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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (7,665)
  • 1975-1979  (2,335)
  • 1965-1969  (2,975)
  • 1960-1964  (2,355)
  • Chemical Engineering  (4,530)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (3,100)
  • Phosphorus
Source
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (7,665)
Material
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 19-26 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone diseases ; Familial hypophosphatemia ; Magnesium ; Mice ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new genetic mutant in mice,Hyp, has been proposed as a model for the human disease X-linked hypophosphatemia (the most common form of vitamin D-resistant rickets). The gene is X-linked, dominant, and produces reduced renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate, hypophosphatemia, and dwarfism. Our goal was to evaluate the skeletal changes histologically and to measure chemically the prominant blood and bone minerals to judge the suitability of this mutant as a model for the human disease. Thirteen-week-old hemizygousHyp male mice were compared with their normal littermate controls. TheHyp mice were hypocalcemic, hypophosphatemic, hypermagnesemic, and had elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase. The femur ash weighed less than half the normal ash weight but had a normal Ca:P ratio. The ash composition was high in %Na and K but low in %Mg. The mandibular incisor ash was also low in %Mg. Histologically the femur showed wide osteoid borders and wide epiphyseal plate. Microradiography revealed reduced bone density and enlarged osteocyte lacunae. Skeletal muscle samples, although smaller in theHyp mice, showed no striking alternations in inorganic or total phosphate content, dry weight (as % wet weight), or extracellular fluid space. TheHyp gene in mice seems to produce a condition similar to that of X-linked hypophosphatemia in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 12 (1979), S. 212-214 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Phosphorus ; Chromatography, gas-liquid ; Alloys, copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simple, sensitive, accurate and rapid gas chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of phosphorus in copper-phosphorus alloys is described. The method is based on the chlorination of the sample with carbon tetrachloride in a sealed glass capsule at 550°C. The volatile products are introduced into the gas chromatograph after crushing the capsule in a special device. The method is very quick (ca. 20 min), involves simple manipulations and the error is about ±0.5%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 247-256 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nutrient distribution ; Phosphorus ; Tropical legumes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Changes in absolute contents of nutrient elements of old leaves of two tropical pasture legumes were studied during vegetative growth in order to determine the extent of nutrient reutilization. Over a wide range of P supply, the P contents of old leaves ofDesmodium intortum cv. Greenleaf generally increased slightly with time whereas inMacroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro they decreased. In both species, relatively less K than P was retained in old leaves, especially in plants grown at high P supply. In desmodium, contents of N, S, Ca, Mg, B, Zn and Mn in old leaves generally increased with plant age. In Siratro, S content of old leaves decreased, but to a lesser extent than P content, and contents of N, Ca, Mg, B, Zn and Mn either changed little or increased with plant age. The lower net loss of elements from old leaves of desmodium than Siratro was associated with a greater increase over time in dry weight of old desmodium leaves. The losses of elements other than K from old leaves of Siratro and desmodium with time were relatively smaller than those reported for other species. This suggests that these legumes survive restricted supply of such elements from the roots by reducing their growth rather than by reutilizing nutrients in old leaves. By contrast, these plants can continue to grow when K supply from the roots slows or ceases by utilizing K in old tissues for growth of young tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 485-490 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Crude protein ; Fodder ; Nitrogen ; N/S ratio ; Phosphorus ; Protein ; Raya ; Selenium ; S-amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of Se and P on the dry matter yield and chemical composition of Raya (Brassica juncea Cos. var. R.L. 18) were studied in the green-house. The dry matter yield in P treated and untreated pots increased with Se application upto 2.5 ppm. With further increase in Se dose upto 10 ppm, dry matter yield decreased. The increase in P dose from 0 to 50 ppm increased dry matter yield in all Se treated and untreated pots but 100 ppm P rather showed decrease in dry matter yield as compared to 50 ppm P. The Se concentration increased by about 100 fold with the application of 10 ppm Se over 0 ppm Se where P was not added whereas increase was 258 and 336 times when 50 ppm and 100 ppm P was added, respectively. Inorganic, organic and total P increased with increasing Se and P. The increase in inorganic P was more than organic and total P. S and N concentration decreased with increasing Se application and increased with P application. Crude protein showed the same behaviour as N. The total sulphur-containing amino acids (which ranged from 39 to 49% of crude protein) and individual sulphur-containing amino acids like methionine (16.9 tot 20%) cysteine (9.8 to 13%) and cystine (12.3 to 15.9%) decreased with the increasing selenium but increased with increasing phosphorus. N/S ratio in the plant showed significant negative correlation with total sulphur-containing amino acids (r=−0.940**), methionine (r=−0.951**), cysteine (r=−0.929**) and cystine (r=−0.920*) whereas total sulphur in the plant showed positive significant correlation with methionine (r=0.805**), cysteine (r=0.924**) and cystine (r=0.821**).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Phosphorus ; herbicide ; diquat ; nutrient cycling ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus (P) concentrations in water and sediment of a highly eutrophic lake were monitored before and after application of diquat to control the macrophyte Potamogeton crispus. Only a relatively small and short-term increase in P concentration in water occurred shortly after plant die-off resulting from herbicide application. Phosphorus concentrations in shallow water sediments decreased during the summer, and those in deep water sediments increased. Although a large increase in P concentration in the water occurred in late summer, it was not attributed to diquat. No major secondary effects of herbicide application were found during this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 331-340 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Deficiency ; Distribution ; Fruit ; Glasshouse ; Laminae ; Leaves ; Nitrogen ; Peat ; Petioles ; Phosphorus ; Plant ; Superphosphate ; Symptoms ; Tomato ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The uptake and distribution of