil”) in the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A complex of lymphoepithelial organs, the “anal tonsils,” is a consistent structure in the anal canal of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. This complex occurs as a circumferential cluster of discrete tonsil like aggregations of lymphoid tissues, together with epithelial ducts (“crypts”) and occasional mucus secretory units in the extreme lower portion of the intestinal tract. These structures are concentrated in the segment lined by stratified squamous epithelium and extend for a variable distance cephalad from the anal aperture. The tonsils appear to be most active, judged by the amount of lymphoid tissue present, in young animals. Depletion of lymphocytes and cystic enlargement of the crypts, probably representing functional as well as morphological involution, is a consistent feature of older animals. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230304
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Prenatal development of the integument in Delphinidae (Cetacea: Odontoceti) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 269-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The prenatal development of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis was studied in embryos of different ago of two delphinid species (Stenella attenuata, Delphinus delphis), using light and transmission electron microscopical methods. The delphinid embryo is covered by a multilayered tissue formed by four different epidermal generations (periderm, stratum intermedium-I, str. intermedium-II, str. spinosum) produced by the str. basale. The first layer appears at about 40-50 mm of body length, the second type (s.i.-I) about 60-160 mm, and the third type (s.i.-II) is present at 160-500 mm. The first spinosal cells are produced at 225-260 mm body length; thenceforth, the epidermis increases continuously in thickness. Epidermal ridge formation begins about 400-mm body length. The development of the dermis is characterized by the early production of thin connective tissue fibers (40- 70-mm body length) and simultaneously the cutaneuous muscle matures in structure. Vascular development intensifies between embryos of 150-225 mm, and collagen production increases markedly in fetuses of 225-260-mm length. These events are paralledled by an increase in dermal thickness. The first elastic fibers can be recognized in the skin from the abdomen at about 600-mm body length. The development of the hypodermis is marked by very rapid and constantly progressing growth, beginning about 60-mm body length. The first typical fat cells appear in animals of 360-400 mm. Regional differences are obvious for all skin layers with regard to the flippers, where structural maturation proceeds more rapidly than in dorsal or abdominal regions. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230305
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Design of the predatory legs of water bugs (Hemiptera: Nepidae, Naucoridae, Notonectidae, Gerridae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 289-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Functional comparative morphology of predatory legs in five species of water bugs (Ilyocoris cimicoides, Nepa cinerea, Ranatra linearis, Notonecta glauca, and Gerris lacustris) has been investigatd adn the following peculiarities of leg design were revealed.1Subcoxal articulation may be monoaxial (G. lacustris, N. glauca), or, in contrast to walking leg type, biaxial (N. cinerea, R. linearis, I. cimicoides); the first axis is oriented along the coxa (torsion axis), the second one is perpendicular to the first (non-torsion axis).2In contrast to walking leg type, which is characterized by cross suspension of the axis of coxal rotation in thoracal skeleton, this axis in G. lacustris is placed vertically. Non-torsion coxal axis in R. linearis is oriented strongly transversal. This axis directs the leg strike forward.3Legs in the majority of species are planar: Torsion axes of the coxa, femur, and tibia are placed in the same plane. Axes of rotation of consequent joints in I. cimicoides are reciprocally sloped. Therefore, the end of the leg outlines the spiral trajectory, when all angles of joints are opening (closing). This is an adaptation for clinging to the stems of water plants.4Passive adduction of the femur in the trochanter-femoral joint in N. glauca allows it to go around protuberances of the body wall, when the leg is sliding along them; recurrent femur movement during releasing from the obstacele is active due to the rt.fe muscle.5Only R. linearis has predatory legs, which permit the high-speed pursuit of potential prey; other species realize this function using the swimming legs, whereas the forelegs are used for the manipulation movements.6Muscle arrangement in the prothorax of different species reflects both leg construction and constructional constraints of body design. Powerful flexor muscles (co1, co2, co3, co5, fl.ti, et.ti in R. linearis; fl.ta, fl.ti in N. glauca; fl.ti in I. cimicoides) have long tendons and short muscle bundles, which originate on the leg wall. As a result, the powerful force is developed along the muscle tendon.7Some features of the predatory leg are common for the species studies: elongation of coxae, thickening of femora, and increase of the degree of junction of tibia and tarsus. The muscles, which move the distal segment of the leg, are reinforced and the sclerite of the fl.ti tendon is enlarged. The joint angle of the distal segment is increased to 120°. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 27 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230306
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Allometry and developmental integration of body growth in a piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri (Teleostei: Ostariophysi) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 341-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Piranhas, like many teleosts, change their diets on both ontogenetic and phylogenetic time scales. Prior studies have suggested that pervasive morphological changes in body form on a phylogenetic time scale may be related to changes in diet, but previous reports have found little shape change in piranhas on an ontogenetic time scale. We re-examine the post-transformational allometry of body form in one piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri (Kner), using the method of thin-plate splines decomposed by their partial warps. We find substantial evidence of allometry, primarily elongation of the mid-body relative to the more anterior and posterior regions, elongation of the postorbital and nape regions relative to the more anterior head and posterior body, and deepening of the head relative to the body. In addition to these pervasive changes throughout the body, there are some that are more localized, especially elongation of the postorbital region relative to eye diameter and snout, and an even more localized elongation of the snout relative to eye diameter. Initial dietary transitions are associated with changes in head and jaw proportions, but rates of shape change decelerate through growth, so that the final transition to a diet increasingly dominated by small whole fish appears associated with change largely in overall body size. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230309
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ultrastructurally different muscle cell types in Eisenia foetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 87-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Muscles in the body wall, intestinal wall, and contractile hemolymphatic vessels (pseudohearts) of an oligochaete anelid (Eisenia foetida) were studied by electron microscopy. The muscle cells in all locations, except for the outer layer of the pseudohearts, are variants of obliquely striated muscle cells. Cells comprising the circular layer of the body wall possess single, peripherally located myofibrils that occupy most of the cytoplasm and surround other cytoplasmic organelles. The nuclei of the cells lie peripherally to the myofibrils. The sarcomeres consist of thin and thick myofilaments that are arranged in parallel arrays. In one plane of view, the filaments appear to be oriented obliquely to Z bands. Thin myofilaments measure 5-6 nm in diameter. Thick myofilaments are fusiform in shape and their width decreases from their centers (40-45 nm) to their tips (23-25 nm). The thin/thick filament ratio in the A bands is 10. The Z bands consist of Z bars alternating with tubules of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Subsarcolemmal electron-dense plaques are found frequently. The cells forming the longitudinal layer of the body wall musculature are smaller than the cells in the circular layer and their thick filaments are smaller (31-33 nm centrally and 21-23 nm at the tips). Subsarcolemmal plaques are less numerous. The cells forming the heart wall inner layer, the large hemolymphatic vessels, and the intestinal wall are characterized by their large thick myofilaments (50-52 nm centrally and 27-28 nm at the tips) and abundance of mitochondria. The cells forming the outer muscular layer of the pseudohearts are smooth muscle cells. These cells are richer in thick filaments than vertebrate smooth muscle cells. They differ from obliquely striated muscle cells by possessing irregularly distributed electron-dense bodies for filament anchorage rather than sarcomeres and Z bands and by displaying tubules of smooth endoplasmic reticulum among the bundles of myofilaments. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 21 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240110
