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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (244)
  • 1985-1989  (244)
  • 1989  (244)
  • Genetics  (139)
  • Biochemistry
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The apolipoprotein multigene family: Structure, expression, evolution, and molecular genetics (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 67 (1989), S. 225-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Atherosclerosis ; Apolipoprotein ; Gene expression ; Genetics ; Evolution ; Gene duplication ; Lipid binding ; DNA polymorphism ; Hypercholesterolemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma apolipoproteins can be classified into two subgroups: the soluble apolipoproteins including apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, A-II, A-IV, C-I, C-II, C-III, and E, and the apoBs including apoB-100 and apoB-48. The soluble apolipoproteins have very similar genomic structures, each having a total of three introns at the same locations; apoA-IV is an exception in that it has lost its first intron. Using the exon/intron junctions as reference points, we can obtain an alignment of the coding regions of all the soluble apolipoprotein genes. The mature peptide regions of the genes are almost completely made up of tandem repeats of 11 codons. The part of mature peptide region encoded by exon 3 contains a common block of 33 codons, whereas the part encoded by exon 4 contains a much more variable number of internal repeats of 11 codons. On the basis of the degree of homology of the various sequences, and the pattern of the internal repeats in these genes, an evolutionary tree has been proposed for the soluble apolipoprotein genes. ApoB-100 differs considerably from the soluble apolipoproteins. It is the largest apolipoprotein containing 4536 amino acid residues. Two types of internal repeats are identified in apoB-100: amphipathic α-helical repeats and proline-containing repeats with high β-sheet content. The apoB gene contains 29 exons and 28 introns. Its evolutionary relationship to the soluble apolipoprotein genes is unclear. The 3′ end of the apoB gene contains a region of variable number of tandem 12–16-base pair repeats. We have applied the polymerase chain reaction technique to characterize this highly polymorphic locus. The same technique can be used to accurately type other variable number of tandem repeats loci. Finally, apoB-48 was shown to be the product of an RNA editing mechanism involving an intestinal mRNA that has an in-frame UAA stop codon resulting from a C→U change in the codon CAA encoding Gln-2153 in apoB-100 mRNA. Using a molecular approach to apolipoprotein synthesis, structure and genetic analysis, we have generated information important to our understanding of lipoprotein metabolism; we also uncovered unexpected experimental results that are relevant to general cell and molecular biology and molecular evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01717324
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The genetic predisposition to fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (1989)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 32 (1989), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; insulin gene ; DQβ gene ; fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (previously known as tropical pancreatic diabetes) is a rare cause of diabetes confined to countries within the tropical belt. The aetiology of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes is thought to be environmental although the agent(s) is unknown. We have investigated a possible genetic basis of this disease by looking for restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes implicated in the aetiology of diabetes mellitus. Seventy-six Dravidian patients with fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes were studied, and the restriction fragment length polymorphisms obtained compared to racially matched control subjects (n=94), patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes (n=87) and Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes (n=58). No association of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes was found with restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the insulin receptor gene. Although no association of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes was found with polymorphism of the HLA DRα/DQα/DXα genes, an association was found with the Taq 1 restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the DQβ gene (DQβ T2/T6 present in 39% of patients with fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes compared to 19% in control subjects; p=0.01; corrected p value=0.04) which is similar to that found in Type 1 but not Type 2 diabetes. An association of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes was also found with the hypervariable region in the 5-prime flanking region of the insulin gene; 40% of patients possessed the class 3 allele compared to 9.5% of control subjects p=0.0001; corrected p value=0.0008). In Type 2 diabetes, similar results were obtained with 33% subjects possessing the class 3 allele (p value compared to control subjects=0.0005; corrected p value=0.004). This study suggests that fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes has a genetic component in its aetiology. Furthermore, its origin might be related to an individual with part of the genetic predisposition to diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2) who additionally has evidence of chronic calcific pancreatitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265403
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population biology of two land snails (Mesomphix spp.): variation among six southern appalachian sites with differing disturbance histories (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 372-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Logging disturbance ; Land gastropods ; Ecology ; Genetics ; Population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ecological and genetic properties of two North American terrestrial gastropods (Mesomphix spp.) were characterized in paired control and previously logged watersheds in two North Carolina forests (Coweeta and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park) of the Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve Cluster. Shell growth was greater in the control sites, but density and mortality were largely independent of prior logging history and forest reserve. Based on starch gel electrophoresis data, both species showed their highest levels of genetic diversity in the Coweeta forest, the component of the reserve cluster which had the most extensive and variable history of logging disturbance. M. subplanus also exhibited higher levels of heterozygosity in logged than in control watersheds, and M. andrewsae showed over twice as many rare alleles in disturbed sites as in control sites. F-statistic analysis depicted both excess levels of homozygosity and moderate genetic differentiation among the populations, reflecting the effects of small population size and perhaps drift and inbreeding. Estimated gene flow was relatively low. These results correspond to the recent finding by Bryant et al. (1987) and others on the effects of bottlenecks, and to the contrasting history of habitat instability of the two major study forests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384317
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convulsant properties of GABA antagonists and anticonvulsant properties of ethanol in selectively bred Long- and Short-Sleep mice (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 544-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Bicuculline ; Picrotoxin ; Seizures ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The convulsant potency of bicuculline, a GABA antagonist, was shown to be greater in Short-Sleep (SS) mice than in Long-Sleep (LS) mice. LS mice, selectively bred for lengthy ethanol-induced narcosis, had longer latencies to myoclonus and clonus following administration of bicuculline and picrotoxin than did ethanol-resistant SS mice. SS mice were also more susceptible to pentylenetetrazol-induced myoclonus, but not clonus. F1 hybrids showed bicuculline seizure sensitivity intermediate to the two parent lines. Ethanol weakly inhibited bicuculline-induced myoclonus in both LS and SS mice. Clonus was clearly antagonized by ethanol in both lines, but to a similar degree. These data provide evidence for a GABAergic role in geno-type-dependent sensitivity to ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441957
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cocaine produces low dose locomotor depressant effects in mice (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Locomotor activity ; CNS depression ; Cocaine ; Mice ; Behavior ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cocaine produces several behavioral effects, most notably locomotor stimulation. Biochemically, cocaine is known to inhibit reuptake at the three monoamine transporter sites, and may have highest affinity at the serotonin transporter. Serotonin augmentation has been associated with decreases in behavioral activity, but cocaine has not been reported to produce behavioral depressant effects except at high doses which cause stereotypy and disruption of behavior. This study examined the effects of relatively low doses of cocaine, in the range of 0.1–10 mg/kg, on locomotor activity in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. A biphasic dose-response curve was seen for both strains. At the lowest doses, activity was depressed. As the dose of cocaine increased, activity returned to baseline, and at the highest doses, increases in locomotor activity were found. DBA/2J mice were depressed at a lower dose of cocaine than were C57BL/6J mice; however, C57BL/6J mice showed locomotor depression over a broader range of doses. Activity was maximally depressed at 0.1 mg/kg for DBA/2J mice, and maximally depressed at 0.3 mg/kg for C57BL/6J mice. Thus, low doses of cocaine are shown to produce significant decreases in locomotor activity in two strains of mice. It is postulated that these low doses of cocaine which depress locomotor activity do so via inhibition of serotonin uptake, resulting in potentiation of serotonergic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442799
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genotype-dependent effects of GABAergic agents on sedative properties of ethanol (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 518-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; GABA ; Bicuculline ; Sedation ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two lines of mice, selectively bred for differential sensitivity to the soporific effects of ethanol (ETOH), were administered GABAergic drugs in an effort to evaluate a role for GABA in ETOH sensitivity. ETOH sensitive Long-Sleep mice (LS) showed potentiated ETOH sedation when administered bicuculline, muscimol and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA). ETOH-insensitive SS mice exhibited reduced ETOH sedation in the presence of the antagonists, bicuculline and picrotoxin, and potentiated sedation in the presence of muscimol and AOAA. These changes in narcosis duration were interpreted as central effects, since blood ethanol levels at waking from ETOH sedation varied with GABAergic drug treatment. Picrotoxin antagonized pentobarbital-induced nacrosis in both lines, but to a greater extent in SS mice. These and other experiments with a genetically heterogeneous stock suggest GABA involvement in genotype-dependent ETOH sensitivity, but do not support a simple role of GABA receptor involvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441952
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of ethanol effects by bicuculline: genotype-dependent responses and inheritance (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 549-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol (ETOH) ; GABA ; Bicuculline ; Sedation ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic influences on the interaction between ethanol (ETOH) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter systems were eveluated with a survey of responses to coadministration of ETOH and a GABA antagonist, bicuculline, in a battery of inbred mouse strains. The selectively bred ETOH-sensitive Long-Sleep (LS) mice, the relatively ETOH-resistant Short-Sleep (SS) mice, and a genetically heterogeneous stock (GHS) were also evaluated. The effect of bicuculline on ETOH-induced sedation, hypothermia, and blood ethanol content upon recovery from sedation was assessed. Inheritance of these responses was also examined using F1 hybrids. The effect of bicuculline on ETOH-produced narcosis varied widely among stocks and included antagonism, potentiation, and no effect. Changes in ETOH-induced narcosis produced by bicuculline were accompanied by changes in blood ethanol concentrations consistent with an hypothesis of altered central nervous system sensitivity to ETOH. Knowledge of a strain's seizure susceptibility to the GABA antagonist or of its sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of ETOH were of no predictive value in estimating the outcome of coadministration studies, suggesting at least partially separate genetic influences on each phenotype. In cross-breeding studies there was commonly dominance toward a profile of bicuculline antagonism of ETOH narcosis but different patterns of dominance were observed for seizure susceptibility, again inicating separate genetic control. The results suggest considerable complexity of GABAergic involvement in genotype-dependent ETOH sensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441958