phosphorus was examined in tomato plants, cv. Kirdford Cross, grown in peat to which phosphate was added (P2) or omitted (P1). The plants received a liquid feed containing either a high (N2) or low (N1) concentration of ammonium nitrate. Initially, all plants were grown in peat containing an intermediate level of phosphate. There was a rapid net export of P from the leaves of plants transferred to the P1 medium resulting in deficiency symptoms before the fruit on the first truss had ripened. Most of the P absorbed by 11-week-old plants in the N1P2 and N2P2 treatments was located in the developing fruit, in the laminae of the mature leaves and in the lower parts of the stem. In the P1 treatments, the lowest fruit truss was the dominant sink for the limited supply of P, but there was also a significant concentration of P in the shoot apex and in the laminae. Increasing the supply of N to plants in the P2 treatment promoted the transport of P to the shoot and to the fruit trusses and also increased the total P uptake. However, plants in the N2 treatment required a significantly higher level of tissue P to prevent the symptoms of P deficiency occurring in the laminae. Generally, symptoms occurred in laminae of mature leaves containing less than 0.13 per cent P. Increases in concentration of tissue P in response to raising the level of applied P were greatest in the petioles of the mature leaves, and it is suggested that these petioles are the most suitable tissues for the assessment of the P status of tomato plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 341-353 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fruit development ; Glasshouse ; Growth ; Nitrogen ; Peat ; Phosphorus ; Protein ; Sand ; Tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of P nutrition on the growth of tomato plants in peat was examined. Initially, plants received an adequate supply of P and then received either nil, 0.78 or 2.34 kg superphosphate per m3 in combination with either 50 μg N/ml (N1) or 300 μg N/ml (N2) as ammonium nitrate in a liquid feed. Vegetative growth was restricted in the lower P treatmentsi.e. inhibited shoot growth, reduced duration of leaf expansion phase, thinner stems and reduced vegetative dry wt. Plants receiving N2 showed a greater restriction in growth compared with N1 plants when the P supply was limiting. P deficiency disrupted protein metabolism in the leaves, in that soluble leaf protein was reduced and trichloroacetic acid-soluble N accumulated. Flower development was accelerated by low P applications but the final numbers of flowers and the fruit-setting efficiency were reduced. Lowering the N supply reduced the fruit yield by 36 per cent while an intermediate P level reduced yields by about 15 per cent. Maximum fruit yields and good vegetative growth occurred when plants contained 0.4 per cent P or above in the mature leaves, and this value was achieved by adding the highest level (2.34 kg/m3) of superphosphate to the peat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 551-561 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; Culture solution ; Fe deficiency ; Millet ; P/Fe interaction ; Phosphorus ; Sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seedlings of millet (Pennisetum americanum (L) K. Schum var. Tift 23 DA × Tift 18 DB) and guineacorn (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench var. RS' 702) were employed in growth chamber studies to evaluate the effects of various phosphorus (P) levels on their growth and nutrient composition. The growth medium was Hoagland solution containing 0.0, 0.1, 1.0 and 2.5 mM P and 2.2 mM ferrous sulphate-tartate solution. At the end of twenty-four days, two plants from each treatment were supplied with 0.31 μci/ml of radioactive iron (55Fe) (with the same P levels used to grow them) and then allowed to absorb the55Fe for 3 hours after which they were harvested, separated into roots and shoots. The two components were wet-ashed separately, and assayed for55Fe. The rest of the plants in Hoagland solution were also harvested, separately into roots and shoots. The components parts were also wet-ashed separately and assayed for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and phosphorous (P). High P concentration in the growth medium inhibited55Fe absorption and translocation in both millet and sorghum but millet was more tolerant of P-induced Fe deficiency than sorghum. Millet and sorghum grew best at 1.0 and 0.1 mM P, respectively. Fe concentrations in plant declined as P levels increased; while Mn increased in both millet and sorghum with increasing P levels. Millet, however, maintained higher concentrations of Fe and Mn. The distribution patter of55Fe, regardless of P levels could be summarized as follows: Roots〉Vascular tissue〉leaf-sheaths〉leaf blade. Less55Fe was absorbed and translocated to shoots at 2.5 mM P, in millet and sorghum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces ; Phialophora ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Water use ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The water consumption and levels of phosphorus, potassium, and total minerals were measured for wheat seedlings colonized byGaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici, Phialophora radicicola var.radicicola, orPhialophora radicicola var.graminicola. Infection byG. graminis resulted in a considerable reduction in water consumption, and reduced level of phosphorus when the supply of phosphorus to the seedlings was plentiful. Colonization byP. radicicola var.radicicola increased levels of phosphorus and potassium, but these increases varied according to the isolate of the fungus and the supply of phosphorus and potassium available to the seedlings. Colonization byP. radicicola var.graminicola resulted in reduced water consumption by the seedlings. The results are discussed in relation to stelar cell wall thickening in wheat roots colonized byP. radicicola, and the effects on nutrient uptake of mycorrhizal root systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Foliar fertilization ; Growth ; Leaf area ; Mineral composition ; Peanut ; Phosphorus ; Sand culture ; Stomatal frequency ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L., Var. TMV-2) plants were raised in sand cultures under natural photoperiod. Salt treatment (0.4% NaCl on dry weight basis) was given 10 days after sowing. Nutrient solution was supplied 15 days after sowing to control and salinized plants. Phosphate (0.1% NaH2PO4 with 0.01% Tween-80) was sprayed to the plants to the drip point once daily from 20th to 25th day and from 30th to 35th day. The plants were harvested at 30th and 40th day for analysis. The plants grown under saline conditions showed a market reduction in growth. When phosphorus was supplied to saline plants by foliar application, there was an increase in dry weight, leaf area, stomatal frequency, and yield and the increase was more marked when the plants received phosphate for two periods. Phosphorus content decreased due to salinity which was restored by foliar spray of phosphate. With salinity, sodium accumulated while potassium and calcium were lowered. Phosphate spray decreased sodium and increased potassium and calcium in general.