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Internal fertilization, testis and sperm morphology in glandulocaudinae fishes (Teleostei: Characidae: Glandulocaudinae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 131-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: In this report, the gonads of 32 glandulocaudine species, representing 18 genera, are compared with 11 outgroup characiform species. Through the presence of spermatozoa within the ovarian cavity, internal fertilization of the female is confirmed for the 16 genera for which mature ovaries were available. No outgroup ovary studied contains spermatozoa. All mature glandulocaudine testes have a large portion of the posterior testis, which is devoid of developing germ cells and spermatocysts (aspermatogenic), devoted to sperm storage, with the degree of partitioning in that region varying greatly within the group. All outgroup species examined have spermatozoa with spherical nuclei. With the exception of the species of the genus Planaltina, which also have spherical nuclei, all glandulocaudines have elongated nuclei, which vary among the species from 3.6 μm to 31.6 μm in length. Distinct sperm packets (spermatozeugmata) are formed in five genera by two different methods. In the genera Xenurobrycon, Tyttocharax, and Scopaeocharax, all of the tribe Xenurobryconini, the spermatozeugmata are formed within the spermatocysts and released fully formed. In all genera of the tribe Glandulocaudini, which includes Glandulocauda and Mimagoniates, loose spermatozoa are released which cluster into spermatozeugmata within the posterior storage areas. These morphological specializations are discussed within a phylogenetic framework as adaptations for internal fertilization and are hypothesized to be independently derived. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240203
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Presence of interdigitating cells in thymus of the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. (Teleost) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Interdigitating cells in the thymus of the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, occur principally in the internal zone and in the border with the external zone. Ultrastructurally, the most characteristic cytological features of these cells are their low electron density, complicated labyrinthine membrane-membrane contacts, scantiness of cytoplasmic organelles, presence of Birbeck-like granules, juxtanuclear tubulo-vesicular complex, and phagocytic capacity. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240208
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphological, histochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of the salivary glands and proboscises of three species of glossiphoniid leeches (Hirudinea: Rhynchobdellida) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Morphological and ultrastructural features of the salivary glands and proboscises of Placobdella ornata, Placobdella parasitica, and Desserobdella picta were studied by light and electron microscopy. Chemical composition of the salivary cells was investigated using a variety of histochemical techniques. Placobdella ornata and P. parasitica have compact salivary glands with discrete pairs of anterior and posterior glands, while the salivary cells contain one mucous and three proteinaceous secretions. Salivary glands of D. Picta are diffusely arranged and contain two mucous and two proteinaceous secretions. A cobalt-lysine forward-filling technique revealed that individual salivary cells consist of a roughly spherical soma and an elongated ductule. The majority of the internal space in a salivary soma is densely packed with spherical secretory granules which displace the cytoplasm to the periphery of the cell. Bundles of individual ductules enter the base of the proboscis on opposite sides and extend anteriorly. The ductules, also packed with secretory granules, are surrounded by microtubules associated with agranular endoplasmic reticulum, and merge with deep invaginations of the proboscis cuticle. The secretory granules are released at the end of these invaginations or pores. Pores were found on the tip, along the body, and on the luminal wall of the proboscises in all three species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 24 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052250102
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In vivo strain in the humerus of pigeons (Columba livia) during flight (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 61-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Longitudinal and principal strain recordings were made in vivo at three sites (dorsal, anterior, and ventral) on the humeral midshaft of pigeons executing five modes of free flight: Take-off, level flight, landing, vertical ascent, and near-vertical descent. Strains were also recorded while the birds flew carrying weights that were 33%, 50%, or 100% of their body weight. The relative distribution of strain measured at the three surface midshaft sites and across the bone's cortex was found to be similar for all flight modes. Principal strains recorded in the dorsal and ventral humerus indicated considerable torsion produced by aerodynamic loading of the wing surface posterior to the bone. Measured torsional shear strains (maximum: 2,700-4,150 μ ε during level flight) were 1.5 times greater than longitudinal strains. In addition to torsion, the humerus is also subjected to significant dorsoventral bending owing to lift forces acting on the wing during the downstroke. Analysis of the cross-sectional distribution of longitudinal strains at the humeral midshaft cortex shows that the orientation of bending shifts in a regular manner during the downstroke, indicating that the wing generates progressively more thurst (vs. lift) later in the downstroke. This shift is less during take-off and vertical ascent when greater lift is required. Peak principal and longitudinal strains increased by an average of only 50% from landing to vertical ascending flight and take-off (e.g., dorsal humerus: -1,503 to -2,329 μ ε) and did not exceed -2,600 μ epsiv; at any site, even when the birds flew carrying twice their body weight. Strains recorded when birds flew at two times their body weight (100% BW load) were similar in magnitude to those recorded during vertical ascent and take-off and likely represent those developed during maximal performance. Strains developed within the midshaft were maximal in the anterodorsal and posteroventral cortices, not at the dorsal, ventral, and anterior sites at which strain was recorded. Consequently, maximum strains experienced by the bone are probably 20-25% greater than those recorded (ca. 3,200 μ ε), indicating a safety factor of about 3.5 for compressive strain failure. The much higher shear strains, however, indicate a lower safety factor (1.9), in which the bone's torsional strength is its most critical design feature. Finally, the magnitude and distribution of strains developed in the humerus of pigeons are generally similar to those recorded in the humerus of large fruit-eating bats during flight. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052250106
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cephalometric correlates of echolocation in the chiroptera: II. Fetal development (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 107-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Cephalometry was used to detect patterns of cranial growth in fetal bats that were stained differentially for bone and cartilage. Three developmental features distinguish embryos of taxa that echolocate nasally from embryos of taxa that echolocate orally: (1) the basicranium is retained ventral to the cervical axis, (2) the rostrum is retained below the basicranial axis, and (3) the lateral semicircular canals are rotated caudally. Together, the first two actions align the fetal nasal cavity with what will be the long axis of the adult body in flight. The third action aligns the lateral semicircular canals with the horizontal. In contrast, skulls of oral-emitting taxa are constructed such that the oral cavity is aligned with the long axis of the body in flight. The evolution of head posture and skull form in microchiropteran bats has been constrained by the demands of vocalization, i.e., ultrasonic echolocation. Accordingly, the ontogeny of the microchiropteran skull has been canalized along two distinct developmental paths - oral-emitting and nasal-emitting Baupläne. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052250109
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052250301
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of caffeine treatment on the fine structure, silica secretion, and shell morphology of the testate amoeba Assulina muscorum (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Assulina muscorum secretes morphologically altered shells when cultured in a medium with 5 mM caffeine. The siliceous scales, normally distributed in a regular overlapping pattern, are disorganized, thicker and wider than normal, and occasionally have incompletely silicified surfaces that appear irregular in profile in transmission electron microscopic ultrathin sections. The shape of the silica deposition vesicles (SDVs) in the cytoplasm is altered and they are less regularly arranged. The swollen appearances of the SDVs, and of nearby Golgi tubules, give additional evidence that caffeine affects the fine structural morphology of membranous secretory organelles and can disrupt their normal depositional activity. In addition to the greater thickness and width of the siliceous scales in caffeine-treated cells, the length and width of the shell are larger compared to controls, but the aspect ratio (length / width) is smaller. The latter is attributed to a larger increase in width relative to the increase in length of the caffeine-reated cells. Since some of the scales are deposited with the long axis laterally on the shell surface, in addition to being greater in width, this raises the interesting question of whether the morphology of the SDVs and the siliceous products influences the size and morphogenesis of the shell. Further research is needed to clarify the interaction of the SDVs with the cytoplasmic cytoskeletal system during shell morphogenesis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052250302