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homology and distribution of CO dehydrogenase structural genes in carboxydotrophic bacteria (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 335-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Carboxydotrophic bacteria ; Plasmids ; CO dehydrogenase subunits ; N-terminal sequences ; Oligonucleotides ; Hybridization ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 17 (S), 30 (M) and 87 kDa (L) subunits of CO dehydrogenases from the CO-oxidizing bacteria Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena and Pseudomonas carboxydovorans OM5 were isolated and purified. The N-terminal sequences of same subunits from different bacteria showed distinct homologies. Dot blot hybridization employing oligonucleotide probes derived from the sequences of the S-subunit of P. carboxydovorans OM5 and the M-subunit of P. carboxydohydrogena and DNA of the plasmid-containing CO-oxidizing bacteria Alcaligenes carboxydus, Azomonas B1, P. carboxydoflava, P. carboxydovorans OM2, OM4 and OM5 indicated that all genes encoding these subunits reside on plasmids. That in P. carboxydovorans OM5 CO dehydrogenase structural genes are located entirely on plasmid pHCG3 was evident from the absence of hybridization employing DNA from the cured mutant strain OM5-12. CO dehydrogenase structural genes could be identified on the chromosome of the plasmid-free bacteria Arthrobacter 11/x, Bacillus schlegelii, P. carboxydohydrogena and P. carboxydovorans OM3. There was no example of a plasmid-harboring carboxydotrophic bacterium that did not carry CO dehydrogenase structural genes on the plasmid. The N-terminal sequences of CO dehydrogenase structural genes were found to be conserved among carboxydotrophic bacteria of distinct taxonomic position, independent of the presence of plasmids. It is discussed whether this might be the consequence of horizontal gene transfer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425170
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of eye movement dysfunctions in exploring the genetic transmission of schizophrenia (1989)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 239 (1989), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Eye movements ; Genetics ; Twins ; Latent trait
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eye movement dysfunctions have been found in a large number of schizophrenic patients and in about half of their first-degree relatives. The distribution of these traits within the families of schizophrenic patients suggests a model of genetic transmission that fits an autosomal dominant model, which we have called the “genetic latent trait model.” The model, with seven parameters, was fitted to a U.S. population and the model was cross-validated on an independent Norwegian sample. Although the model does not invalidate other, more conventional solutions to the puzzle of schizophrenic transmission, such as multifactorial transmission, the latent trait model does more easily permit linkage studies and therefore will allow refutation or support from the use of molecular genetics techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01739743
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetical control and linkage relationships of isozyme markers in sugar beet (B. vulgaris L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris ; Sugar beet ; Isozymes ; Genetics ; Linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five isozyme systems were genetically investigated. The different separation techniques, the developmental expression and the use as marker system in sugar beet genetics and breeding is discussed. Isocitrate dehydrogenase was controlled by two genes. The gene products form inter- as well as intralocus dimers, even with the gene products of the Icd gene in B. procumbens and B. patellaris. Adenylate kinase was controlled by one gene. Three different allelic forms were detected, which were active as monomeric proteins. Glucose phosphate isomerase showed two zones of activity. One zone was polymorphic. Three allelic variants, active as dimers, were found. Phosphoglucomutase also showed two major zones of activity. One zone was polymorphic and coded for monomeric enzymes. Two allelic forms were found in the accessions studied. The cathodal peroxidase system was controlled by two independent genes, of which only one was polymorphic. The gene products are active as monomers. Linkage was found between red hypocotyl color (R) and Icd 2. Pgm 1, Gpi 2, Ak 1 and the Icd 2-R linkage group segregated independently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299761
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimising visual selection in early clonal generations of potato based on genetic and economic considerations (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 665-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; Genetics ; Breeding ; Plant appearance ; Economy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In 1985, 1986 and 1987, 600 clones were visually assessed at harvest on plant appearance. The clones were harvested 80 days after planting in the first year, in the following years after approximately 80 days as well as after 145 days. The correlation coefficients between years and between harvest times were low to medium. Simulating different selection intensities using the performance of these 600 clones in two successive years, the relation between selection pressure in the first year and the retained proportion of well performing clones in the second year was described. Including the costs of testing, the most economic selection procedure was calculated. This procedure consisted in testing 1,579 first-year clones and 499 second-year clones for every 100 third-year clones required. The optimal period of the main evaluation in the second clonal year is at ware potato harvest time. This selection procedure also provides good selection possibilities for underwater weight and foliage maturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262562
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of muscle precursor replication in crush-injured skeletal muscle of Swiss and BALBc mice (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 385-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myogenesis ; Muscle regeneration ; Genetics ; Autoradiography ; Tritiated thymidine ; Mouse (Swiss;BALBc)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle precursor replication in Swiss mice, in which muscle regeneration is exceptionally vigorous, was compared with previous data for regeneration in BALBc mice. The tibialis anterior muscles of 23 male and 15 female inbred Swiss SJL/J mice were crush injured, and tritiated thymidine injected into mice at various times after injury to label replicating muscle precursors. Lesion samples were taken 10 days after injury, processed for autoradiography, and grain counts of myotube nuclei analysed. Muscle regeneration was more vigorous in male compared with female Swiss mice, and in both was strikingly greater than that in BALBc mice in which there was extensive fibrous connective tissue throughout the lesions. Autoradiographic analysis showed that muscle precursor replication started at 24 hours in Swiss mice, 6 hours earlier than the onset at 30 hours in BALBc mice. Muscle precursor replication appeared to be more active 96 hours after injury in female Swiss compared with male BALBc and male Swiss mice respectively, although numbers of precursor cells replicating at other times were similar. It is not known whether the slight difference in onset of muscle precursor replication can alone account for the more complete muscle regeneration seen in Swiss mice. Similar studies were carried out in 11 male and 10 female F1 hybrid (SJL/J x BALBc) mice. Analysis of labelled myotube nuclei showed that muscle precursors did not synthesise DNA prior to 30 hours after injury, and regeneration resembled that of the parental BALBc strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224122
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histamine receptors in the central nervous system (1989)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 11 (1989), S. 146-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Agonists ; Antagonists ; Biochemistry ; Central nervous system ; Ligands ; Pharmacology ; Receptors, histamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of histamine in brain function is discussed. A brief review is presented on the three types of histamine receptors with regard to their biochemistry and functions, as well as on specific ligands, both agonists and antagonists. It is concluded that several aspects of the pharmacology of histamine in the central nervous system are still a matter of empirism and speculations. The recent publications on the brain-penetrating H2 antagonist zolantidine and the selective H3 agonists and antagonists are expected to contribute to the knowledge of the histaminergic pathways in the brain. Therapeutical areas within the central nervous system are related to behaviour (including wake-sleep), neuroendocrinal processes, the control of muscle activity and cerebral circulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01959461
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacochemical aspects of leprosy (1989)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 11 (1989), S. 3-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Clofazimine ; Dapsone ; Ethionamide ; Isoniazide ; Mechanism of action ; Mycobacterium leprae ; Prothionamide ; Quinolones ; Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors ; Rifampicin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract From a pharmacochemical point of view the existing anti-leprotics as well as possible innovations in the chemotherapy of leprosy are discussed. Of the main anti-leprotics, which are used nowadays — dapsone, rifampicin, clofazimine, isoniazide, ethionamide and prothionamide — the mechanism of action, the main problems in their application and possibilities to develop improved variants are reviewed. Based on the chemistry ofMycobacterium leprae, the target systems for new anti-leprotics are identified. These systems include the cell wall, the catabolism of reactive oxygen species, the metabolisms of carbon sources, the amino acid metabolism and the uptake of iron. Two possible new lead structures from other fields, 4-quinolones and mycobacterial ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01972907
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tryptophan auxotrophic mutants in Aspergillus niger: Inactivation of the trpC gene by cotransformation mutagenesis (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 282-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; Genetics ; Transformation ; trpC lacZ gene fusion ; Gene replacement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Aspergillus niger tryptophan auxotrophic mutants have been isolated after UV irradiation of conidiospores. The mutants belong to two different complementation groups, trpA and trpB, which complement each other in heterokaryons. Neither of the mutations could be complemented with the cloned A. niger trpC gene. To obtain A. niger trpC mutants in a direct way, gene inactivation by cotransformation was performed. For this purpose an in-frame gene fusion between the A. niger trpC and Escherichia coli lacZ genes was constructed and shown to be functionally expressed after introduction into A. niger by cotransformation with the pyrA gene as selective marker. Among the β-galactosidase expressing cotransformants, obtained with either circular or linearized vectors, no trpC mutants were detected, even after enrichment. Such mutants, however, could be obtained by cotransformation of A. niger with specific fragments of the fusion gene. Biochemical analysis of the cotransformants indicated that in nearly all cases the fusion gene had replaced the wild-type trpC gene. Genetic analysis showed that the trpC mutation is not linked to any of the A. niger loci described so far. The trpC mutants can be complemented by the cloned A. niger trpC gene as well as by the A. nidulans trpC gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261189
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100101
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex-, tissue-, and stage-specific expression of a vitelline membrane protein gene from region 32 of the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Eggshell ; Gene family ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This study isolated cDNA clones from egg-chamber and adult female Drosophila cDNA libraries using as probe a DNA fragment from a 200-kb “chromosome walk” in region 32E of the second chromosome of D. melanogaster. The present authors believe that these clones correspond to a new vitelline membrane protein (VMP) gene because (1) cDNA clones in Northern blots identify a transcript expressed in a tissue- and stage-specific manner: stage 10 egg-chambers; (2) the sequence of cDNAs and of the genomic subclone shows homology with the other VMP genes that have been identified to date; (3) the amino acid composition of the translational product has the high content of proline and alanine characteristic of VMPs. Two aspects emerging from this study are worth stressing: (1) the presence of a hydrophobic domain that is highly conserved in all the VMP genes; and (2) the particularly narrow period of expression of the isolated gene, which could be related to the mechanism of vitelline membrane assembly.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100106