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 52 (1979), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Algal growth ; Iron ; Manganese ; Phosphorus ; Rice soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of algal growth on the change of (I) pH, (II) available phosphorus and (III) solubility of iron and manganese content in five waterlogged alluvial rice soils of West Bengal, India. The results showed that the algal growth initially caused an increase in the soil pH, which later declined to the original value in some of the soils. The available phosphorus content decreased upto 90 days of their growth and began to increase towards the later period of incubation. The drastic fall of water soluble plus exchaneable manganese content of the soils due to algal growth was accompanied by similar increase in reducible manganese content. No appreciable change in water soluble plus exchangeable ferrous iron content was encountered but theN-NH4OAC(pH 3) extractable iron due to algal growth progressively decreased with the progress of the incubation period.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alluvial soil ; Alternate waterlogged and saturated ; Copper ; Immobilization ; Interaction ; Iron ; Manganese ; Organic matter ; Phosphorus ; Reduction ; Rice ; Saturated ; Waterlogged ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to study the influence of three moisture regimes,viz (i) waterlogged (W1), (ii) alternate waterlogged and saturated (W2) and (iii) continuous saturated (W3) and two levels of organic matter application,viz (i) 0 (T1) and (ii) 0.5% of the soil (T2) in their all possible combinations on the extractable (N NH4OAC, pH 7.0) zinc and copper in three lowland alluvial rice-growing soils of West Bengal (India). The results showed that the extractable zinc and copper content in soils recorded marked decrease on incubation under all the moisture regimes, but the same was most prominent under the continuous saturated moisture regime (W3), followed by waterlogged (W1) and alternate waterlogged and saturated (W2) moisture regimes. Application of organic matter brought about further decrease in the content of these elements. Organic matter application combined with saturated moisture regime brought about the greatest decrease both in zinc and copper content. The microbiological immobilisation and the antagonistic effect of increased concentration of extractable iron, manganese and phosphorus have been suggested as the possible reasons for the observed decrease of the content of extractable zinc and copper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; Nutrients ; Soluble Phosphate ; Equilibrium Phosphate Concentration ; Phosphorus ; Pond ; Sediment ; Erosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We chose two surface soils with contrasting textures as model sediments for a model pond study. One soil, a calcareous clay, had a relatively high natural phosphate content and a large phosphate adsorption capacity. The second soil, a non calcareous loam, had a relatively low natural phosphate content and a small phosphate adsorption capacity. Chemical characteristics of both soils were roughly proportional to mineral surface area. Pasture sites of each soil were tilled to a depth of 15 cm and two plots at each site were fertilized by hand with triple superphosphate. A third plot at each site was left unfertilized. After fertilization the plots were mechanically mixed and left fallow for 2 to 3 months. Then the plots were resampled and equilibration phosphate concentrations were determined again. Results showed significant phosphate fixation by the clay soil but no fixation by the loam soil.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for estimating mutual diffusion coefficients for polymer-solvent systems are reviewed. Procedures are recommended for the determination of the temperature, concentration, and molecular weight dependences of diffusivities both for dilute and concentrated solutions.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 57-64 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microscopic observations and Coulter counter measurements of the secondary nuclei produced when a parent crystal of potash alum was contacted with a solid rod suggest that these nuclei are born by an attrition mechanism which appears to be dependent on the growth rate of the crystal. The nuclei can be up to 50 μm in size. The nuclei smaller than about 4 μm are relatively insensitive to supersaturation, whereas the number greater than about 4 μm is approximately linear in supersaturation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 87-100 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The operation of two arrangements of multistage adsorption beds, parallel and series, was analyzed, and the optimal design problem of minimizing the capital and operating costs of the multistage adsorption bed systems was formulated. Solution of the optimization problem was obtained by using the Fibonacci search scheme. For the purpose of the study, data on the adsorption of liquid on activated carbon were taken from the literature for both single solute and multisolute adsorption systems and was used to derive the expressions for adsorption rate and the equilibrium relationship. Details of the performance of the optimally designed multistage adsorption bed systems are presented in terms of the physical and design parameters.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 122-131 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is presented for predicting absorption rates for liquid layers flowing along a wall. It is based on results presently available in the literature as well as on the results of studies we recently carried out on the rate of oxygen absorption from a flowing air stream into water layers on the bottom of a horizontal enclosed channel and on the inside of a vertical pipe. Absorption measurements can be interpreted by assuming that the process is controlled by eddies whose length and velocity are characterized by bulk turbulence properties and that in a region of thickness δ close to the interface the turbulence is dampened by viscosity.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 160-170 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The feasibility of new solid/liquid separation processes, such as solids removal from oil and certain tertiary oil recovery techniques, can be evaluated by a thermodynamic stability analysis of possible liquid-liquid-particle configurations. The thermodynamic stability and hence feasibility of two possible liquid-liquid-particle separation process is predicted by use of a free energy analysis. Stability is shown to depend primarily on droplet/particle size ratio (n) and three phase contact angle (θ). Stability criteria are presented which can be applied to many particle and liquid separation processes.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 183-185 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 192-196 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 208-208 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 240-246 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-phase, annular flow of gases and non-Newtonian liquids through horizontal pipes is modeled, and a prediction method for pressure drop and gas volume fraction is proposed. The prediction method consists of a modification, based upon shear rate dependence of the apparent viscosity of the liquid phase, of Lockhart-Martinelli correlations for Newtonian liquids. The model applies to the case of laminar flow of the annular liquid film. Experimental data, obtained with several aqueous polymer solutions and air, agree closely with predicted values of pressure drop and void fraction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 266-272 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of step polymerization involving a monomer with unequal reactivities has been obtained. The polydisperity index (PDI) has also been calculated both as a function of conversion and the initial stoichiometric ratio. It has been shown that the usually assumed maximum value of 2 for PDI can lead to erroneous molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 26