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Spinal cord central canal of the German shepherd dog: Morphological, histological, and ultrastructural considerations (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: This study deals with some macroscopical, microscopical, and ultrastructural aspects of the spinal cord central canal of the German shepherd dog. The caudal end of the spinal cord is constituted by the conus medullaris, which may extend to the first sacral vertebra, the terminal ventricle, and the filum terminale. The latter structure is considered as internum (second to third sacral vertebrae) or externum (fifth caudal vertebra), according to its relation to the dura mater. Occasionally, there is a second anchorage which is close to the level of the sixth caudal vertebra. The central canal is surrounded by a ciliated ependymal epithelium, which differs depending upon the levels. The most caudal part of the filum terminale bears a columnar ciliated ependymal epithelium surrounded by two layers of glia and pia mater, which separate the central canal from the subarachnoid space. Microfil injections show a communication between the cavity and the subarachnoid space, as the plastic is able to pass through the ependymal epithelium. At the level of the terminal ventricle there are real separations of the ependymal epithelium, which seem to connect the lumen of the spinal canal with the subarachnoid space. These structures probably constitute one of the drainage pathways of the cerebrospinal fluid. The diameter of the central canal is related to the age of the animal. However, even in very old animals the spinal cord central canal reaches the tip of the filum terminale and remains patent until death. At the ultrastructural level the ependymal cells present villi, located on cytoplasmic projections, cilia, dense mitochondria, and oval nuclei. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240209
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Developing embryo and cyclic changes in the uterus of Peripatus (Macroperipatus) acacioi (Onychophora, Peripatidae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 179-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Female reproductive tracts of the viviparous neo-tropical onychophoran Peripatus acacioi have been examined at different times throughout the year, and the altering relationship between the developing embryo and the uterus is described. Depending on her age and time of year, the female may have one or two generations of embryos within her uterus. The uterine wall consists of a thin outer epithelium and basal lamina, three layers of muscles, and a thick basal lamina beneath an inner epithelium lining the uterus lumen. These layers are consistent along the length of the uterus apart from the inner epithelial lining, which varies according to position in the uterus and the developmental stage of embryos contained in the uterus. Early embryos are positioned along the length of the uterus and therefore have space in which to grow. During cleavage and segment formation, each embryo is contained within a fluid-filled embryo cavity that increases in size as the embryo grows. Morulae and blastulae are separated by lengths of empty uterus in which the epithelial lining appears vacuolated. Until the process of segment formation is complete, the embryos are attached to a placenta by a stalk and remain in the same part of the upper region of the uterus. As these embryos grow, the lengths of vacuolated cell-lined uterus between them decrease. Each embryo cavity is surrounded by the epithelial sac, the maternal uterine epithelium, which becomes overlaid by a thin layer of cells, the embryo sac, which is believed to be of embryonic origin. The placenta is a syncytial modification of the epithelial sac located at the ovarian end of each embryo cavity covered by the embryo sac and is analogous to the mammalian noninvasive epitheliochorial placenta. Segment-forming embryos have their heads directed toward the ovary. As the embryo gets longer during segment formation, its posture changes from coiled to flexed. Once segment formation is complete, the embryo loses contact with its stalk, an embryonic cuticle forms, and the embryo turns around so that its head is directed toward the vagina. The embryo escapes from its embryo sac and moves to the lower part of the uterus. In the lower part of the uterus, the straightened fetuses are first unpigmented but subsequently become pigmented as the secondary papillae on the body surface form and an adult-type cuticle forms beneath the embryonic cuticle. While the embryos are contained within their embryo cavities, nutrients are supplied by the placenta. Throughout development the mouth is open and in the mature fetus the gut is lined by peritrophic membrane and material is present in the gut lumen. Trachea have been observed only in fetuses that were ready for birth. Insemination, cyclical changes in the uterine epithelium, and the nature of the cuticle shed at parturition are discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 33 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240207
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mechanics of the avian propatagium: Flexion-extension mechanism of the avian wing (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 91-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The supporting elements of the avian propatagium were examined in intact birds and as isolated components, using static force-length measurements, calculated models, and airflow observations. The propatagial surface supported between Lig. propatagiale (LP) and brachium-antebrachium is equally resistant to distortion over the range of wing extension used in flight. The lengths LP assumes in flight occur across a nearly linear, low-stiffness portion of the force-length curve of its extensible pars elastica. In an artificial airflow, intact wings automatically extend; their degree of extension is roughly correlated with the airflow velocity. Comparisons between geometric models of the wing and the passive force-length properties of LPs suggest that the stress along LP blances the drag forces acting to extend the elbow. The mechanical properties (stiffness) of the LP vary and appear to be tuned for flight-type characteristics, e.g., changes in wing extension during flight and drag. Lig. limitants cubiti and LP combine to limit elbow extension at its maximum, a safety device in flight preventing hyperextension of the elbow and reduction of the propatagium's cambered flight surface. Calculations using muscle and ligament lengths suggest that M. deltoideus, pars propatagialis, via its insertions onto both the propatagial ligaments, controls and coordinates propatagial deployment, leading edge tenseness, and elbow/wing extension across the range of wing extensions used in flight. The propatagial ligaments and M. deltoideus, pars propatagialis, along with skeleto-ligamentous elbow/carpus apparatus, are integral components of the wing's extension control mechanism. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052250108
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparative embryology of teleostean fishes. I. Development and staging of the american shad, Alosa sapidissima (Wilson, 1811) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 125-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A new approach to devising embryological staging systems allows improved phylogenetic comparisons of developmental patterns. As in traditional approaches, morphological features provide the defining criteria for stages, but unlike traditional normal tables, each stage is defined by no more than one or two morphological criteria that are fundamental developmental features of all teleosts. Additional developmental features that occur concurrently with the defining criteria of a stage are treated as variables potentially uncoupled from the defining criteria for that stage. This system is well suited to detect phylogenetic heterochrony and promises to increase our understanding of conserved vs. labile features in teleostean embryology. In this study, I explain the defining criteria for American shad and then make comparisons with other clupeoids. The development of American shad includes 35 stages extending from fertilization to metamorphosis. Comparisons with other clupeoids indicate that the developmental pattern of shad is representative of the early ontogeny of many clupeoids during the embryonic and yolk sac periods and may be conservative for the group. However, several concurrent features, particularly hatching, formation of neuromasts, and opercular development, vary in developmental timing among clupeoids. Comparisons indicate that shad embryos delay the development of these concurrent features relative to other clupeoids. Modifications of the developmental pattern for different species of clupeoids are heterochronic but their phylogenetic and adaptive significance is unknown. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 22 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052250202