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100201
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA methylation in fungi (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 63-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100202
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of polyfusomes in generating branched chains of cystocytes during Drosophila oogenesis (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 70-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Arrested cleavage ; Centrosome ; contractile ring ; Fusome ; Germarium ; Models of dividing cells ; Oocyte/nurse cell syncytium ; Ovarian tumor mutation ; POlytrohic meroistic ovary ; Ring canal ; Spindle elongation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Three-dimensional models were constructed utilizing the information gained from electron micrographs of serial sections of two clones of cystocytes undergoing their terminal divisions. In each clone a polyfusome connected all eight cystocytes together. Each of the spindles was oriented so that one pole touched the polyfusomes, while the other pointed away from it. This positioning of spindles ensures that one cell of each dividing pair retains all previously formed canals, while the other receives none. The two cells that eventually come to contain the maximum number of canals and fusomal material are the ones that differentiate as pro-oocytes, while the others become nurse cells. The orientation of each spindle suggests that the polyfusome formed at one division determines the placement of the cytoskeletal fibers that anchor the spindles formed at the next division. There is a centripetal gathering together of new canals following each cycle of cystocyte division, which is thought to result from the subsequent contraction of the polyfusomal system. Females homozygous for the otu1 mutation are characterized by ovarian tumors, which result when germarial cystocytes undergo supernumerary divisions and fail to differentiate into either nurse cells or oocytes. An analysis of electron micrographs taken of serially sectioned, mutant germaria showed that most germ cells were single or belonged to clusters of two or three interconnected cells. Therefore otu1 cystocytes are unable to undergo a sustained series of arrested cleavages. These cystocytes contain fusomal material that shows ultrastructural differences from normal polyfusomes. We conclude: (1) that a normal polyfusomal system is a necessary prerequisite for the production of a branched chain of cystocytes and for their subsequent differentiation into pro-oocytes and nurse cells; and (2) that a product encoded by the otu+ gene is essential for the construction of a functional polyfusome.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100203
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    Masthead (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100301
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  • 22
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    Introduction (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 123-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100302
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  • 23
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    A genetic switch, based on negative regulation, sharpens stripes in Drosophila embryos (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 124-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Cell determination in Drosophila ; Pair-rule gene expression ; Negative transcription control ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The pair-rule genes hairy, runt, even-skipped, and fushi tarazu express their mRNAs and proteins in striped patterns in the Drosophila embryo at the blastoderm stage. Previous studies have shown that the generation of these patterns depends upon products of the gap genes and upon interactions between the pair-rule genes themselves. Here we show that blocking protein synthesis induces expression of each of the pair-rule mRNAs in virtually all regions of the embryo. Our observations together with genetic studies carried out in other laboratories suggest that negative feedback between the pair-rule genes plays a key role in striped expression of pair-rule genes. We propose that stable proteins, present in all regions of the embryo, first activate transcription ofthese pair-rule genes constitutively. Then, various combinations of unstable proteins repress their transcription in a patterned fashion; each stripe of accumulated products of a given pair-rule gene marks a region where it was not repressed. We develop this idea in mathematical form and demonstrate that a network of mutual repression by pair-rule genes can make each blastoderm nucleus into a genetic switch with two stable states. If preexisting gap gene patterns provide initial bias to the blastoderm nuclei, then the “bistable switch behavior” of the nuclei can refine an initially weak spatial bias into a final pattern of sharp stripes.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100303
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  • 24
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    Molecular genetics of transformer, a genetic switch controlling sexual differentiation in Drosophila (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 143-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Alternative splicing ; Drosophila development ; Sex determination ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The transformer gene is one of a set of regulatory genes that form the hierarchy controlling all aspects of somatic sexual differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster. The gene transformer occupies an intermediate position in this hierarchy. Analysis of this gene has allowed us to determine the mechanism by which it is regulated in a sex-specific manner and to examine the way in which the regulatory hierarchy is organized. The female-specific expression of the tra gene, previously inferred from genetic observations, is bused on sex-specific alternative splicing of tra pre-mRNA and is not the result of sex-specific transcriptional activation. The female-specific RNA produced by this alternative splicing is the functional mediator of tra activity. Multiple genetic, molecular, and transformation experiments show that female-specific activation of genes or gene products occurs in the order Sex lethal 〉 transformer 〉 transformer-2 〉 doublesex · intersex 〉 female differentiation. The results do not distinguish the level at which transformer might regulate the downstream gene transformer-2. Neither transformer nor any of the downstream genes feedback on, or participate in, alternative splicing of transformer RNA. The mechanism by which Sex lethal regulates transformer splicing appears to be a repression of the use of one of a pair of splice acceptor sites.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100304
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    Histochemical analysis of extracellular matrix material in embryonic trisomy 1 mouse eye (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Robertsonian translocation chromosomes ; Lens ; Optic cup ; Triplication of chromosomes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Trisomic animals produced from mice doubly heterozygous for Robertsonian translocation chromosomes [Rb(1.3)/Rb(1.10)] consistently show eye defects (e.g., aphakia, micro-phakia, and retention of lens stalk). To determine if changes in distribution or composition of extracellular matrix material may be a factor in development of these defects, eye structures of tnsomy (ts) 1 embryos and normal littermates were studied his-tochemically using the following methods: Alcian blue 8GX, pH 2.5; periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue/PAS combined; high-iron diamine (HID); and HID/Alcian blue combined. Eye development was divided into stages to account for the known delay in ts 1 mouse development.Differences were found in staining patterns as early as stage 1. In later stages, the most consistent difference was an increased period of contact between lens and optic cup due to retardation of interface matrix dissolution between these rudiments in ts 1 embryos. Eyes in which this occurred had abnormally shaped lenses. Overall, the ts 1 optic cup appeared to have fewer staining abnormalities and dysmorphology than did the lens or interface matrix.Triplication of a chromosome may indirectly alter temporal and spatial organization of extracellular matrix through action on cells responsible for the production of this material. Possible mechanisms of action are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100402
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    5-Azacytidine-induced tumorous transformation and DNA hypomethylation in Nicotiana tissue cultures (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 298-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: 5-Azacytidine ; DNA methylation ; Plant tumorogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The phenomenon of habituotion is considered in plant tissue cultures to be a real process of chemical tumorogenesis: the cultures acquire the capacity of autonomous growth in a hormone-free medium under the influence of a variety of chemical and physical agents. Treatments with 5-azacytidine (AzaC) of in vitro cultured cells of the Nicotiana glauca × N. langsdorffii nontumorous hybrid (NNT)during the culture cycle led to the induction of a habituated phenotype. The repetitive DNA sequences showed a significant lower level of endogenous methylation in the treated cells in comparison with the normal ones. It is worth noting that it was impossible until now to habituate this strain by conventional methods and that the treatments were effective only in the first 5 days of subculturing; various evidence (cytological and biochemical) pointed out a phenomenon of DNA amplification, occurring in the same period. Moreover, analysis of DNA from control and treated cells shows the induction of variations in the endogenous methylation pattern by AzaC in a critical period of cell culture. These results suggest that demethylation can act as a switch from hormone-dependent to autonomous proliferation by activation of genes coding for or regulating the synthesis of growth factors.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100404
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  • 27
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    Differential expression of the maize catalase genes during kernel development: The role of steady-state mRNA levels (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 304-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Maize ; Catalase ; Kernel ; Gene expression ; mRNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In maize three isozymic forms of catalase, CAT-1, CAT-2, and CAT-3 are encoded by three distinct and unlinked structural genes (Catl, Cat2, and Cat3). Catalase activity profiles and zymogram analysis were used to examine the spatial and temporal expression of the three genes during kernel maturation. Three developmental stages of catalase expression were observed in the growing kernel. During stage 1 (6-12 days after pollination), both Catl and Cat3 were expressed; during stage 2 (15-18 days after pollination) only Cat1 expression was observed; and during stage 3 (21-30 days after pollination), Cat1 and Cat2 were expressed. The major constituent tissues of the kernel were examined to determine their contribution to total kernel catalase expression. Each of the tissues was found to have a unique pattern of catalase gene expression. RNA blot analysis, using catalase gene-specific nucleic acid probes, suggests that the differential expression of the three catalase genes observed in the kernel is regulated by controlling the distribution of steady-state mRNA species for the three genes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100405
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    Connexin32, a gap junction protein, is a persistent oogenetic product through preimplantation development of the mouse (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 318-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Mouse embryos ; Gap junctions ; Connexin43 ; mRNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Gap junctions appear de novo during compaction in the eight-cell stage of mouse development. This is a critical event in the life of the embryo, because gap junctional intercellular communication is an essential requirement for maintaining compaction and, hence, for development of the blastocyst. Recently, a family of genes encoding gap junction proteins (connexins) has been identified and cloned, and we have taken advantage of the availability of antibodies and cDNA probes to investigate the expression of these genes in early development. We found that a protein with antigenic and size similarity to the “liver” gap junction protein, connexin32, is present throughout preimplantation development from the zygote through the late morula. Connexin32 mRNA, however, could not be detected in any preimplantation stage. This, and the presence of connexin32 in zygotes before activation of embryonic transcription, leads us to conclude that this protein is inherited as an oogenetic product that persists well beyond the transition from the oogenetic to embryonic program of gene expression. Furthermore, we found that mRNA for another gap junction protein, connexin43, is fairly abundant in preimplantation embryos. We conclude that it is more likely connexin43, and not connexin32, that is used to assemble new connexons as the level of intercellular coupling increases after compaction.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100407