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 320-327 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous pH parametric pumping separations of a haemoglobin-albumin-CM Sepharose system were experimentally investigated. The parapump has a feed containing the protein mixture to be separated, introduced alternately to the top and bottom of the chromatographic column. The top and bottom products are withdrawn from the apparatus, respectively, during the bottom and top feed. It is shown that under certain conditions the pH driven parametric pump has the capacity for removal of protein components from one product fraction and large enrichment in the other fraction. Moreover, the continuous process can be operated with a large feed throughput.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 359-362 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 28
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 368-370 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 382-383 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 30
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 382-382 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 31
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 383-383 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 32
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 188-190 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 33
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 200-201 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0001-1541
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 35
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 209-219 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study is made of the structure and properties of material balance simulation problems, and a technique is developed for their efficient solution. The method requires neither simultaneous solution of all balance equations nor iterative convergence methods. Instead, for each stream mixing point in the flow sheet, a vector balance equation is developed which contains as unknowns only mixer output streams. This unique set of vector equations is sequenced for solution by using precedence ordering and substitution techniques. It is shown that only as many vector equations need to be solved simultaneously as there are streams which would require iteration in the conventional sequential approach. Once the mixer output streams are calculated, the remaining intermediate process streams are evaluated directly with no further equation solving. Computational results are presented showing the efficiency of the method.
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  • 36
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 246-258 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Motionless mixers are well suited to augment heat transfer and to provide a uniform thermal environment in laminar flow reactors. Heat transfer performance can be characterized with the Nusselt number, while the degree of thermal homogeneity can be characterized using the thermal time distribution which is the nonisothermal analogue of the residence time distribution. Theoretical results, calculations, and design strategies are presented for a variety of mixer types including flow inverters as well as the more common flow dividers. Two-channel, partial flow inversion is an excellent, near optimal, strategy for cooling or other situations such as polymerizations which give elongated velocity profiles. For flattened velocity profiles, perfect mixing can sometimes give better results. In practice, however, partial inverters can be expected to outperform those motionless mixers which are primarily flow dividers.
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  • 37
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 258-266 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equation of motion for the two phase flow within a bubble column, operated within the recirculation flow regime, has been solved, and the profile of liquid flow has been determined. Nicklin's relation for the bubble flow regime has been extended to the recirculation flow regime.Data analysis shows that the mean slip velocity between bubble and liquid is approximately constant and that the kinematic turbulent viscosity increases rapidly with increasing diameter of the column. These observations lead to the conclusion that scale-up has but little influence upon the mean gas holdup.
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  • 38
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 289-297 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical methods employed recently in a theoretical study by Uppal et al. (1974) are applied to the second-order homogeneous reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrogen peroxide and are combined with experimental investigations of that reaction using a nonadiabatic continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). A complete portrayal of the expected behavior of that reaction system is presented in parameter space. Some new experimental studies of reactor instabilities are presented and linked to that portrayal. Close agreement is shown between theoretical predictions and experimental data.
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  • 39
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 538-542 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 40
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 549-551 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 41
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 557-558 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 42
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 600-609 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical modeling of a periodically cycled plate column has been completed by using a liquid bypass model to describe nonideal liquid draining. A numerical solution over a wide range of parameters provides a closed envelope of feasible solutions. A region of this envelope encloses favorable operating values of the parameters, while the other region is unfavorable. Measurements of the parameters for nonideal liquid draining in a 600 mm diameter column fitted with sieve plates lead to predictions of only small improvements in separation performance. Modifications to the column intervals are required to move the parameters into a more favorable position in the solution envelope.