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fiber-type composition of hindlimb muscles in the turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 193-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A description is provided of the fiber-type composition of several hindlimb muscles of the adult turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans. In addition, cross-section areas of each fiber type and an estimation of the relative (weighted) cross-section area (wCSA) occupied by the different fiber types are also provided. Seven muscles were selected for study, based on their suitability for future neurophysiological analysis as components of the segmental motor system, and on their homologies with muscles in other vertebrates. The test muscles were iliofibularis (ILF), ambiens (AMB), external gastrocnemius (EG), extensor digitorum communis (EDC), flexor digitorum longus (FDL), tibialis anterior (TA), and peroneus anterior (PA). Serial sections of these muscles were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), NADH-diaphorase, and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPDH), thereby enabling fiber-type classification on the basis of indirect markers for contraction speed and oxidative (aerobic) vs. glycolytic (anaerobic) metabolism. All muscles contained three fiber types: Slow oxidative (SO; possibly including some non-twitch tonic fibers); fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG); and fast glycolytic (Fg). There were at least 30% FOG and 50% FOG + Fg fibers in the seven muscles, the extreme distributions being the predominantly glycolytic ILF vs. the predominantly oxidative FDL muscle (ILF - 15.5% SO, 35.2% FOG, 49.3% Fg vs. FDL - 49.1% SO, 41.1% FOG, 9.8% Fg). As in other species, the test muscles exhibited varying degrees of regional concentration (compartmentalization) of the different fiber types. This feature was most striking in ILF. Pronounced compartmentalization was also observed in AMB, EG, PA, TA, and EDC, whereas the distribution of fiber types in the highly oxidative FDL was homogeneous. In five of the seven muscles, fiber size was ranked with Fg 〉 FOF 〉 SO. In terms of wCSA, which provides a coarse-grain measure of the different fiber types' potential contribution to whole muscle peak force, all muscles exhibited a higher Fg and lower SO contribution to cross-section area than suggested by their corresponding fiber-type composition. The largest relative increases in wCSA vs. fiber-type composition were in the ILF and AMB muscles. We conclude that the turtle hindlimb provides some interesting possibilities for testing for a division of labor among different muscles during different movements (e.g., sustained vs. ballistic), and for study of the behavior of the different fiber (and motor unit) types under normal and perturbed conditions. The relationships between the present results and previous findings on homologous muscles of the mammalian (cat, rat) and reptilian (lizard) hindlimb are discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052250205
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Occurrence of ampulla in the ductus deferens of the Indian garden lizard Calotes versicolor daudin (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: During the breeding season, the terminal end of the ductus deferens of Calotes versicolor appears swollen and is comparable to the ampulla of the mammalian ductus deferens. Its anatomy was studied from paraffin sections. It differentiates along its length into five zones. The first has thick smooth muscle and pesudostratified epithelium; the second has luminal trabeculae with an epithelium showing evidence of secretory activity; the third has the epithelial mucosa abutting against the smooth muscle in the form of pocketlike indentations; the fourth has crypts between epithelial folds; and the fifth zone is a sphincter. The anatomy of this ampullary region is indicative of secretory as well as spermatophagous roles. It undergoes seasonal change and appears to be androgen-dependent. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052250303
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Perinatal changes in avian muscle: Implications from ultrastructure for the development of endothermy (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 357-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Endothermic heat production and the capacity to shiver develop soon after hatching in birds, permitting chicks to regulate their body temperature. Physiological studies have not clearly identified the developmental events causing this change in function. Here, we use electron microscopy to examine the development of structures involved in muscle activation, contraction, and metabolism coincident with the development of shivering thermogenesis. A stereological study was used to compare the ultrastructure of chicken iliofibularis before endothermic heat production was present (24 h before hatching) and 120 h later, when the iliofibularis had substantial capacity for shivering. Profound increases were found in the t-tubule system and terminal cisternae, mitochondrial cristae, and lipids. The number of triadic profiles increased 3.8-fold (7.6 ± 1.31/100 μm2 to 28.5 ± 2.90/100 μm2 fiber area). The surface area of cristae per mitochondrial volume doubled (12.0 ± 1.50 pm2/pm3 to 25.7 ± 1.84 μm2/μm3). Lipid droplets were rare in the iliofibularis of embryos about to hatch, but accounted for 4.4% of the muscle fiber volume in day 4 birds. We suggest that these ultrastructural changes more fully activate the iliofibularis, allow it to produce more heat both from calcium pumping and from contraction, and increase its endurance, thus permitting the muscle to be effective in thermogenesis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052250307
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 226 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052260101
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sensory receptors on the adult labial and maxillary palpi and galea of Cicindela sexguttata (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 226 (1995), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Five types of sensilla are situated on the apical area of the labial and maxillary palpi and galea of Cicidela sexguttata. Large, conical, and peg-like sensilla are in rows on the central region of each palpus. These sensilla have a hollow cuticular peg, with an apical pore and multi-innervation. This central region of palpal sensilla is surrounded by campaniform sensilla that are disc-shaped and small conical peg sensilla. A similar type of conical sensillum as the found in the palpal central region is situated around the periphery of the palpal apex and apex of the galea. This conical peg sensillum is located in a shallow depression and is structurally similar to the other peg sensilla, but it has a mechanoreceptor neuron attached to the cuticular base of the sensillum. A long, single, trichoid sensillum is situated in the center of the galea and is hollow, thick-walled, porous, and multi-innervated. The apices of the palpi and galea have a large number of dermal gland openings that actively secrete a substance during the feeding process of the tiger beetle. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052260103
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Seasonal variation in ovarian histology of the viviparous lizard Sceloporus torquatus torquatus (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 226 (1995), S. 103-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Changes in ovarian histology during the reproductive cycle of the viviparous lizard Sceloporus torquatus torquatus are described. In general, the variation in follicular histology observed during the seasonal cycle is similar to that of other lizards. Sceloporus t. torquatus exhibits a cycle in which small, previtellogenic follicles exist in the ovary from December to August. Vitellogenesis occurs between September and November, followed by ovulation from late November to early December. Parturition occurs the following spring. After ovulation, the remaining follicular cells form the corpus luteum and luteolysis did not occur until April-May. Follicular atresia is commonly observed in previtellogenic follicles with polymorphic granulosa, but occurs less frequently in follicles during late vitellogenesis. There are two germinal beds in each ovary. The yolk nucleus is evident in young oocytes as is a vacuolated ooplasma prior to vitellogenesis. Extensive polymorphism is observed in yolk platelets. Mast cells and secretory cells are observed in the thecal layer of the follicular wall as are melanocytes in the ovarian stroma. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052260107
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cytological aspects of vascular invasion by the trophoblast of Calomys callosus in hepatic tissues (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 226 (1995), S. 159-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Ectoplacental cones isolated from embryos on the seventh day of pregnancy wer transplanted beneath the hepatic capsule of recipeint adult animals to document the morphological patterns of vascular invasion by the trophoblast in the absence of the maternal environment and the influence of its peculiar vasculature. Females, and females and males of Calomys collosus, a cricetid rodent, were used, respectively, as embryo donors and recipient animals. Three to 5 days later, the grafted regions were excised and processed for light and electron microscopy. Invasion of the liver parenchyma by the trophoblast progressed along the vascular beds, associated with gradual phagocytosis of hepatic cells, greatly favoring the morphological characterization of invasive steps exhibited by the trophoblast to access the different kinds of vessels, to trespass the various vascular components and the different levels of the surrounding hepatic parenchyma. It is possible that either in utero during the establishment of embryomaternal circulation in early pregnancy or ex utero under experimental conditions, the trophblast exhibits similar vascular invasion behavior. In view of this, our findings may contribute to a better understanding of trophoblast cell migration to the maternal blood supply as well as the role of the trophoblast in the establishment of the placental circulation during pregnancy. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052260205
