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  • Electronic Resource  (187,902)
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Material
Years
Year
Language
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 294 (1992), S. 466-478 
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 317 (1993), S. 474-484 
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Title: TV-L Jahrbuch Länder 2018 : kommentierte Textsammlung : TV-L mit Überleitungstarifvertrag, ergänzende Tarifverträge, Entgeltordnungen
    Author: Effertz, Jörg
    Edition: Ausgabe 2018, Stand vom 1. November 2017
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 1564 Seiten
    Series Statement: Wissen für die Praxis
    ISBN: 978-3-8029-7928-6 , 3-8029-7928-1
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 4
    Title: Machine Learning mit Python und Scikit-Learn und TensorFlow : das umfassende Praxis-Handbuch für Data Science, Deep Learning und Predictive Analytics
    Author: Raschka, Sebastian
    Contributer: Mirjalili, Vahid , Lorenzen, Knut
    Edition: 2., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 577 Seiten : , Diagramme ; , 24 cm x 17 cm
    ISBN: 978-3-95845-733-1
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 5
    Book
    Book
    Boca Raton ; London ; New York :CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group,
    Title: Programming for Hybrid Multi/Manycore MPP Systems /
    Author: Levesque, John
    Contributer: Vose, Aaron
    Publisher: Boca Raton ; London ; New York :CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: xxxv, 305 Seiten : , Diagramme
    Series Statement: Chapman & Hall/CRC computational science series
    ISBN: 978-1-4398-7371-7
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Title: Einführung in Python 3 : für Ein- und Umsteiger
    Author: Klein, Bernd
    Edition: 3., überarb. Aufl.
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: XVI, 537 Seiten : , Illustrationen ; , 25 cm
    ISBN: 978-3-446-45208-4 , 3-446-45208-7
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 7
    Title: Data Mining Algorithms in C++ : Data Patterns and Algorithms for Modern Applications
    Author: Masters, Timothy
    Publisher: New York :Apress,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: XIV, 286
    ISBN: 978-1-4842-3314-6
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 8
    Title: Python 3 : lernen und professionell anwenden : das umfassende Praxisbuch
    Author: Weigend, Michael
    Edition: 7., erw. Aufl.
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 986 Seiten : , Illustrationen, Diagramme ; , 25 cm, 1787 g
    ISBN: 978-3-95845-791-1
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 9
    Title: Eclipse : kennenlernen ; verstehen ; Effizient nutzen
    Author: Künneth, Thomas
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 318 Seiten
    ISBN: ISBN 978-3-446-45466-8 , ISBN 3-446-45466-7
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 10
    Title: Praxiseinstieg Machine Learning mit Scikit-Learn und TensorFlow : Konzepte, Tools und Techniken für intelligente Systeme
    Author: Géron, Aurélien
    Contributer: Rother, Kristian
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: XXII, 552 Seiten : , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    ISBN: 978-3-96009-061-8
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 11
    Title: GoBD Verfahrensdokumentation in der Praxis : Handlungsanleitungen am Beispiel eines Praxisfalls
    Author: Heins, Stefan
    Contributer: Maart-Nölck, Syster Christin
    Edition: [1. Auflage]
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 56 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-89187-240-6
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 12
    Book
    Book
    Singapur :World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd,
    Title: Nonlinear Algebra in an ACORN : with Applications To Deep Learning
    Author: Lee, Martin
    Publisher: Singapur :World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 92 S.
    ISBN: 978-981-327-151-7
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Book
    Book
    Cambridge :Cambridge Univ. Pr.,
    Title: Spectral theory and differential operators; 42
    Author: Davies, Edward B.
    Edition: 2. Ed.
    Publisher: Cambridge :Cambridge Univ. Pr.,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Series Statement: Cambridge studies in advanced mathematics 42
    Type of Medium: Book
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  • 14
    Book
    Book
    Natick, Mass. :Peters,
    Title: Real-time rendering /
    Author: Akenine-Möller, Tomas
    Contributer: Haines, Eric
    Edition: 4. ed.
    Publisher: Natick, Mass. :Peters,
    Year of publication: 2018
    ISBN: 978-1-1386-2700-0
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 15
    Title: Practical mathematical optimization : an introduction to basic optimization theory and classical and new Gradient-Based Algorithms; 97
    Author: Snyman, Jan A.
    Edition: 2. Ed.
    Publisher: Berlin [u.a.] :Springer,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 372 S. : , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Applied optimization 97
    ISBN: 978-3-319-77586-9 , 978-319-77585-2
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
    Parallel Title: Auch als Internetausg.