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  • 43
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 645-653 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general treatment of fugacities of liquid mixtures yields the proper thermodynamic functions for dealing with nonidealities of liquid phases in equilibrium with vapor mixtures for systems containing supercritical components. The activity coefficients of the supercritical components may be based on standard state fugacities for the hypothetical pure liquids or on Henry's constants. A comparison of the rigorous thermodynamic equations which apply to the liquid phase for the two alternatives shows that they are equivalent.
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  • 44
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 686-697 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper considers the transfer of mass or heat between a fluid and a small amplitude solid wavy surface. A periodic variation of the transfer rate can occur because of wave induced variations of the normal convective flow and of the properties of the turbulence. Solutions of the mass balance equations are presented for the laminar flow at a large Schmidt number or Prandtl number and for turbulent flow at large and small wave numbers. For turbulent flows at intermediate wave numbers, the prediction is limited by inadequacies of present theories that model the wave induced variation in the turbulent diffusion of heat or mass. In order to provide guidance for this modeling, new measurements on the variation of the mass transfer rate along a solid wavy surface are presented for a Schmidt number of 729. An analogy between momentum and mass transfer is explored as a means for evaluating the turbulent diffusion terms.The amplitude of the function describing the mass transfer variation is found to decrease with decreasing wave number and the phase to increase with decreasing wave number. The phase angle and the amplitude of the variation in the mass transfer rate relative to the average mass transfer rate are insensitive to changes in Schmidt number or Prandtl number. For turbulent flows, the phase change can be large enough that the maximum in the mass transfer rate can exist somewhere in the trough of the wave. This result is of considerable significance in interpreting wavelike dissolution patterns.
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  • 45
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 716-717 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 46
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 763-773 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental analysis of self-inducting turbo aerator performance was carried out based on the theory of water jet injector operation. It was shown that the aerator's injection coefficient is completely determined by only two dimensionless groups, CH and EuG, between which there is a single valued dependence on whose basis generalization of experimental data is possible. An analytical expression for the optimality criterion or aerator performance index, accounting for aerator gas capacity, power consumption, and submergence, has been obtained in terms of CH and EuG with only one adjustable parameter. From the above two dependencies, a methodology was developed for determining optimal operating conditions, by means of which all the data necessary for the optimal design can be obtained from the results of bench scale experiment.
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  • 47
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 773-781 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of seven coals of different ranks and from various locations were heated in air under relatively mild conditions to measure the rates of oxidation and the production of carbonic gases in the effluent stream. The gas flow rate, coal particle size, and reactor temperature were changed as independent variables. Each sample was exposed for from 6 to 9 hr under atmospheric pressure at temperatures in the range of 200° to 250°C. The results show two kinds of rate behavior depending primarily on the relative porosity of the coal under study. The small pore coals followed the expectations of the earlier Kam-Hixson-Perlmutter (KHP) model, but the large pore coals gave rates sensitive to transport effects. Correlations were also obtained on the ratio of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide produced and on the relationship between the carbon content of an exposed coal and its heating value.
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  • 48
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The semi-empirical Pitzer equation for modeling equilibrium in aqueous electrolyte systems has been extended in a thermodynamically consistent manner to allow for molecular as well as ionic solutes. Under limiting conditions, the extended model reduces to the well-known Setschenow equation for the salting out effect of molecular solutes. To test the validity of the model, correlations of vapor-liquid equilibrium data were carried out for three systems: the hydrochloric acid aqueous solution at 298.15°K and concentrations up to 18 molal; the NH3-CO2 aqueous solution studied by Van Krevelen et al. (1949) at 293.15°K; and the K2CO3-CO2 aqueous solution of the Hot Carbonate Process with temperatures from 343.15°K to 413.15°K and concentrations up to 40 weight percent equivalent potassium carbonate. The success of the correlations suggests the validity of the model for aqueous electrolyte systems of industrial interest.
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  • 49
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 839-843 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Carbon dioxide and hydrogen will react over iron at 800° to 1 000°K and 1 bar pressure yielding water, carbon monoxide, methane, and carbon. In addition, iron oxides and carbides form during reaction. Phase diagrams are used to analyze this complex reaction system. Data are presented which suggest that the formation of magnetite (Fe3O4) or wustite (FexO) inhibits carbon formation. The water yield thus observed is limited by the time dependent iron-iron oxide-gas equilibrium. Preliminary data also suggest that the formation of carbides has little effect on water yield.