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A commentary on the segmental motor system of the turtle: Implications for the study of its cellular mechanisms and interactions (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 213-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A commentary is provided on the segmental motor system of the turtle Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans with an emphasis on neuronal, neuromuscular, and muscular mechanisms that control the development of force under normal, fatiguing, and pathophysiological conditions. For the central neuronal component of the segmental motor system, it has recently been shown that intracellular analysis of the firing properties of motoneurons and interneurons can be undertaken for relatively long periods of time in in vitro slices of the lumbosacral spinal cord of the adult turtle. In other less reduced in vitro preparations, analyses are available on complex motor behaviors generated by the isolated spinal cord. These behaviors of spinal neuronal networks are analogous in key aspects to those generated by the isolated in vivo cord, and by the cord in intact preparations. These results suggest that the neuronal components of the segmental motor system can now be studied from the cellular/molecular level of analysis in in vitro slice preparations to the systems level in conscious, freely moving animals. The in vitro approach can also be used for the analysis of cellular mechanisms in suprasegmental brain structures, which contribute to the control of voluntary movement. For the peripheral neuromuscular component of the segmental motor system, information is now available on muscle fiber types and selected aspects of sensory innervation, and it is feasible to study the mechanical and biochemical properties of motor units. As such, the turtle presents a valuable model for exploring interrelations between the neuronal and mechanical components of the segmental motor system of the generalized tetrapod. A prominent feature of these recent developments is the extent to which they have been deriven by findings that have emphasized an evolutionary conservation of motor-control mechanisms extending from ion channels, at the cellular level, to the control of multijointed movements at the systems level of analysis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052250206
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diversification of brain morphology in antarctic notothenioid fishes: Basic descriptions and ecological considerations (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 47-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The Notothenioidei, a perciform suborder of 120 species, dominates the ichthyofauna of the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. Unlike most teleost groups, notothenioids have undergone a corresponding ecological and phyletic diversification and therefore provide an excellent opportunity to study the divergence of the nervous system in an unusual environment. Our goal is to evaluate notothenioid brain variation in light of this diversification. To provide a baseline morphology, we examine the gross morphology and histology of the brain of Trematomus bernacchii, a generalized member of the family Nototheniidae. We then examine the variation in brain gross anatomy (32 species) and histology (10 species) of other notothenioids. Our sample represents about 27% of the species in this group and includes species from each of the six families, as well as species representing diverse ecologies. For comparison we reference the well-studied brains of two species of temperate perciformes (Perca flavescens and Lepomis humilis). Our results show that, in general, notothenioid brains are more similar to the brains of temperate perciforms than to the unusual brains of cave-dwelling and deep-sea fishes. Interspecific variation in gross brain morphology is comparable to that in Old World cyprinids and is illustrated for 17 species. Variation is especially noteworthy in the ecologically and geographically diverse family Nototheniidae. Measurements indicate that sensory regions (olfactory bulbs, eminentia granularis, and crista cerebellaris) exhibit the most pronounced variation in relative surface area. Association areas, including the corpus cerebelli and the telencephalon, exhibit moderate variation in size, shape, and lobation patterns. Regulatory areas of the brain, including the saccus vasculosus and the subependyma of the third ventricle, are also variable. These regions are best developed in species living in the subfreezing water close to the continent. In some species the expanded ependymal lining forms ventricular sacs, not previously described in any other vertebrate. Three species, including two nototheniids (Eleginops maclovinus and Pleuragramma antarcticum) and the only artedidraconid in our sample, have distinctive brains. The unique brain morphology of Pleuragramma is probably related to a sensory (lateral line) specialization for feeding. Within the Nototheniidae, a phyletic effect on cerebellar morphology is evident in the Coriiceps group and in the Pleuragramminae. Neither phyletic position nor ecological factors (water temperature, position in the water column, dietary habits) alone fully expalin the pattern of notothenioid brain diversification. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230107
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcement (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. I 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230202
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Skeletal morphogenesis in the urodele skull: I. Postembryonic development in the hemidactyliini (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 125-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The metamorphic species Eurycea bislineata is presented as a standard for evaluating the relationship between cranial ontogeny and life history in hemidactyliine plethodontid urodeles. Past and present descriptions are combined into a comprehensive summary of postembryonic skull development for this species, and the sequence, sizes of onset, and morphogenetic pathways are documented for all major remodelling events. Developmental series are also compared intraspecifically, between two populations of E. bislineata that differ in metamorphic size, and interspecifically, with species having different larval periods (Hemidactylium scutatum, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, Pseudotriton ruber, E. wilderae, E. longicauda guttolineata) and with epigean (E. tynerensis, E. nana, and E. neotenes) and subterranean perennibranchiates (Haideotriton wallacei and Typhlomolge rathbuni). Cranial ontogeny is largely conserved in these hemidactyliines despite their disparate life histories. Outside the dichotomy of metamorphic and perennibranchiate development, variation is limited to interspecific differences involving the nasolacrimal duct, the repeated loss of the scleral cartilage, and minor dissociation of several metamorphic and postmetamorphic remodelling events. Some, but not all, of this variation is consistent with evolutionary differences in metamorphic size and age. The comparison of metamorphic and perennibranchiate hemidactyliines reveals a unique cranial ontogeny for urodeles, characterized by the abrupt and synchronous timing of almost all postembryonic remodelling, including the nasal skeleton, and the complete absence of these events in perennibranchiate forms. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230203
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cytological and morphological ontogenesis and involution of the thymus in cichlid fishes (Cichlidae, Teleostei) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 175-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The ontogenesis and involution of thymus in cichlid fishes was studied with the aim of comparing development in the bottom-spawning species Tilapia zillii and T. tholloni, and in the mouth-brooding species Oreochromis auratus, O. niloticus, O. mossambicus, and Sarotherodon galilaeus. For comparison, data are also given on bottom-spawning Cichlasoma spp. from America and mouth-brooding Pseudotropheus auratus and Aulonocara nyassae from Africa. Developmental changes were followed histologically by means of light and electron microscopy of sections, beginning with embryos 24 h after fertilization, up to 14-year-old specimens of O. auratus. In all these fish, the anlagen of the thymus glands begins from the third and fourth gill pouches, and their development shows a high correlation with the pace of general organogenesis, which differs greatly in the bottom-spawning and mouth-brooding cichlids. In juveniles of bottom-spawners of 20-40 mm total length and in mouth-brooders of 40-60 mm total length, three cell types are present in the thymus: thymocytes, with large, dense nuclei; epitheliocytes, with long cell extensions containing bundles of tonofibrils; and reticulocytes, with short, granulated cell extensions. Hassall's corpuscles start to develop in larvae of T. zillii at 20-35 mm total length, and in specimens of 40 mm and more total length the corpuscles are typical, formed by inner and outer rings of epitheliocytes. At 30-45 mm total length, cell debris starts to accumulate in the interior of the corpuscles as an early sign of regression. As involution continues, macrophages accummulate within and around the Hassall's corpuscles. The epitheliocyte rings are eventually completely broken down. Isles of thymocytes persist in tilapias from the age of 1-14 years, but most of the thymus volume is occupied by blood lacunae and pigmented macrophage aggregations. The morphology is similar in the mouth-brooding species Pseudotropheus beginning at 1.5 years of age. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230206