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  • 29
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    Hemin increases production of β-like globin RNA transcripts in human erythroleukemia K-562 cells (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 311-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: β-globin ; Human erythroleukemia cells ; RNA transcripts ; K562 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Previous studies have indicated that control and hemin-treated human eryth-roleukemia K-562 cells fail to produce adult-type β-globin mRNA transcripts and to translate them into nascent β-globin chains. Expression of the β-globin DNA sequences in K-562 cells can occur, however, under certain conditions. To readdress this issue and to examine the possibility of whether these cells produce immature and untranslatable β-globin RNA transcripts, we prepared total cyto-plasmic RNA from control and inducer-treated cells and performed Northern blot hybridization analysis using 5′ end-labeled fragments of the human β-globin DNA rather than 3′ end fragments as probes. Although hybridization of both cytoplasmic and nuclear K-562 RNA with a32P-labeled 3′ end fragment (1.6kb Bam H1 cut) coding for a large part of the first exon of β-globin failed to detect β-globin RNA transcripts, hybridization with a 5′ end 32P-labeled 2.0kb Bam H1 fragment (coding for the third exon and part of the second) revealed the presence of relatively small (〈7S) RNA molecules both in nuclear and cytoplasmic fraction. S1 nuclease mapping of both cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA with the use of 5′ end-labeled 2.0 kb Bam H1 fragment of human β-globin DNA indicated protection of a small portion located 64bp 5′ upstream from the Bam H1 site of the second exon. The amount of protected portion was relatively higher in K-562 cells undergoing erythroid maturation. These findings suggest that control and differentiating K-562 cells synthesize β-globin-like RNA transcripts that are 3′ end short, immature, and unable to give rise to adult β-globin chains. These results also indicate that K-562 cells may lack factors that are unique for transcription and processing of the human β-globin RNA transcripts.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100406
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    Heat-shock proteins during pollen development in maize (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 324-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Heat-shock proteins ; Pollen ; Development ; Maize ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In contrast to sporophytic tissues, mature pollen of higher plants does not synthesize the typical set of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in response to a marked temperature upshift. Immature grains, however, seem able to do so, at least partially. We investigated the characteristics of HSP synthesis throughout the male gametophytic phase in maize and compared gametophytic and sporophytic heat-shock responses. One-dimensional Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis technique (SDS-PAGE) of newly synthesized proteins revealed that immature pollen synthesizes HSPs, some of which are not induced in sporophytic tissues. The heat-shock response appeared to be related to microgametophytic developmental stages. The strongest response was found in uninucleate microspores: at this stage, in addition to the sporophytic 102, 84, 72, and 18 kD HSPs, three other polypeptides of 74, 56, and 46 kD were observed. In the binucleate and trinucleate stages, only a reduced synthesis of few HSPs could be induced, and differences between genotypes were observed. In germinating pollen, HSP synthesis was not induced under a voriety of heat-stress conditions; however, the consti-tutive synthesis of two polypeptides of the same molecular weight, 72 and 64 kD, as two HSPs was observed. The biological significance of these results is discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100408
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    Stage-specific gene expression in early chick embryo (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 333-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Cell migration ; Aphidicolin ; Blastula-Gastrula ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Inhibition of DNA replication by aphidicolin in the chick morula interferes with its progression to a normal blastula and prevents induction of the first morphogenetic cell movements of primitive streak formation. Embryos in aphidicolin synthesize some polypeptides typical of blastula but do not display all the characteristic features of morula to blastula transition. Inhibition of DNA replication inteferes with the sequential synthesis of maternally coded polypeptides and with the activation of the embryonic genome in the chick embryo.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100409
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  • 32
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    Erratum (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 345-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100411
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    Announcement (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 347-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100412
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    Masthead (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100501
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  • 35
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    Regulation of catalase-specific mRNA and its processing during development in mice (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 339-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Delayed processing ; Splicing ; Transcription ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This study deals with the pattern of developmental expression of the catalase gene in mice. We have used a mouse catalase 2 kb cDNA (pMCT-1) and its 1.4 kb 5′ fragment as probes to characterize the transcripts during embryonic development and differentiation. Total RNA was isolated from 8 days postconceptus (p.c.) whole embryos and from livers and carcasses of 13, 15, and 18 day p.c. embryos as well as from the livers of newborn and adult mice of the S.W. strain. The RNA was applied on slot blots, and run on agarose gels to generate northern blots. Blots were hybridized with the 32P-labeled cDNA probe under different stringency conditions. Autoradiograms were scanned with a densitometer to quantify relative hybridization signals of RNA samples obtained from two or three individual mice representing each stage of development.The catalase transcript is detectable as early as 8 days p.c. with the beginning of somite formation. At this stage, it is primarily in the form of a 12.2 kb transcript. One additional band (2.4 kb) is also apparent at this stage although at a very low intensity. The intensity of the two bands increases with development, particularly during 13-18 days p.c. in liver and carcass. The 2.4 kb RNA band increases sharply from day 8 through 13, 15, and 18 days p.c. and is confined primarily to the liver. Interestingly, only the 2.4 kb RNA band is seen at and after birth. The 2.4 kb RNA is the known mature message of the catalase gene in mice. The presence of large catalase-specific RNA species (seen during development in utero only) is interpreted as the primary transcript of this gene. The complete and efficient processing of this primary transcript takes place only after birth and primarily in the liver, which may be related to the physiological role of this enzyme in oxygen metabolism, particularly stressful superoxides, expected with independent respiration. At a lower stringency wash of the northern blots, a 9.5 kb RNA was seen during a narrow window of in utero development. This 9.5 kb band may represent an uncharacterized catalase-related gene with a possible role in development and differentiation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100410
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    Expression of a methotrexate resistant dihydrofolate reductase gene in transgenic mice (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 349-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: SV40 promoter ; Expression vector ; Drug resistance ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have previously demonstrated systemic resistance to methotrexate (MTX) in transgenic mice carrying a foreign, mutant dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR, E.C. 1.5.1.3) gene. The new gene was introduced as a cDNA cloned into an expression vector driven by the simian virus 40 (SV40) early promoter. Previous physiologic studies suggested that transgenic mice tolerated drug doses invariably lethal to controls on the basis of gastrointestinal (GI) resistance to MTX. In the present study we evaluated foreign gene expression at the RNA level in the three major sites of MTX toxicity: intestine, liver, and bone marrow.The transgene was transcriptionally active in small bowel, and levels of expression were high in animals tolerating the largest doses of MTX. The gene was also expressed in the liver in some pedigrees, but was not detected in hemopoietic tissues of any of the pedigrees tested. Our studies correlate the site of expression of a drug resistant dhfr gene with an altered physiologic response to MTX, and demonstrate that transgenic mice can be used as a test system for expression of genes considered for use in somatic gene therapy.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100502
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    Hyperinsulinemia in transgenic mice carrying multiple copies of the human insulin gene (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 356-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Glucose intolerance ; Insulin resistance ; Diabetes mellitus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We are investigating human insulin gene expression in transgenic mice. An 8.8 kilobase (kb) human genomic DNA fragment, including the insulin gene (1.4 kb) and 2 kb of 5′ human flanking sequences, was introduced into mouse embryos by pronuclear microinjection. Two lines of transgenic mice have been established, both of which carry the intact human gene in multiple copies. Animals from both lines have significantly higher insulin levels than control mice, and the degree of hyperinsulinemia shows a positive correlation with human gene copy number in the two lines. Expression of the human gene is confirmed by the detection of human C-peptide in plasma. Tissue specificity of expression is maintained, with human insulin mRNA detectable only in the pancreas. The transgenics maintain normal fasting blood glucose in spite of their high insulin levels, but preliminary studies show them to be glucose intolerant when given a glucose load. These mice provide a model system for further studies on the regulation of insulin gene expression and on the effects of chronic hyperinsulinemia on glucose homeostasis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100503
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    Masthead (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100601
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    Introduction (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 411-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100602
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  • 40
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    Stepwise aggregation, compaction, and differentiation of uncompacted F9 cells (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 402-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: F9 ECC ; Aggregates ; Embryoid bodies ; Endoderm ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To study the relationship between compaction and differentiation in aggregates of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells, a subline was developed which grows mostly uncompacted in monolayer culture in medium containing a low concentration of calcium (about 0.05 mM). When these cells were trypsinized and cultured in suspension in the same medium, they formed loose, open aggregates, which failed to differentiate into embryoid bodies after exposure to 10 nM retinoic acid, confirming the requirement of compaction for differentiation. If, after culture for 3 days, the uncompacted F9 aggregates were exposed to additional calcium (4 mM), all compacted within an hour. The number of days necessary for aggregates to acquire this ability to compact rapidly was reduced if the monolayer of cells from which the aggregates were derived had been exposed to additional calcium to cause compaction for several days prior to trypsinization and aggregation. Next, treatment of the compacted F9 aggregates with 10 nM retinoic acid was followed by differentiation into embryoid bodies. The number of days required for this was also reduced if the aggregates were formed from previously compacted cells, presumably because compaction of the aggregates occured sooner.The acceleration in compaction and differentiation in aggregates formed from previously compacted cells suggests that some of the proteins important for compaction, which are synthesized in a monolayer of compacted cells, persist through trypsinization and are carried over from monolayer to aggregates. Alternatively, an inhibitor of compaction is decreased in the compacted monolayer. Thus, the process of compaction in its entirety, including its relationship to subsequent differentiation, cannot be studied in aggregates formed from F9 cells grown as usual in the compacted state in monolayer culture. This work provides an alternative system in which aggregation, compaction, and differentiation of F9 cells can be made to occur in stepwise fashion and can be examined separately.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100508