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  • 50
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 843-855 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Drag coefficient and relative motion correlations for dispersed two-phase flows of bubbles, drops, and particles were developed from simple similarity criteria and a mixture viscosity model. The results are compared with a number of experimental data, and satisfactory agreements are obtained at wide ranges of the particle concentration and Reynolds number. Characteristics differences between fluid particle systems and solid particle systems at higher Reynolds numbers or at higher concentration regimes were successfully predicted by the model. Results showed that the drag law in various dispersed two-phase flows could be put on a general and unified base by the present method.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 863-872 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The operation of a periodically forced chemostat (CSTR) in which two microbial populations compete for the same nutrient has been examined. Easily implemented criteria for the stability of the resulting cycles have been obtained, using the Floquet stability theory. After examining several possibilities it was found that stable periodic trajectories of coexistence can be achieved: (a) when the dilution rate of the chemostat is properly varied in a periodic manner between two values so chosen that the growth of one population is favored by the first and the growth of the other population is favored by the second, (b) when a certain percentage of biomass and growing medium is harvested periodically from the chemostat, and (c) when both the dilution rate and the concentration of the substrate in the feed are varied simultaneously and in a periodic manner.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 893-895 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 895-899 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 903-905 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 906-906 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 56
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 900-903 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study concerns the determination of stagnation point and minimum pressure point film thicknesses when a vertical flat plate is withdrawn from a reservoir containing non-Newtonian liquids. Upon consideration of three types of liquids, namely, Ellis, power law, and Bingham liquids, it has been found that stagnation point or minimum pressure point film thickness is a function of two parameters, one characterizing the liquid and the other representing parallel flow film thickness. It has also been shown that in the case of power law liquids, both the stagnation point and minimum pressure point exist, while in the case of Bingham liquids, the existence of one or both the points for a given nondimensional parallel flow film thickness depends upon the value of the Bingham number. Furthermore, it has been found that there may be situations when both the points can coincide; for example, in the case of Newtonian liquids, the two points coincide if the parallel flow film thickness is \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sqrt {2 - \sqrt 3 } $\end{document}.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 907-908 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 909-909 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 910-911 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 931-938 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An empirical correlation for calculating third virial coefficients of nonpolar gases is developed in agreement with the corresponding states theorem. This equation requires the use of a third parameter which can be estimated from molecular parameters. The method is reliable, even for systems where no experimental data are available. The extension to mixtures involves one interaction constant for all possible binary sets.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 913-930 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three modes or types of sedimentation are recognized in flocculent suspensions: Clarification, in which floccules are separated and settle independently; zone settling, in which floccules are incorporated into some solids structure so that all are constrained to subside at more or less the same rate; and compression or compaction, in which the solids structure is strong enough to exhibit a compressive yield value. Current models for sedimentation in the three modes are reviewed, with particular emphasis on their use and reliability (or lack of it) for sedimentation basin design. Most models of thickening presented in the literature derive from a basic partial differential equation for force balance. Models differ in which terms of the equation are disregarded. Several of the theories of compaction are essentially equivalent solutions for the same model, but with different sets of independent variables.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 938-948 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements were made of the drag coefficients of smooth solid particles moving singly through still air at Reynolds numbers in the range of 103 to 104. Spheres were observed during acceleration, deceleration and at terminal velocity. Discs were tested during acceleration and at steady velocity. Other particles in the shapes of discs, circular cylinders and rectangular parallelepipeds were tested at steady velocity in their preferred and, in some cases, non-preferred orientations. The effects of non-steady velocity and of particle form were determined. An unexpected influence of particle density was observed for some of the particles.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 948-958 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Secondary nucleation kinetics for potash alum in draft-tube baffled crystallizers have been determined from steady state crystal size distributions measured down to about 5 μm. Differences in nucleation rates were found for crystallizers of similar geometry but different capacity. Models relating the frequency of crystal/propeller collisions to crystallizer geometry and operating parameters were compared. In general, these successfully accounted for the observed differences in nucleation rates.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 966-975 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas-phase diffusivities for high boiling point organics in common gases are determined by evaporating a single submicron aerosol droplet of the organic species, while it is suspended in an electric field in the path of a polarized laser beam. The droplet size is measured as a function of time by using Mie theory to determine the size from the light scattering data of intensity versus angle. In addition to diffusivities, the Lennard-Jones molecular interaction potential parameter, ∊ii, and the collision diameter σii, are found, by applying the molecular theory of gases to interpret the evaporation rate data. Results are compared with available empirical and semi-theoretical correlations for diffusivities and Lennard-Jones parameters. The low vapor pressure organics used here are dioctyl phthalate (DOP), dibutyl sebacate (DBS) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and the carrier gases are helium, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
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  • 70
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 984-991 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is developed for a fluidized bed reactor with the dense phase region treated by conventional two-phase models. Conversion in the freeboard is obtained based on particle trajectories predicted from drag considerations. The model is applied to an industrial-scale catalytic cracking regenerator. It is shown that the freeboard region can have an important influence on the overall conversion in the unit.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 71
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 991-999 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several methods are reviewed for determining compositions in multiphase, reacting mixtures at equilibrium. Wolfe's quadratic programming algorithm is applied and results compared with the Rand method (Dluzniewski and Adler 1972), NASA method (Gordon and McBride 1971) and the George et al. (1976) implementation of Powell's method. For poor guesses in compositions, local and constrained minima in Gibbs free energy may arise, giving incorrect phase distributions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 72