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ultrastructure of the ventral sucker of Schistosoma mansoni cercaria (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The ventral sucker of Schistosoma mansoni cercaria is a cupshaped structure that is attached to the ventral surface of the organism by a homogeneous connective tissue that surrounds the acetabular glands. The sucker consists of an extensive complex of circular and longitudinal muscles. The longitudinal muscles extend outwoard in a radial pattern to form the cup of the organ. Intermingled with the muscles are nerve bundles and subtegumental cells (cytons). Dendritic nerve fibers connect to sensory papillae which are found on the surface tegument. Two types of sensory papillae are present: a commonly found unsheathed uniciliated papilla, and a previously unidentified tegumental encapsulated structure. Tegument with spines covers the ventral sucker, although the tegumental encapsulated sensory papilla lacks spines. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230209
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcement (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. I 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230302
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Anatomy of neurons crossing the tritocerebral commissures of the cockroach Periplaneta americana (Blattaria) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 225-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The neuronal connections of the tritocerebral commissures of Periplaneta americana were studied in the brain-suboesophageal ganglion complex and the stomatogastric nervous system by means of heavy metal iontophoresis through cut nerve ends followed by silver intensification. The tritocerebral commissure 1 (Tc1) contains mainly the processes of the subpharyngeal nerve (Spn) whose neurons are located in both tritocerebral lobes and in the frontal ganglion. Some neurons of the frontal ganglion project through the Tc1 to the contralateral tritocerebrum. A few fibers in this commissure were observed projecting to the protocerebrum and the suboesophageal ganglion. There are tritocerebral neurons which pass through the Tc1 or the tritocerebral commissure 2 (Tc2) and extend on into the stomatogastric nervous system. One axon of a descending gaint neuron appears in the Tc2. This neuron lies in the tritocerebrum and connects the brain to the contralateral side of the ventral nerve cord. In addition, sensory fibers of the labral nerve (Ln) traverse both commissures to the opposite tritocerebrum. The anatomical and physiological relevance of the identified neuronal pathways is discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230210
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Skeletal morphogenesis in the urodele skull: III. Effect of hormone dosage in TH-induced remodeling (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 243-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: This study examines the dosage dependency of thyroid hormone (TH)-mediated remodelling in the cranial skeleton of the hemidactyliine plethodontid urodele, Eurycea bislineata. One set of experiments quantifies morphogenetic responses in 21 tissues for four size-age classes of larvae immersed in four different T4 concentrations. A second set varies both the period and concentration of T4 treatment to evaluate the effect of different TH profiles on adult tissue shape. The tissues surveyed in this study exhibit a 100-fold range in TH sensitivity. Those in regressive morphogenesis have tissue-specific sensitivities which correlate with the timing of their remodelling in natural development: bone resorption is more sentitive than cartilage resorption and is initiated earlier in metamorphosis. In contrast, the TH sensitivities of tissues in progressive morphogenesis vary within each tissue type and even within some tissues, and they do not correlate with timing in natural development. Some explanation for this discrepancy is offered by the constant spatial and temporal relationships between nasal cartilage and dermal bone, which suggest that some TH-mediated ossification may additionally require induction by cartilage. Also, the failure of nasolacrimal duct morphogenesis at all but the lowest dosage correlates with the inductdion of integumentary changes that may preclude duct formation. Variable T4 treatments produce no effect upon the adult skull, other than loss of the nasolacrimal duct and/or foramen. These results have two developmental implicatons. First, the dosage dependencies of the nasolacrimal duct, ossification sequences, and cranial remodelling patterns all support a TH profile with exceptionally low levels at larval stages and at least a 100-fold increase at metamorphosis. Second, a small change in the rate of TH activity has the potential to effect a large-scale rearranggement and restructuring of TH-dependent remodelling. The lack of such transformations in metamorphic plethodontids suggests that TH activity is highly conserved in this group. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230303
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240101
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cephalic morphology of the honey possum, Tarsipes rostratus (Marsupialia: Tarsipedidae); an obligate nectarivore (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 303-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The sharply tapering skull of the honey possum is delicately constructed and has only a few, minute teeth; its mandible is reduced to a thin, flexible rod. The mandibular fossa has been diplaced caudally to the caudomedial corner of the squamosal. Head skeletons of the feathertail glider and western pygmy-possum, omnivores that are closely related to the honey possum, bear greater resemblance to the distantly related carnivorous fat-tailed dunnart than to the honey possum.Selected muscles associated with the jaws, hyoid, and tongue of these four mouse-sized (9-22 g) marsupials are described for the first time. The honey possum is characterized by a greatly reduced temporalis that is almost completely hidden by the eye. Its digastric consists of a single belly that inserts onto the caudal margin of the mylohyoid. The lateral pterygoid is relatively long as it extends caudally to insert onto the elongated mandible. The stylohyoid originates high up on the caudal surface of the tympanic bulla; it curves around the caudal and ventral surfaces of the bulla to reach the basihyoid. The insertion of the genioglossus is restricted to the caudal quarter of the tongue. Homologous muscles of the feathertail glider and western pygmy-possum are more similar to those of the fat-tailed dunnart. In addition to the very different musculoskeletal system, the honey possum has an unusual tongue that tapers to a fine point. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230307
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Development of the interphotoreceptor matrix in Xenopus laevis (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 325-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Xenopus laevis interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) contains a relatively aqueous insoluble wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-binding component containing unidentifiied sialoglycoconjugates (Wood et al [1984] J. Comp. Neurol. 228:299-307). The appearance of WGA-binding macromolecules in the IPM was assessed during late embryonic stages (32-45) and in retinal rudiment cultures, using lectin cyutochemistry and Western blotting techniques. Metabolic labeling of the neural retina versus retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid of juvenile Xenopus with 35S-MET was also evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Lectin cytochemistry of eyes from developmental stages 32-42 demonstrated distinct WGA-ferritin-binding sites on the developing outer segment membranes and in the IPM compartment. At stages 44-46 extensive WGA-binding domains were present as an extracellular network with other randomly scattered domains near the retinal pigment epithelium. Retinal rudiments from stage 32-33 were isolated and allowed to differentiate in hanging drop culture (Hollyfield and Witkowsky [1974] J. Exp. Zool. 189:357-377) with or without an iinvesting pigment epithelium. Cultures developing with RPE exhibited an elaborate IPM with an anastomosing meshwork of WGA-ferritin binding sites. In the absence of RPE only limited amoutns of binding restricted to the immediate vicinity of the developing photoreceptor outer segement membranes was observed. When Western blots were probed with WGA-HRP, stage 32-45 retinas demonstrated a major WGA-binding band of 126 kD. Similar amounts of WGA-binding macromolecules were synthesized in preparations cultured in the presence or absence of the investing RPE. During development the major WGA-binding component is a 126-kD protein. Equivalent synthesis of this protein in the presence and absence of RPE suggests that the PE is not required for synthesis of this 126-kD component. These results suggest that the retina is the primary site of synthesis of the WGA-binding components of the Xenopus IPM, whereas the PE plays a principal role in their assembly and organization. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230308