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    Application of various population methods to some oxygenated compounds (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 514-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The charge on oxygen for a series of compounds was obtained using Mulliken population, natural population analysis (NPA), integrated projected electron population (IPP) analysis, and Bader's topological density analysis, “integrated Bader populations” (IBP). The orbital-based methods (Mulliken and NPA) predict oxygen charges of about -0.6 whereas the spatial-based methods (IPP and IBP) predict charges of about - 1.2 to - 1.3. The differences are ascribed primarily to the nuclear-centered basis sets used in the orbital methods that minimize local atomic polarization effects. Accordingly, such population analyses should be used for electronic structure considerations only with due circumspection. The IPP method as an approximation to IBP shows gross similarities; small but significant differences vary in a nonsystematic manner and IPP values must also be used with care.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100409
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    An ab initio distributed multipole study of the electrostatic potential around an undecapeptide cyclosporin derivative and a comparison with point charge electrostatic models (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 552-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: An SCF calculation has been performed on C63H113N11O12, a derivative of the immuno-suppressive drug cyclosporin, using a 3-21G basis set and a Direct SCF method. A distributed multipole analysis has been performed on the resulting charge density to give a set of multipoles at each atomic site, which are used to calculate the electrostatic potential around the molecule. The potential maxima and minima on the accessible surface of the molecule are compared with those predicted using the corresponding Mulliken charges, and also using a potential-derived point-charge model based on the force-field of Kollman et al. The Mulliken charges give a misleading picture of the electrostatic potential around this peptide. The potential-derived charges give results which are in far better agreement with the ab initio distributed multipole model, despite being derived from calculations on smaller molecules with different basis sets and geometries. The limitations of point-charge models for describing the electrostatic interactions of polypeptides are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100412
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  • 43
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    Evaluation of the dispersion contribution to the solvation energy. A simple computational model in the continuum approximation (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 616-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: We present a simple computational method for the evaluation of solute-solvent dispersion energy contributions in dilute isotropic solutions, supplementing the method with an analysis of its sensitivity with respect to several parameters (or features of the solvation model) which are left free in the general formulation. The method is a natural complement of the electrostatic solvation procedure described in preceding articles.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100504
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  • 44
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    Locally dense basis sets for chemical shift calculations (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 648-659 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Calculations of chemical shifts have been carried out using “locally dense” basis sets for the resonant atom of interest, and smaller, attenuated sets on other atoms in the molecule. For carbon, calculations involving a 6-311G(d) triply split valence set with polarization on the resonant atom and 3-21G atomic bases on other heavy atoms result in good agreement with experiment, and are virtually identical to those found employing the larger basis on all atoms. For species such as nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine where standard balanced basis sets do not agree well with experiment, use of attenuated sets fail as well. The use of locally dense basis sets permits calculations previously impractical, and the successful application to carbon suggests that the chemical shift is most dependent on the local basis set, and less so on whether or not a balanced or unbalanced calculation is being carried out.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100507
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  • 45
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    A molecular mechanics (MM2) study of Furan, Thiophene, and related compounds (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 635-647 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The molecular mechanics calculations reported earlier for nitrogen heterocycles have now been extended to include the title compounds, and related molecules. It is in general possible to calculate these structures with an accuracy that compares favorably with experiment.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100506
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    Announcement (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 748-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100515
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  • 47
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    Pattern recognition in the prediction of protein structure. II. Chain conformation from a probability-directed search procedure (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 798-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A procedure that finds the most probable conformational states of a protein chain is described. Single-residue conformations are represented in terms of four conformational states, α, ∊, α*, and ∊*. The conformation of the entire chain is represented by a sequence of single-residue conformational states; the distinct conformations in this representation are called “chain-states.” The first article in this series described a procedure that computes tripeptide conformational probabilities from the amino acid sequence using pattern recognition techniques. The procedure described in this article uses the tripeptide probabilities to estimate the probabilities of the chain-states. The chain-state probability estimator is a product of conditional and marginal probabilities (obtained from the tripeptide probabilities), with a penalty factor to eliminate conformations containing α-helices and ∊-strands of excessive length. The probability estimator considers short-range conformational information, medium-range sequence information and some simple long-range information (through the restrictions on helix and strand lengths). Energy minimization calculations can be carried out in the region of conformational space corresponding to a particular chain-state. By selecting the most probable chain-states, the search can be focused on the most probable, or “important,” regions of the conformational space. These energy calculations are described in the third article of the series. The complete procedure described by the three articles is called PRISM, for pattern recognition-based importance sampling minimization.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100604
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  • 48
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    Pattern recognition in the prediction of protein structure. III. An importance-sampling minimization procedure (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 817-831 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A procedure that generates random conformations of a protein chain, and then applies energy minimization to find the structure of lowest energy, is described. Single-residue conformations are represented in terms of four conformational states, α, ∊, α*, and ∊*. Each state corresponds to a rectangular region in the φ, ψ map. The conformation of an entire chain is then represented by a sequence of single-residue conformational states. The distinct “chain-states” in this representation correspond to multidimensional rectangular regions in the conformational space of the whole protein. A set of highly-probable chain-states can be predicted from the amino acid sequence using the pattern recognition procedure developed in the first two articles of this series. The importance-sampling minimization procedure of the present article is then used to explore the regions of conformational space corresponding to each of these chain-states. The importance-sampling procedure generates a number of random conformations within a particular multidimensional rectangular region, sampling most densely from the most probable, or “important,” sections of the φ, ψ map. All values of φ and ψ are allowed, but the less-probable values are sampled less often. To achieve this, the random values of φ and Φ are generated from bivariate gaussian distributions that are determined from known X-ray structures. Separate gaussian distributions are used for proline residues in the α and ∊ states, for glycine residues in the α, ∊, α*, and ∊* states, and for ordinary residues involved in 29 different tripeptide conformations. Energy minimization is then applied to the randomly-generated structures to optimize interactions and to improve packing. The final energy values are used to select the best structures. The importance-sampling minimization procedure is tested on the avian pancreatic polypeptide, using chain-states predicted from the amino acid sequence. The conformation having the lowest energy is very similar to the X-ray conformation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100605
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    Analytical energy derivatives and normal modes in force fields employing lone-pair pseudoatoms (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 856-860 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Formulas are derived for analytical first and second energy derivatives with respect to nuclear coordinates in molecular mechanics force fields employing lone-pair pseudoatoms. These derivatives may further be used for the calculation of normal modes and vibrational frequencies while properly accounting for the presence of pseudoatoms. The equations are applied using the MM2 force field to calculate the vibrational spectrum of methanol to illustrate the applicability of the method. The results are compared to both experiment and a numerical approximation in which small masses are assigned to the lone-pair pseudoatoms.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100608
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  • 50
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    Steric effects on reaction rates. XI. Solvolysis of tertiary carbon substrates rationalized by molecular mechanics calculations (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 863-868 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The steric energy difference (ΔEst) between tertiary carbenium ions (R+) and the corresponding alcohols has been calculated by MM2 for a series of tertiary nonbridgehead substrates and correlated with their rate of solvolytic reactivity. Satisfactory correlation is obtained, except for p-nitrobenzoates of highly congested substrates. The slope and intercept of the correlations remain almost unchanged if bridge-head substrates are included in the plot. However, the quality of the fit is better for bridgehead substrates alone.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100702
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    Contraction of the well-tempered Gaussian basis sets: The first-row diatomic molecules (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 753-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The well-tempered Gaussian basis sets (14s 10p) for atoms from lithium to neon were contracted and used in restricted Hartree-Fock calculations on 13 systems: Li2(Σ), B2(Σ), C2(Σ), N2(Σ), O2(Σ), F2(Σ), Ne2(Σ), LiF(Σ), BeO(Σ), BF(Σ), CN-(Σ), CO(Σ), and NO+(Σ). Spectroscopic constants (Re, ωe, ωexe, Be, αe, and ke) and one-electron properties (dipole, quadrupole, and octupole moments at the center of mass and electric field, electric field gradient, potential, and electron density at the nuclei) were evaluated and compared with the Hartree-Fock results. The largest contracted basis set (7s6p3d) gives results very close to the Hartree-Fock values; the remaining differences are attributed to the absence of the f functions in the present basis sets. For Ne2, the interaction energy was calculated; the magnitude of the basis-set superposition error was found to be very small (less than 3 μEh at 2.8 a0 and less than 2 μEh at 5.0 a0).