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 385-395 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simulation procedure for predicting the dynamic behavior of a deep bed filter over the entire practicable range of filter operation is developed. The method is based on synthesizing available quantitative results relating to filtration, and to porous media flows, within an overall framework which views the process to consist of two principal stages dominated by appropriate limiting deposition modes. Evaluation of the results through comparison with available data indicates, to the extent the nature of these types of data permits, that the method is surprisingly effective and even capable of predicting on satisfactorily quantitative basis some intricate details of observed filter behavior.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 73
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 429-439 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The transient response of dry ash and slagging moving-bed coal gasification reactors is analyzed for small step changes in feed conditions. The approach to the new steady state for perturbations about the optimum in the Lurgi gasifier has a time scale of about 10 hr. Transients in the slagging gasifier can result in a decrease in the coal bed height, which occurs on a time scale of several hours. There is a rapid initial response in both types of reactors in product gas temperature and heating value.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 74
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 447-455 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of ethylene hydrogenation to ethane are studied in a 7.0 cm diameter fluidized packed-bed reactor. The fixed packing, 1.27 cm nickel on alumina catalyst, is used in conjunction with both -48/+100 mesh alumina and -50/+170 mesh glass inert fluidized particles. Reactant mixture is passed through the reactor at velocities sufficient to fluidize the inerts. Conversions from 0 to 91% are observed over the temperature range 56° to 261°C and flow rate range 10 to 800 cm3/s.The mass transfer coefficient and reaction rate constant are simultaneously evaluated from integral conversion data. The mass transfer coefficient between the interstitially fluidized bed and the catalyst surface is correlated in dimensionless form asNsh = 0.77 NRe0.418 NSc1/3The correlation is significant at the 95% confidence level that is, r = 0.59, p′ 〉 0.Predictions of conversion using both the mass transfer coefficient correlation and a Langmuir-Rideal reaction expression are in good agreement with experimental data. The effects of contact time and catalyst diameter on conversion are also presented. Film diffusion influences become limiting at temperatures above 100°C at the velocities studied. Diffusional resistances were found to be important at Reynolds numbers below 100, at 186°C. No significant difference in reaction rate was found between fluidized alumina and glass inert particles under comparable operating conditions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 75
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 493-502 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equations describing phase volumes in multicomponent, multiphase systems in the neighborhood of critical points are derived to aid in the location of such critical points. The theory is in good agreement with experiments for three ternary systems and four surfactant systems of the type used for tertiary oil recovery.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 76
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Of necessity, the mixing process is sometimes restricted to the laminar regime, although turbulent mixing is generally more desirable. Common examples of laminar mixing are found when the fluid has a very high viscosity, or when one of the mixture components is shear sensitive. It has been pointed out that the helical ribbon agitator (HRA) is admirably suited to the low Reynolds number mixing process. This work derives a model to predict the power consumption of the HRA. The model has been developed with the aid of experimental data and tested extensively using literature data. For a wide range of mixer geometries and sizes, it predicts power consumption with an average deviation of 13%.The concept of relative efficiency of mixers is also described as an aid to comparing different HRA mixer geometries. Finally, the problem of scale-up of different HRA configurations is discussed.
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  • 77
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 545-547 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 78
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 555-556 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 79
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 560-560 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 80
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 81
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 583-591 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present research concerns mechanism and rate of reaction between dissolved ozone and phenol in homogeneous solutions. The stopped-flow technique was employed to obtain absorbances during reactions; the kinetic experiments were conducted at temperatures varying from 5° to 35°C in aqueous solutions with pH values ranging from 1.5 to 5.2.The kinetic data indicated that the absorbance of a mixed solution increased rapidly in the very early portion of the reaction and then declined slowly in the remaining period. The rate of reaction in the early period was first order with respect to both phenol and ozone concentrations. The rate constant increased with pH value and temperature, and an activation energy of 5.74 K cal/mole was obtained. Further tests showed that the dissolved ozone was consumed completely in the first period and that in the second period the intermediate products were decomposed without depletion of ozone. Catechol, o-quinone, hydroquinone, oxalic acid, humic acid, and a dimer were identified from mass spectra as products of the ozonization reaction.A free radical mechanism, with initiation of an electrophilic reaction for the formation of catechyl radical, has been proposed to explain the experimental data for phenol-ozone reaction in aqueous solutions. According to the proposed mechanism, the reaction path through the attachment to ortho position is much more favorable compared with that through the paraposition because of geometric advantage, though quinones and hydroxyphenol can be formed through parallel paths. The products of reaction detected in this research, therefore, are accountable by this mechanism. A rate equation derived on the basis of this mechanism also agrees well with that observed from the kinetic experiments.
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  • 82
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The relationship between the shear stress and strain rate of a mixture consisting of solid particles suspended in a Newtonian fluid depends upon the physical properties of the mixture as well as kinematic features of the flow. Functional relationships for rheological properties of mixtures are derived and compared to measured results obtained by previous investigators.
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  • 83
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 345-351 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Residence time distribution measurements in a twin screw extruder are compared with a model based on ideally mixed chambers. Special attention is given to the tail of the distribution. These measurements are compared with the residence time distributions in single screw extruders and an empty pipe.
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  • 84
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 352-354 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 85
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 207-208 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 86
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 229-240 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study is concerned with the derivation and application of the finite-stage transport concept for modeling residence time distributions (RTD's) originally proposed by Adler and Hovorka (1961). This six-parameter model is shown to be more versatile and accurate than the common two-parameter tanks-in-series or axial dispersion models. Radioactive tracer results are given for a number of particulate unit processes with special emphasis on wet-discharge ball mills.