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Structure of ovaries in ensign scale insects, the most primitive representatives of Coccomorpha (Insecta, Hemiptera) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The ovaries of Orthezia urticae and Newsteadia floccosa are paired and composed of numerous short ovarioles. Each ovariole consists of an anterior trophic chamber and a posterior vitellarium that contains one developing oocyte. The trophic chamber contains large nurse cells (trophocytes) and arrested oocytes. The total number of germ cells per ovariole (i.e., cluster) is variable, but it is always higher than 32 and less than 64. This suggests that five successive mitotic cycles of a cystoblast plus additional divisions of individual cells are responsible for the generation of the cluster. Cells of the trophic chamber maintain contact with the oocyte via a relatively broad nutritive cord. The trophic chamber and oocyte are surrounded by somatic cells that constitute the inner epithelial sheath around the former and the follicular epithelium around the latter. Anagenesis of hemipteran ovarioles is discussed in relation to the findings presented. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240104
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biomechanical adaptation of ulnar cross-sectional morphology in brachiating primates (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 111-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The forelimbs of hylobatids (gibbons and siamang) are distinctive among tetrapods in that they are loaded in overall tension during normal locomotion. While hylobatid ulnae must also encounter bending stresses in the course of their full range of locomotor behavior, their loading regime differs from that of quadrupedal anthropoids in that these bending stresses are distributed evenly along the bone, are not exerted in a preferred plane, and are probably of generally lower magnitude. This study examines the degree to which hylobatid ulnae are adapted to this suspensory loading regime. We obtained cross-sections of ulnae at various increments along the length of the bone using CAT scans. The sample comprises 476 cross-sections representing the ulnae of 25 individuals from five species of comparable body size. We show that in gibbons and siamang, the patterning of ulnar cross-sectional area and resistance to bending in the dorsoventral plane along the ulnar diaphysis differ from that of similarly sized quadrupedal anthropoids in the manner predicted by a suspensory loading regime. We also find the same pattern for the ulnae of Ateles, whose loading regime may be fairly similar to that of hylobatids. However, we find that the cross-sectional shape of the ulnar diaphysis in hylobatids and Ateles does not differ from that of quadrupedal monkeys in the manner predicted by a suspensory loading regime. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240112
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Formation and regression of the corpus luteum of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 97-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Luteal morphology of the American alligator is unique when compared to other reptiles but is similar to that of its phylogenetic relatives, the birds. The theca is extensively hypertrophied, but the granulosa never fills the cavity formed following the ovulation of the ovum. The formation of the corpus luteum (CL) is correlated with elevated plasma progesterone concentrations, which decline dramatically after oviposition with the onset of luteolysis. Unlike those of most other reptiles, the central luteal cell mass is composed of two cell types; one presumably is derived from the granulosa, whereas the other is from the theca interna. Both cell types are present throughout gravidity but only one cell type is seen during mid to late luteolysis. A significant decline in luteal volume occurs following oviposition and continues throughout the post-oviposition period. The fastest decline in luteal volume occurs in the month immediately after oviposition; this rate then slows. Luteolysis appears to continue for a year or more following oviposition, as distinct structures of luteal origin can still be identified in animals 9 months after oviposition. The size of persistent CL can be used to determine whether a given female oviposited during the previous nesting season. Females with CL having volumes greater than 0.2 cm2 or CL diameters greater than 0.4 cm were active the previous season. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240111
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Myological Peculiarities in Rhinoderma darwinii (Anura: Rhinodermatidae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 125-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The myology of Rhinoderma darwinii is re-analyzed. Fourteen muscles (m. deltoides scapularis, m. coracoradialis, m. coracobrachialis brevis, m. omohyoideus, m. cucularis, m. interhyoideus, m. levator mandibular posterior externus, m. levator mandibular posterior articularis, m. levator posterior longus, m. geniohyoideus lateralis, m. geniohyoideus medialis, m. intermaxillaris, m. iliofibularis and m. iliofemoralis) are unique with respect to either structure or points of origin and/or insertion. An apical supplementary element of the m. intermandibularis is reported for the first time in the species, and another muscle, associated with the skin of the thigh, is described for the first time among anurans. Myological characters may be useful characters for future systematic and phylogenetic analysis of the Rhinodermatidae, one of the less diversified and enigmatic groups of neotropical frogs. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240202
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Incubation temperature and gonadal sex affect growth and physiology in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius), a lizard with temperature-dependent sex determination (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 159-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), in which the temperature at which an egg incubates determines the sex of the individual, occurs in egg-laying reptiles of three separate orders. Previous studies have shown that the embryonic environment can have effects lasting beyond the period of sex determination. We investigated the relative roles of incubation temperature, exogenous estradiol, and gonadal sex (testis vs. ovary) in the differentiation of adult morphological and physiological traits of the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius. The results indicate that incubation temperature, steroid hormones, and gonads interact in the development of morphological and physiological characters with incubation temperature resulting in the greatest differences in adult phenotype. Incubation temperature did not affect reproductive success directly, but may influence offspring survival in natural situations through effects on adult female body size. Postnatal hormones seem to be more influential in the formation of adult phenotypes than prenatal hormones. These results demonstrate that TSD species can be used to investigate the effects of the physical environment on development in individuals without a predetermined genetic sex and thus provide further insight into the roles of gonadal sex and the embryonic environment in sexual differentiation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240205
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Marginal tooth-bearing bones in the lower jaw of the recent australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (Osteichthyes, Dipnoi) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 345-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Developmental studies of the Recent Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, show that this species has two sets of functional tooth-bearing bones in the lower jaw of young hatchlings. These coincide with an early stage in the life history when the fish is strictly carnivorous. In N. forsteri, a paired tooth-bearing dentary and an unpaired symphyseal bone and tooth develop slightly later than the permanent vomerine, prearticular, and pterygopalatine tooth plates, which appear at stage 44 of development, and erupt with the permanent dentition between stages 46 and 48, when the hatchling first starts to feed on small aquatic invertebrates. At these stages of development, all of the teeth are long, sharp, and conical and help to retain prey items in the mouth. Disappearance of the transient dentition coincides with complete eruption of the permanent tooth plates and precedes the change to an omnivorous diet. Existence of a transient marginal dentition in this species of lungfish suggests that the presence of an apparently similar marginal dentition in adults of many species of Palaeozoic dipnoans should be considered in phylogenetic analyses of genera within the group, and when analysing the relationships of dipnoans with other primitive animals. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052250306