    Additional Material: 29 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100602
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    Chlorosilanes: Development and application of MM2 force field parameters (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 832-849 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The geometries, relative conformational energies, and dipole moments of mono and polychlorosilanes have been calculated using ab initio molecular orbital (MO) theory. Calculations at the HF/3-21G(*) level, with the exception of dipole moments, give reasonable agreement with experimental data. A new MM2 force field for chlorosilanes, which includes terms for bond length shortening and bond angle compression due to the attachment of electronegative Cl atoms, has been developed on the basis of experimental and ab initio results. The new force field is generally successful in predicting structural parameters, but is unable to reproduce the dipole moments of several model systems. While dipole moment predictions are not the authors' main interest, this failure defines a shortcoming in the MM2 method. The new parameters have been applied to problems in the prediction of stereochemistries of cyclic systems, and compared with experimental results where data are available.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100606
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    Polypentapeptide of elastin: Damping of internal chain dynamics on extension (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 850-855 
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    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Molecular dynamics simulations out to 100 ps have been carried out at 300 K in vacuo on the repeating pentapeptide, (VPGVG), of the elastin fiber. The structure employed in the simulation is a β-spiral (helical structure) with 2.7 pentamers per turn and with a 9.45 Å rise per turn and 21.6 Å rise per turn in the relaxed and extended states, respectively. Large amplitude backbone torsion angle fluctuations are observed in the relaxed state, and significant damping is observed upon extension, particularly in the suspended segments of the β-spiral structure. Accordingly the entropy change an extension was computed and found to be a substantial -1.1 entropy units per residue. The various energy components are compared for relaxed and extended states and the relevance of the results to the molecular mechanism of entropic elasticity is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100607
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    A concept of charge and valence for ab initio wave functions (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 965-974 
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    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A modified scheme of a previously developed concept of atomic valence numbers in molecules is presented. The relation to population analysis is demonstrated. The scheme is suitable for ab initio wave functions with extended basis sets. The procedure involved a combination of symmetric orthogonalization and contraction of the basis set. The method is used for a systematic investigation of a series of compounds with first-row atoms from Li to F. The predicted atomic charges and valence numbers are in line with results from infrared spectroscopy and multipole moment analysis.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100802
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    Stationary points on the potential energy surface of O2-HF and O2-H2O (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 55-62 
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    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The determination of minima and saddle points on the potential energy surfaces of the hydrogen bonded species O2-HF and O2-H2O is performed with unrestricted Hartree-Fock calculations. Geometries, electron density distributions, and relative energies for every stationary point are reported. Only one true minimum is found for O2-HF and for O2-H2O, and this approximately corresponds to a structure where the partially positive hydrogen atom is located along one of the superoxide ion electron lone-pair directions. Calculated ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG values for the reaction between O2- and H2O are in good agreement with experimental data.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100106
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    Deorthogonalization of atomic originals in the CNDO approach (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 17-34 
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    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The procedure for deorthogonalization (D) of atomic orbitals in the semiempirical CNDO approach is reviewed. For comparative studies, CNDO/2, CNDO/2D, and STO-3G calculations of molecular dipole moments and Mulliken populations are carried out on 35 prototype molecules containing H, C, N, O, and F atoms. The calculated values are assessed on the basis of how well they agree with experimental trends, chemical bonding theories, and ab initio molecular orbital (MO) values. Results of analyses indicate that the CNDO/2D values for dipole moments are in reasonable agreement with experimental values, and those for net atomic charges and electron populations bear greater resemblance to the ab initio (STO-3G and 6-31G**) values than the original CNDO/2 values. These findings, together with those of previous investigators, demonstrate unequivocally the advantages of incorporating deorthogonalization into routine CNDO/2 or INDO calculations as a means to obtain reasonable estimates of charge distributions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100104
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    First and second derivative matrix elements for the stretching, bending, and torsional energy (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 63-76 
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    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Matrix elements for the first and second derivatives of the internal coordinates with respect to Cartesian coordinates are reported for stretching, linear, nonlinear, and out-of-plane bending and torsional motion. Derivatives of the energy with respect to the Cartesian coordinates are calculated with the chain rule. Derivatives of the energy with respect to the internal coordinates are straightforward, but the calculation of the derivatives of the internal coordinates with respect to the Cartesian coordinates can be simplified by the following two steps outlined in this article. First, the number of terms in the analytical functions can be reduced or will vanish when the derivatives of the bond length, bond angle, and torsion angle are reported in a local coordinate system in which one bond lies on an axis and an adjacent bond lies in the plane of two axes or is projected onto perpendicular planes for linear and out-of-plane bending motion. Second, a simple rotation transforms these derivatives to the appropriate orientation in the space-fixed molecular coordinate system. Functions of the internal coordinates are invariant with respect to translation and rotation. The translational invariance and the symmetry of the second derivatives for a system with L atoms are used to select L-1- and L(L-1)/2-independent first and second derivatives, respectively, of which approximately half of the latter vanish in the local coordinate system. The rotational invariance permits the transformation of the simplified derivatives in the local coordinate system to any orientation in space. The approach outlined in this article simplifies the formulas by expressing them in a local coordinate system, identifies the most convenient independent elements to compute, from which the dependent ones are calculated, and defines a transformation to the space-fixed molecular coordinate system.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100107
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    Continuum radial dielectric functions for ion and dipole solution systems (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 77-93 
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    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Radial dielectric constant (permittivity) functions for ionic solute, polar solvent systems of the type obtainable from the Lorentz-Debye continuum field formulations are reexamined. Major interest is focused on the assumptions underlying these formulations and their expression in limiting field behavior. The analysis is extended to dipolar solutes and the importance of two types of corrections are evaluated. The first draws connections with the concept of the reaction field as employed by Onsager. This correction is shown to be significant as regards range of predicted saturation effects and for dipole moment self-consistency, for the same type molecule serving as solute and solvent. The second type correction involves the phenomenon of electrostriction whose effects appear much more limited both in range and on the intensity of the fields necessary for its observation. Application of the permittivity functions developed to compute modified Born model hydration energies for a variety of ions is illustrated. Excellent asymptotic approximations for all radial permittivity equations of interest are also presented which should enhance their future utility.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100108
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    Correlation analysis of substituent effects on the acidity of benzoic acids by the AM1 method (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 94-98 
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    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Theoretical analysis of the electronic effect of aromatic substituents was done with the use of the AM1 computational procedure. The gas-phase acidity of substituted benzoic acids was linear with the difference in the heat of formation between corresponding benzoic acids and benzoate anions, the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital, and the net charge on the acidic oxygen atoms of the corresponding benzoate anions. The Hammett σ constant was linearly correlated with the net charge on the atoms of the acid moiety of substituted benzoic acids. The AM1 computational procedure satisfactorily reproduced the electronic properties of a wide variety of substituents.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100109
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    Simple alkyldisilanes: MM2 and ab initio studies of their structures and barriers to rotation (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 99-103 
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    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: For a series of simple alkyldisilanes, 3-21G (*) full gradient geometry optimizations have been performed to yield both structural and conformational energy data which was suitable for calibrating the MM2 force field for disilanes. We have examined several model structures which yielded sufficient information about the rotational potential around the Si-Si bond to enable us to revise and augment those reported by Frierson. These parameters were questioned by us in the course of MM2 studies of 1,2-disilacyclobutanes. We report new Si-Si torsion parameters as well as pertinent structural data from 3-21G(*) geometry optimizations and relative conformational energies derived from Møller-Plesset (MP2/MP3) calculations at the 6-31(*)/3-21G(*) level. The new parameters were applied to the 1,2-dimethyl-1,2-disilacyclohexane system and those results are also reported.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Improvements on the direct SCF method (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 104-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Three improvements on the direct self-consistent field method are proposed and tested which together increase CPU-efficiency by about 50%: (i) selective storage of costly integral batches; (ii) improved integral bond for prescreening; (iii) decomposition of the current density matrix into a linear combination of previous density matrices - for which the two-electron contributions to the Fock matrix are available - and a remainder ΔD, which is minimized; construction of the current Fock matrix only requires processing of the small ΔD which enhances prescreening.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100111
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    Basis set selections for relativistic self-consistent field calculations (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 112-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Practical methods of generating reliable and economic basis sets for relativistic self-consistent fields (RSCF) calculations are developed. Large component basis sets are generated from constrained optimizations of exponents in the nonrelativistic atomic calculations for light atoms. For heavy atoms, large component basis sets for inner core orbitals are generated by fitting numerical atomic spinors of Dirac-Hartree-Fock calculations with appropriate number of Slater-type functions. Small component basis sets are obtained by using the kinetic balance condition and other computational criteria. With judicious selections of the basis sets, virtual orbitals in RSCF calculations become very similar to those in nonrelativistic calculations, implying that relativistic virtual orbitals can be used in electron correlation calculations in the same manner as the conventional nonrelativistic virtual orbitals. It is also evident that the Koopmans' theorem is also valid in RSCF results.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100112
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    Meeting announcement (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 137-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100115
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    Correction. Molecular mechanics parameters for organosilicon compounds calculated from ab initio computations (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 136-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100114
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    Forty years of quantum chemistry (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 138-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100116
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100201
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    The density integration approach to populations. A critical comparison of projection populations to populations defined by the theory of atoms in molecules (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 118-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The theory of atoms in molecules defines an unambiguous partitioning of the three-dimensional electron density into atomic basins based on the zero-flux surfaces of the gradient of the electron density, ∇(r). Integrations of the electron density within such basins yield integrated Bader populations (IBP) that have a rigorous foundation in quantum mechanics. In the density integration technique based on the two-dimensional electron density projection function, P(x,z), integrated projection populations (IPP) are obtained by integration within regions demarked by steepest descent lines Dp of P(x,z). These density integration techniques are compared by an analysis of the electron density of diatomic molecules that is based on the properties of the zero-flux surface that partitions the electron density between the atoms. The conventional method for the partitioning of regions of P(x,z) approximates the virial partitioning. Differences between IPP and IBP can be quantitatively described by two terms. One term reflects the error intrinsic to projection populations as a result of the loss of all information about the electron distribution in the third dimension in the calculation of P(x,z). The second term accounts for the effects of the displacement of the demarcation lines Dp toward the less polarizable atom compared with the cross-section of the density with the plane of projection, Dd. The analysis suggests the definition of a projection population IPP2 that is based on the cross-section Dd instead of the demarcation lines Dp. Relations between the populations IPP, IPP2, and IBP are derived for diatomic molecules and numerical results are presented for a series of diatomic molecules. Several polyatomic anions are also discussed. The values of IPP are found to be good approximations of IBP in highly polar diatomic molecules. In cases where the bonding involves comparatively little intramolecular charge transfer IPP2 is the better and equally satisfactory projection population. In the intermediate semipolar bonding situations projection populations provide qualitatively correct descriptions of the charge distributions but the numerical agreement with the IBP values is less satisfactory.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100113
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    The calculation of molar polarizabilities by the CNDO/2 method: Correlation with the hydrophobic parameter, log P (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Results of molecular orbital (MO) calculations by the complete neglect of differential overlap (CNDO/2) method on 50 small molecules are reported. The summation of calculated atomic polarizabilities are equated with molecular polarizabilities, and these are compared with experimentally determined values. It is found that there is very good agreement between calculated and experimental molecular polarizability. This provides a reliable method for the determination of molecular polarizabilities for compounds for which experimental values are not known. The relationship between log P and polarizability is discussed and analyzed in terms of contributions from electronic components to the partitioning energy.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100202
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    AM1 studies on the potential energy surface for the proton transfer in protonated water clusters, H+(H2O)n (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 163-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The potential energy surfaces for the proton transfer processes in H+(H2O)n with n=2 ∼ 11 have been studied using the semiempirical AM1 method. Two model systems were adopted: branched and linear systems. The branched system showed a tendency to form a bulk cluster, while the linear system showed a tendency toward a constant barrier height with increasing number of water molecules in the model system. The potential energy surfaces were discussed using Marcus theory. In the case of H+ (H2O)n with n=10 and 11, the intrinsic barrier to the proton transfer was found to be around 1.0 kcal/mol.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100204
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    Combined bond polarization function basis sets for accurate ab initio calculation of the dissociation energies of AHn molecules (A=LI to F) (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 152-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: An alternative route toward developing basis sets for post-Hartree-Fock calculations, the hybrid bond polarization function method, is investigated. Two new basis sets, denoted 6-31G(d, p)+ B and 6-31 + G(d,p)+B, are defined for the first-row hydrides. The dissociation energies of the first-row hydride species in their respective ground states are computed using full fourth-order Møller-Plesset theory, and compared with results obtained with large polarized basis sets containing no bond functions. It is shown that results are competitive even with basis sets as large as 6-311++G(3df,3pd), while computation times are reduced by a factor of 4 to 20. On empirical grounds, the basis set superposition error should be neglected entirely.