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  • 87
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A qualitative theory is developed to explain the roles of surface tension and the two surface viscosities in the displacement of foams through porous media. There is a critical value of the surface tension above which a foam cannot be displaced under a given pressure gradient. The displacement efficiency of a foam can be raised by increasing the surface tension to only slightly less than this critical value, by increasing the viscosity of the aqueous surfactant solution from which the foam is formed and by increasing the surface viscosities. These predictions are in agreement with available experimental data.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 88
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 312-319 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Infinite dilution volatility data have been correlated for alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, and sulfur containing hydrocarbon solutes in aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents over a wide temperature range using a temperature dependent energy parameter for the pure solute.When a polar solute molecule is surrounded entirely by nonpolar molecules, polar molecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding do not play an important role. Therefore, a single, pure solute parameter is sufficient for correlation.Calculated heats of solution at infinite dilution agree well with published calorimetric data.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 89
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 338-344 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical development is presented for the theory of a reactor heat exchanger in which the heat generated in the reaction stream is simultaneously transferred to a co-currently flowing coolant stream. The advantages of this scheme include isothermal conditions for the reaction stream, decreased parametric sensitivity, and improved stability.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 90
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 358-359 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 91
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 370-373 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 92
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 93
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 416-423 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sorption processes in a perfectly mixed reactor are analyzed by using two models: The equilibrium model and a kinetic model which considers the effect of the external mass transfer resistance. In both cases, a general non-linear equilibrium isotherm is considered.The influence of the different model parameters on the response of the perfectly mixed sorber and their effect on a design parameter (the breakthrough time) are discussed.A criterium is derived in order to predict when the equilibrium model is valid.
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  • 94
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 439-446 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data on the ice formation rate are presented for a salwater drop suspended by drag forces in a flowing cold organic liquid. The effects of refrigerant undercooling, salt concentration, drop size, and time were studied. Ice formation rates in drops of 3 wt % sodium chloride solution were two to three times lower than in pure water drops. A parallel plate model was used to correlate the data and predict ice formation rates for other drops and refrigerants.Dispersing drops of brine or fruit juices in a countercurrent cold organic refrigerant is a method of desalination (or freeze concentration) that deserves further study.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 95
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 469-478 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Coupled diffusion generated countergradient transport through membranes is analyzed by experimental and theoretical means. Membrane wedge interferometer experiments on an ethanol—water-cellophane membrane system show that net countergradient mass transfer of the less permeable component ethanol may be generated over a wide concentration range. A theoretical analysis of an idealized membrane separating two binary bulk solutions is developed to display further the major features of diffusional coupling effects, and good agreement between observed and predicted countergradient transport characteristics is shown.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 96
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 502-508 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Periodic feed switching between carbon monoxide/argon and oxygen/argon mixtures to a gradientless reactor has been found to significantly increase the average reaction rate as compared to the steady state rate, when the time averaged feed concentrations in both cases are stoichiometric. The rate enhancement achieved during periodic reactor operation is attributed to the attainment of more desirable surface concentrations on the platinum catalyst which dramatically increase the surface rate processes leading to carbon dioxide production.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 97
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 522-534 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical study has been conducted to investigate the effects of large temperature differences on the rate of pure heat transfer from a very hot gas to stationary spheres.In the numerical analysis, the momentum and energy equations for variable property flow past a sphere were solved simultaneously, using finite difference techniques. Results were obtained for Reynolds numbers up to 50 and surface temperature to gas temperature ratios varying between 0.25 and unity. These ranges cover most of the conditions commonly encountered in heterogeneous plasmas, transferred arc, and other high temperature chemical engineering processes. The flow behavior, drag coefficients, and Nusselt number were calculated for each case.The constant property solutions were in excellent agreement with numerical and experimental results reported in the literature, thus justifying the validity of the model and of the underlying assumptions. In general, the effect of variable properties was to drastically increase the flow velocity, vorticity, and temperature and vorticity gradients near the surface.A generalized heat transfer correlation was derived which, in addition to constant property conditions, included the effect of large variations in the physical properties of the fluid as a result of large temperature differences.
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  • 98
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 547-548 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 99
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 557-557 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 100
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 653-663 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new correlation has been developed for the densities of saturated liquids and their mixtures. The correlation is relatively easy to use and is applicable to a wide variety of liquids. The saturated liquid density correlation is flexible and consistent and requires only reduced temperature, acentric factor, and a characteristic volume for each pure compound. Mixing rules are given. When tested against a data base of 2 657 points of pure compound liquid density data for 97 hydrocarbons and 1 851 points for 103 other compounds, the new correlation gave an average absolute error of 0.37% compared to 2.14% for the Yen-Woods correlation and 0.50% for the SDR equation as modified by Spencer and Danner. For 2 994 points of liquid mixture density data for 167 mixtures, the new correlation gave an average absolute error of 1.40% compared to 5.64% for the Yen-Woods correlation and 2.95% for the SDR equation. Characteristic volumes are listed for 200 compounds; they are generalized as functions of acentric factor for various types of compounds and are compared to critical volumes.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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