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ultrastructure and function of cellular components of the intercentral joint in the percoid vertebral column (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 226 (1995), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The intervertebral joint of the teleost, Perca flavescens, is formed by opposing amphicoelus centra whose rims are connected by external ligaments. The tissue, located within the space formed by these structures, is derived from the notochord and consists of the elastic externa, the fibrous sheath, and the notochordal cells. The cellular tissue within the joint has many characteristics of a stratified epithelium, and when examined with the transmission electron microscope, at least three morphologically distinct regions can be recognized. First, a peripheral single layer of columnar to squamous-shaped cells lies on a basement membrane immediately deep to the fibrous sheath. Second, several layers of cells, each containing a large central vacuole, occur. Third, in the deepest part of the joint, several layers of attenuated cells surround intracentral fluid-filled lacunae and form a transverse septum across the joint. All cells in this tissue are interconnected by numerous desmosomes. Further, an extensive intermediate filament network exists in all three types of cells. The intermediate filament network in the vacuolated cells is arranged cortically around a membrane-bound vacuole, and suggests that these cells may act as passive cellular hydrostats. The squamous cells surrounding the joint lacunae are structurally similar to mammalian epidermal cells, and the intermediate filament network within them is layered parallel to the surface of the lacunae. The organization of these cells suggests that they are the tensile component of extracellular hydrostats within the intercentral joint. These cellular and extracellular hydrostats within the intercentral joint would function to resist the compressive and tensile stresses encountered during undulatory swimming. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052260102
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 226 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052260201
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cytoplasmic bags: Containers for discarded paraflagellar membranes in spermiogenesis of graphosome lineatum (Pentatomidae, Hemiptera, Insecta) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 226 (1995), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The process of cytoplasmic sloughing is described in spermiogenesis of a stink bug, Graphosoma lineatum, using transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. Tails of young spermatids possess a wide cytoplasmic layer lateral to the axoneme and the nenbenkern derivatives. Membranous sheets, comprised of cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum with very narrow lumina, are arranged parallel to these organelles. More advanced spermatids show only a thin cytoplasmic layer largely devoid of membranes. At this stage, large evaginations of the flagellar membrane, termed cytoplasmic bags, are found in association with the spermatid tails. The most prominent elements within these bags are concentric layers of endoplasmic reticulum of the type previously found in spermatid tails. This relationship suggests that the cells rid themselves of cytoplasmic membranes throughout spermiogenesis via inclusion into cytoplasmic bags. Upon release from the nucleate cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic bags become more and more electron-dense and degenerate. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052260203
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Distribution of cranial and rostral spinal nerves in tadpoles of the frog discoglossus pictus (Discoglossidae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 226 (1995), S. 189-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: We studied the peripheral nervous system of early tadpoles of the frog Discoglossus pictus using whole-mount immunohistochemistry. Double-labeling of muscles and nerves allowed us to determine the innervation of all cranial muscles supplied by the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagal, and hypoglossal nerves. The gross anatomical pattern of visceral, cutaneous, and lateral-line innervation was also assessed. Most muscles of the visceral arches are exclusively supplied by posttrematic rami of the corresponding branchiomeric nerves, the only exceptions being some ventral muscles (intermandibular, interhyoid, and subarcual rectus muscles). In the mandibular arch, the pattern of motor ramules of the trigeminal nerve prefigures in a condensed form the adult pattern, but the muscles of the hyoid arch are innervated by ramules of the facial nerve in a pattern that differs from that of postmetamorphic frogs. With respect to the nerves of the branchial arches, pretrematic visceral rami, typical of other gnathostomes, are absent in D. pictus. Instead, we find a separate series of posttrematic profundal visceral rami. Pharyngeal rami of all branchial nerves contribute to Jacobson's anastomosis. We provide a detailed description of the lateral-line innervation and describe a new ramus of the middle lateral-line nerve (ramus suprabranchialis). We confirm the presence of a first spinal nerve and its contribution to the hypoglossal nerve in D. pictus tadpoles. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052260207
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Buccal glands of adults of the lamprey Mordacia mordax, including comparisons with other species (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 226 (1995), S. 339-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Mordacia mordax is one of the two anadromous parasitic lamprey species of the southern hemisphere family Mordaciidae. Its adults possess two lateral buccal glands and one central buccal gland. When the tongue-like piston is retracted, the buccal glands occupy much of the opening of the oral cavity at the rear of the buccal cavity. The glands contain numerous tube-like, ductless secretory units, which discharge directly into the buccal cavity. Their secretory epithelial cells contain numerous granules, some of which are zymogen-like, while others have a beaded, spiralled appearance. The similarity of the latter to mast cell granules suggests that they may likewise produce an anticoagulant, which would be valuable to a presumed blood feeder such as M. mordax. The mucus produced by these cells could act as a carrier for the secretions and as an adhesive for promoting retention of t he secretions on the host's surface. When the young adults is transferred to salt water, the buccal glands increase their production and discharge of secretions. Since the glands are not enclosed in musculature, their secretions are probably discharged by mechanical pressure applied by the forward movement of the head of the tooth-bearing piston into the buccal cavity. An account is given of the way in which the location, number, glandular organization, secretory granules, and type of secretion of the buccal glands of M. mordax, and thus presumably also their mode of function, differ markedly from those of members of the other lamprey family found in the southern hemisphere, and of all holarrctic lampreys. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052260309
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230101
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcement (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. I 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230102
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Development of astroglial cells in the encephalon of Gallotia galloti: A Golgi technique study (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Some variants of the Golgi techniques have been used to study the possible origin and developmental sequence of astroglial cells in the lizard Gallotia galloti. the developmental sequence consists of progressive transformations of astroglial cells originating either from radial glia or from glioblasts. The so-called displaced radial glia, an intermediate cellular type between radial glia and astrocytes, indicate the radial glia/astrocytes transformation. Apparently, glioblasts also evolve into astroblasts that, in turn could develop into immature protoplasmic or fibrous astrocytes, precursors of mature protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes, respectively. The present study confirms our previous ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies on the same animal. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230104
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microanatomical organization of hepatic stroma of the brown trout, Salmo trutta fario (Teleostei, Salmonidae): A qualitative and quantitative approach (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Despite the absence of lobulation, light microscopy of serial sections of the liver of brown trout, Salmo trutta fario, reveals that the stromal elements are spatially organized as venous-biliary-arteriolar tracts (VBAT), venous-arteriolar tracts (VAT), biliary-arteriolar tracts (BAT), venous-biliary tracts (VBT), biliary tracts (BT), arteriolar tracts (AT), and isolated veins. These components are not two- but three-dimensional entities, and the anatomical interrelationships among all entities are displayed. The VBAT, VAT, and VBT are considered portal tracts; the adjacent parenchymal zones are viewed as periportal areas. The veins emerging from those tracts are regarded as afferent, and related with periportal zones. The veins that do not communicate with the VBAT, VAT, or VBT are viewed as efferent. Only serial sectioning allows a definite recognition of afferent from efferent isolated veins. The morphometric study discloses that isolated veins occupy around 60% of the stromal areas. Nevertheless, the VBAT, VAT, and BT are also considerably important, occupying variable proportions of the stromal areas (8-12%). The VBT and BAT are less important in quantitative terms. No sexual diffences appear in either qualitative or quantitative terms. There is no structural support for an eventual macroorganization of hepatic tissues. It is suggested that the quantitative data can be useful, as standards for the normal hepatic architecture of brown trout. The paper emphasizes the importance of a general structural model for the fish liver and of the use of an internationally acceptable nomenclature. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230103
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