    Additional Material: 12 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100203
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    Extrapolation of the time-step bias in diffusion quantum Monte Carlo by a differential sampling technique (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 176-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A new method of eliminating the finite-time-step error inherent in diffusion quantum Monte Carlo is presented, utilizing an improved version of the existing differential techniques. An implementation is described and results of several small but representative calculations are discussed. The pertinent computation requirements on these systems were reduced by up to a factor of five by the new algorithm. It is speculated that this method may be easily applied to other quantum Monte Carlo and discretized path integral Monte Carlo techniques having related finite step-size errors with a possibility of obtaining similar good results.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100205
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    Optimization of parameters for semiempirical methods I. Method (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 209-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A new method for obtaining optimized parameters for semiempirical methods has been developed and applied to the modified neglect of diatomic overlap (MNDO) method. The method uses derivatives of calculated values for properties with respect to adjustable parameters to obtain the optimized values of parameters. The large increase in speed is a result of using a simple series expression for calculated values of properties rather than employing full semiempirical calculations. With this optimization procedure, the rate-determining step for parameterizing elements changes from the mechanics of parameterization to the assembling of experimental reference data.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100208
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    Stochastic search for the conformations of bicyclic hydrocarbons (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The stochastic search method was used to seek all of the conformations for 32 bicyclic hydrocarbons. Since the size of the random kick used is sufficient to invert the configurations of carbon atoms, the out, out, in, out, and in, in conformations were all found in a single stochastic run for each hydrocarbon. The lowest energy conformer obtained in each category is reported. A modification of the program to prevent inversion of configuration was developed. It was found, in some cases, that in, in and out, out isomers for some bicyclic hydrocarbons were interconverted by this modified program, presumably through the “homeomorphic isomerization” process described by Park and Simmons. A statistical formula for estimating the approximate chances of finding (or missing) any conformer as a function of the number of random kicks given is derived and presented.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100207
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    Optimization of parameters for semiempirical methods II. Applications (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 221-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: MNDO/AM1-type parameters for twelve elements have been optimized using a newly developed method for optimizing parameters for semiempirical methods. With the new method, MNDO-PM3, the average difference between the predicted heats of formation and experimental values for 657 compounds is 7.8 kcal/mol, and for 106 hypervalent compounds, 13.6 kcal/mol. For MNDO the equivalent differences are 13.9 and 75.8 kcal/mol, while those for AM1, in which MNDO parameters are used for aluminum, phosphorus, and sulfur, are 12.7 and 83.1 kcal/mol, respectively. Average errors for ionization potentials, bond angles, and dipole moments are intermediate between those for MNDO and AM1, while errors in bond lengths are slightly reduced.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100209
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    Guanidinium-Type resonance stabilization and its biological implications. 2. The doubly-extended-guanidine series (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 186-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: π-Electron delocalization in neutral and protonated “doubly-extended-guanidine,” (H2N)2C=N—CH=N - CH=NH, has been studied by ab initio methods at the self-consistent field (SCF) STO-3G and 3-21G levels for a large number of tautomeric, rotameric, pseudocyclic, and monocyclic (disubstituted triazine) forms. These π systems have been characterized in terms of a number of structural and energetic parameters: degree of single/bond character from bond lengths and π bond orders, electron distributions, and tautomer, rotamer, and protonation energies. The acyclic neutral forms exhibit largely alternant single-double bond patterns as predicted by classical bonding structures but with, however, significant deviations due to conjugation. The acyclic protonated forms exhibit bond patterns consistent with resonance delocalized structures extending over the whole molecule (“doubly-extended guanidinium”) or part of the molecule (“extended-guanidinium”) or guanidinium . All systems showed alternant charge distributions with electron-deficient carbons. The energy results have been analyzed in terms of possible contributions from steric interactions, lone-pair repulsions, purportive electrostatic interactions in pseudocyclic forms, overall π-system conformation (extended, kinked, or folded), and specific through-space π-overlap interactions in some pseudocyclic forms. It was found that these other interactions usually dominate the specifically π effects so that the general concept of preferential π delocalization in straight lines does not hold for the acyclic systems. Some interesting examples of pseudocyclic forms exhibiting strongly stabilizing intramolecular interactions attributed to π through-space coupling are identified. These systems with incipient-ring characteristics present intermediate bonding models between the acyclic and closed-ring π systems. The extent of stabilization of the guanidinium-type cations by resonance delocalization in cyclic systems depended on whether it reinforced or interfered with the overall ring delocalization.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100206
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100301
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    Probing the anomeric effect. The diaminomethylene group: Calculations of N—C—N-containing molecular systems1 (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 265-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A study of systems containing the title moiety is described, with special reference to the anomeric effect. We have calculated ab initio, using Gaussian-80 with the 3-21G basis set, all basic conformations of methylene-diamine (H2N—CH2—NH2) and its N-methyl derivative with full geometry optimization of energy minima and barriers. The structural data thus obtained, were then employed to parameterize Allinger's MM2-80 force field in a procedure similar to that described for oxygen derivatives, including hydrogen-bonding effects and C—N bond shortening in tertiary amines. This modification, termed MM2-AE was then used to calculate larger molecules, including N,N′-di- and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-methylenediamine, various 1,3-diazane systems, and 1,4,5,8-tetraazadecalin derivatives of established (x-ray) structures. The results are discussed in light of their verificative and predictive power and appear to validate MM2-AE as a useful computational procedure.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100210
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    Atomic charge models for polypeptides derived from ab initio calculations (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 479-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Ab Initio charge distributions for amino acid dipeptides are derived utilizing two medium-sized basis sets. Peptide charges differ in two ways from those of existing force fields: the magnitude of the peptide dipole and the dependency on the residue type. The merging of charge distributions of side chain and backbone fragments within a semiclassical model including polarization is investigated. Polarization plays a small, but distinct role in improving the correspondence with ab initio data derived for the complete dipeptide. A description in terms of partly overlapping, interacting fragments correlates well with the ab initio data. The method can be used to derive the electrostatic properties of biological macromolecules by combining accurate descriptions of short range interactions (using good quality basis sets on not too small fragments) with good classical models of long range interactions (using multicenter multipole expansions and atomic polarizability tensors). Factors limiting the accuracy of the present representations are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100405
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    Monte Carlo simulations for the study of hemoglobin-fragment conformations (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 488-494 
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    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to study the conformations of the pentapeptide fragments of normal adult (Thr-Pro-Glu-Glu-Lys) and sickle-like anemia hemoglobin (Thr-Pro-Val-Glu-Lys). The results show that the energy optimized conformation of normal adult hemoglobin-fragment agrees with the X-ray experiment and the theoretically determined conformation of the sickle-like anemia hemoglobin-fragment is identical with the conformation of the normal adult hemoglobin-fragment.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100406
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    Yeast taxonomy (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. S339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050706
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    Plenary lectures (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. S505 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050709
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    Yeast biology (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. S303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050705
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050101
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    Calendar (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050102
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    Analysis of chromosomal DNA patterns of the genus Kluyveromyces (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; genome size ; orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis ; mitochondrial DNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using an improved procedure of pulsed field gel electrophoresis, yeast chromosomes were separated over a wide range of molecular size (250-4000 kbp) on single gels. The chromosomal DNA patterns of all the species belonging to the genus Kluyveromyces were examined. Within the species K. marxianus, the varieties lactis, drosophilarum and vanudenii showed closely related patterns; very different from them, the varieties bulgaricus and marxianus were related to each other, forming a distinct group; the strains commonly called ‘K. lactis’ and ‘K. fragilis’ were unambiguously different from each other in chromosome patterns. These differences were correlated with the presence of characteristic repetitive sequence elements in the mitochondrial DNA of the former group and not in the latter. Analysis of Candida macedoniensis, which had been considered to be an anamorph of K. marxianus var. marxianus, showed that these two yeast species were indeed similar in chromosome patterns and in mitochondrial DNA restriction patterns.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050103
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    Yeast KEX2 protease and mannosyltransferase I are localized to distinct compartments of the secretory pathway (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Secretion ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Golgi apparatus ; protein targetting ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The KEX2 protease (product of the KEX2 gene) functions late in the secretory pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cleaving the polypeptide chains of prepro-killer toxin and prepro-α-factor at paired basic amino acid residues. The intracellular vesicles containing KEX2 protease sedimented in density gradients to a position distinct from those containing mannosyltransferase I (product of the MNN1 gene), a marker enzyme for the Golgi complex. The recovery of intact compartments containing these enzymes approached 80% after sedimentation. We propose that the KEX2 protease and mannosyltransferase I reside within distinct compartments.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050105
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  • 87
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    Cloning and characterization of Baker's yeast α-glucosidase: Over-expression in a yeast strain devoid of vacuolar proteinases (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 11-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; α-glucosidase ; nucleotide sequence ; expression ; proteinase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two α-glucosidase (maltase) genes, designated GLUCPI and GLUCPII, have been cloned from an industrial strain of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by complementation of a maltase-negative mutant strain. The different genes were identified according to their alternatively expressed isoenzymes PI and PII in transformants after isoelectric focusing and activity staining in separated cell lysates. The gene encoding α-glucosidase PI (GLUCPI), which was not present in laboratory strains of S. carlsbergensis with a defined MAL1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 locus, was sequenced and compared with the recently published MAL6S gene. This comparison revealed single amino acid deviations at three positions in the predicted polypeptide sequence. In addition, the divergent promoter region of GLUCPI differed from MAL6S by a triple repeated 147-bp DNA segment. Maltose induction and glucose repression of α-glucosidase PI were not affected by the deletion of the repeated DNA segment. However, the absolute expression of α-glucosidase PI increased two- to four-fold. In addition, a two-fold increase in the maltase synthesis occurred when the cloned positive regulator gene MAL2-8cp was on the same plasmid. Furthermore, stability of the α-glucosidase in cultures in the stationary growth phase was greatly enhanced using a host strain lacking the proteinases A and B and the carboxypeptidases Y and S. Promoter trimming, MAL2-8cp stimulation and the use of a host strain deficient in four vacuolar proteinases resulted in α-glucosidase PI expression of about 13% of the soluble protein.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050104
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  • 88
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    Cloning and analysis of the Kluyveromyces lactis TRP1 gene: A chromosomal locus flanked by genes encoding inorganic pyrophosphatase and histone H3 (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 35-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: TRP1 ; histone H3 ; histone H4 ; pyrophosphatase ; Kluyveromyces ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The TRP1 gene of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis has been cloned from a genomic library by complementation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae trpl-289 mutation. The gene was located within the clone by transposon mutagenesis and the coding region identified by DNA sequencing. This has indicated that K. lactis TRP1 encodes a 210-amino acid polypeptide which shows 53% identity to the homologous S. cerevisiae protein. The K. lactis TRP1 gene has been disrupted by substituting the S. cerevisiae URA3 gene for a large part of the TRP1 coding sequence. Replacement of the chromosomal TRP1 locus with this construction has enabled the production of non-reverting trp1- strains of K. lactis, while a genetic analysis of the disrupted allele confirmed that the TRP1 gene had been cloned. DNA sequencing has also shown that the K. lactis TRP1 sequences is flanked by genes encoding inorganic pyrophosphatase and histone H3, which we have designated IPP and HHT1 respectively. Hybridization studies have shown that in common with S. cerevisiae, K. lactis has two copies of the histone H3 gene. Each H3 gene is closely linked to a gene encoding histone H4 and in both yeast species the IPP gene is tightly linked to one of the histone gene pairs.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050106
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  • 89
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    Extraction and rapid inactivation of proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by trichloroacetic acid precipitation (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 51-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; protein ; extract ; trichloroacetic acid ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Methods currently used for the extraction of proteins from yeast involve relatively long time periods between sampling cells from a culture and analysis of their proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-sodium dodecylsulphate. Often it is desirable to inactivate cellular metabolism rapidly after sampling and here we show that trichloroacetic acid precipitation techniques, often used for rapid extraction and inactivation of proteins from higher eukaryotes, can be adapted for use with organisms which have cell walls.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050107
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  • 90
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050201
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  • 91
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    Calender (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050202
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  • 92
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    Sequence and mutational analysis of ESS1, a gene essential for growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 55-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Gene disruption ; genetic mapping ; nonsense suppression ; multibudded phenotype ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A newly isolated gene, ESS1, was shown to encode a protein required for vegetative growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The nucleotide sequence of ESS1 revealed a 172 amino acid open reading frame predicting a highly basic, 19·5 kilodalton product. Although the gene was isolated by cross-hybridization with the vertebrate v-sis oncogene, the primary amino acid sequence bears only a slight resemblance to the p28sis protein. ESS1 was shown to be single copy in the yeast genome and transcriptionally active during logarithmic growth. It is located on the right arm of chromosome X, 6 centimorgans distal to ilv3. The genetic map location indicates it is not allelic to any previously characterized mutation in this organism. Both inactivation of ESS1 by gene disruption and overexpression by fusion to a heterologous promoter were detrimental to growth in both haploid and diploid cell types. Under non-permissive conditions, the terminal phenotype of strains containing a suppressible amber mutation within ESS1 was one of aberrant multibudded structures. Examination of this morphology indicates that loss of ESS1 function may lead to a defect in cytokinesis or cell separation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050108
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  • 93
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    Vanadate inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and H+ ATPase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: vandate ; mitochondria ; H+ ATPase ; S. cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of vandate on mitochondrial respiration and H+ ATPase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. A 50% inhibition of oxygen uptake in isolated mitochondria was produced by 4·4 mM-V2O5. Activity of H+ ATPase in whole mitochondria was inhibited by 50% by 5·5 μM-V2O5, in submitochondrial particles by 55 μM-V2O5; and in the chloroform-released H+ ATPase by 0·5 mM-V2O5. Vandate was also found to relieve growth inhibition caused by the mitochondrial H+ ATPase inhibitors NN′-decyclohexylcarbodiimide and oligomycin. These results imply that vanadate could affect mitochondrial respiration by interacting with the H+ ATPase in S. cerevisiae.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050109
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  • 94
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    Cloning of CDC33: A gene essential for growth and sporulation which does not interfere with cAMP production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 79-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: CDC33 ; cell division cycle ; cyclic AMP ; start gene ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The CDC33 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae belongs to the class II ‘START’ genes. Its product is required for the initiation of a new cell division cycle (Hartwell, 1974). Many results suggest that the cAMP signalling pathway is one of the major controlling elements of ‘START’. Components of this pathway are encoded by class II ‘START’ genes. The aim of the present study is to determine whether or not the CDC33 gene interferes with the cAMP signalling pathway. We report here the molecular cloning of the CDC33 gene by complementation of the cdc33-1 thermosensitive mutant. The identity of the cloned gene is confirmed by site-specific reintegration and segregation analysis. This gene is transcribed into a 900-nucleotides mRNA and appears to be relatively abundant in the cell. We also show that the CDC33 gene product is essential for sporulation. cdc33-1 mutant cells are able to enter into the resting state. The cAMP intracellular pool is not modified when the cdc33-1 mutant is shifted to the restrictive temperature. The cdc33-1 mutation is not suppressed by other known elements of the cAMP cascade. All these results suggest that the CDC33 ‘START’ gene does not interfere with the cAMP signalling pathway which controls cell division.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050203
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  • 95
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    Increase in gene expression by respiratory-deficient mutation (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; respiratory-deficient mutants ; increased gene expression ; mRNA level ; human lysozyme ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Respiratory-deficient mutants (rho- cells) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced about 10 times as much human(h-) lysozyme as did wild-type strains (rho+ cells) when the GAL10 promoter was used in an expression plasmid with the h-lysozyme gene. Introduction of intact mitochondria into the rho- cells resulted in a significant decrease in the production of h-lysozyme, indicating that the rho- mutation increased the expression of the h-lysozyme gene. The copy number of the expression plasmid was not responsible for the increased expression. The level of h-lysozyme mRNA in the rho- cells was also much higher than that in the rho+ cells especially at the stationary phase. The increased expression of the h-lysozyme gene was also observed when a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene promoter and the PHO5 promoter were used in the expression plasmid. The rho- mutation also increased the expression of the PHO5 gene under the control of the HIS5 promoter in a plasmid and the ACT1 gene in the yeast chromosome, but did not increase the expression of the ribosomal RNA gene. In contrast to the rho- mutants, pet mutants did not show higher gene expression compared with wild-type strains.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050204
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    Size distribution and general structural features of N-linked oligosaccharides from the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Pichia pastoris ; glycoproteins ; invertase ; oligosaccharides ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The secreted glycoproteins of Pichia pastoris contain more than 35% of their N-linked oligosaccharides as structures smaller than Man14GlcNAc2 (Man = mannose; GlcNAc = N-acetylglucosamine). On heterologous invertase produced in P. pastoris, approximately 85% of the oligosaccharides are in the size range Man8-14GlcNAc2. The structures appear to contain α-linked mannose. In addition, one-third of the structures contain net negative charge and can be radio-labelled in vivo with 32P. The largest oligosaccharides isolated from P. pastoris are significantly shorter than the hypermannosylated structures typical of S. cerevisiae, indicating that the factors which influence the processing of N-linked oligosaccharides in P. pastoris are different from those which influence processing in S. cerevisiae. The smaller N-linked oligosaccharides synthesized by P. pastoris resemble high-mannose oligosaccharides synthesized by animal cells, and this finding increases the utility of P. pastoris as a host for the production of heterologous glycoproteins.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050206
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  • 97
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    RAG1 and RAG2: Nuclear genes involved in the dependence/independence on mitochondrial respiratory function for growth on sugars (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces lactis ; mitochondrial respiration ; erythromycin ; sugar metabolism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The analysis of five independent isolates of Kluyveromyces lactis shows that CBS 2359, CBS 683 and CBS 4574 could grow in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors (antimycin A, oligomycin or erythromycin) and that CBS 2360 and CBS 141 were unable to grow in the presence of drugs. The resistant growth was observed only on glucose and not on other fermentable carbon sources (galactose, lactose).The phenotype ‘growth on glucose in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors’ was called Rag+. This phenotype was found to be controlled by two unlinked nuclear genes: RAG1 and RAG2. Either of their recessive alleles, rag1 and rag2, led to the Rag- phenotype (i.e. the failure of growth on glucose in the presence of antimitochondrial drugs).Rag- strains represent the case in which fermentative growth becomes absolutely dependent on the functioning of the normal respiratory chain.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050205
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  • 98
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050301
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  • 99
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    Calendar (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050302
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  • 100
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    Two pathways of DNA double-strand break repair in G1 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 5 (1989), S. 131-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; γ-irradiation ; post-irradiation recovery ; radiosensitive mutants ; DNA double-strand break repair ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: G1 cells of the diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are known to be capable of a slow repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) during holding the cells in a non-nutrient medium (Luchnik et al., 1977; Frankenberg-Schwager et al., 1980). In the present paper, S. cerevisiae cells γ-irradiated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle are shown to be capable of fast repair of DNA DSB; this process is completed within 30-40 min, of holding the cells in water at 28°C. For this reason, the kinetics of DNA DSB repair during holding the cells in a non-nutrient medium are biphasic, i.e., the first ‘fast’ phase is completed within 30-40 min, whereas the second, ‘slow’ phase is completed within 48 h. Mututions rad51, rad52, rad54 and rad55 inhibit the fast repair of DNA DSB, whereas mutations rad50, rad53 and rad57 do not significantly influence this process.It has been shown that the observed fast and slow repair of DNA DSB in the G1 diploid cells of S. cerevisiae are separate pathways of DNA DSB repair in yeast.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320050208
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