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  • 16
    Title: Introduction to Parallel Computing : From Algorithms to Programming on State-of-the-Art Platforms
    Author: Trobec, Roman
    Contributer: Slivnik, Bostjan , Bulić, Patricio , Robuč, Borut
    Publisher: Basel :Springer,
    Year of publication: 2018
    ISBN: 9783319988320
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 17
    Title: ¬The¬ Student Supercomputer Challenge Guide : from Supercomputing Competition to the Next HPC Generation
    Author: ASC Community
    Publisher: Singapore :Springer,
    Year of publication: 2018
    ISBN: 9789811037306
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 18
    Title: Leitfaden zur Bildverarbeitung in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung /; 18
    Author: Sackewitz, Michael
    Contributer: Fraunhofer-Allianz Vision [Herausgeber]
    Publisher: Fürth :Fraunhofer Verlag,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 126 Seiten
    Series Statement: Vision Leitfaden 18
    ISBN: 978-3-8396-1380-1
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 19
    Book
    Book
    Cambridge :MIT Press,
    Title: Reinforcement learning : an introduction
    Author: Sutton, Richard S.
    Contributer: Barto, Andrew
    Edition: Second edition
    Publisher: Cambridge :MIT Press,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 526 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-0-262-03924-6
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 20
    Title: Organization, representation and description through the digital age : information in libraries, archives and museums
    Author: Angel, Christine
    Contributer: Fuchs, Caroline
    Publisher: Berlin ; Boston :De Gruyter Sauer,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 303 Seiten
    ISBN: 3-11-033715-0
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 21
    Book
    Book
    Princeton ; Oxford :Princeton University Press,
    Title: ¬The¬ tyranny of metrics /
    Author: Muller, Jerry Z.
    Publisher: Princeton ; Oxford :Princeton University Press,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: xxiii, 220 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-0-691-17495-2
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 22
    Book
    Book
    Upper Saddle River, NJ [u.a.] :Addison-Wesley,
    Title: ¬A¬ tour of C++ /
    Author: Stroustrup, Bjarne
    Edition: 2. Aufl.
    Publisher: Upper Saddle River, NJ [u.a.] :Addison-Wesley,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 256 S.
    Series Statement: ¬The¬ C++ in-depth series
    ISBN: 978-0-13-499783-4
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 23
    Title: Geschäftsprozesse praxisorientiert modellieren : Handbuch zur Reduzierung der Komplexität
    Author: Schwarz, Lothar
    Contributer: Neumann, Tim , Teich, Tobias
    Publisher: Berlin :Springer Gabler,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 198 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-662-54211-8
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 24
    Title: Praxiseinstieg Deep Learning : mit Python, Caffe, TensorFlow und Spark eigene Deep-Learning-Anwendungen erstellen
    Author: Wartala, Ramon
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: X, 214 Seiten : , Illustrationen, Diagramme ; , 24 cm x 16.5 cm
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 25
    Title: Machine Learning : kurz & gut
    Author: Nguyen, Chi Nhan
    Contributer: Zeigermann, Oliver
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 183 Seiten : , Illustrationen, Diagramme ; , 17.8 cm x 10.8 cm
    Series Statement: O'Reillys Taschenbibliothek
    ISBN: 978-3-96009-052-6
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 26
    Title: Bitcoin und Blockchain - Grundlagen und Programmierung : die Blockchain verstehen, Anwendungen entwickeln
    Author: Antonopoulos, Andreas M.
    Contributer: Klicman, Peter
    Edition: 2. Auflage
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: XXXI, 377 Seiten : , Illustrationen, Diagramme ; , 24 cm x 16.5 cm
    ISBN: 978-3-96009-071-7
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 27
    Title: Multivalency : concepts, research & applications
    Contributer: Huskens, Jurriaan , Prins, Leonard J. , Haag, Rainer , Ravoo, Bart Jan
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: xviii, 393 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-1-119-14346-8
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 28
    Book
    Book
    San Rafeal :Morgen & Claypool,
    Title: Demystifying Owl for the Enterprise
    Author: Unschold, Micheal
    Contributer: Ding, Ying , Groth, Paul
    Publisher: San Rafeal :Morgen & Claypool,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 264 S.
    ISBN: 978-1-68173-127-8
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 29
    Title: You've been hacked! : alles über Exploits gegen Webanwendungen.
    Author: Eilers, Carsten
    Edition: 1. Aufl.
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 578 Seiten ; , 24 cm x 19 cm
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 30
    Title: Progressive Web Apps : Das Praxisbuch. Entwicklung plattformübergreifender Apps für Browser, Windows, macOS, iOS, Android mit Angular und Workbox
    Author: Liebel, Christian
    Edition: 1. Aufl.
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 450 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-8362-6494-5
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 31
    Title: Modern Fortran explained /
    Author: Metcalf, Michael
    Contributer: Reid, John Ker , Cohen, Malcolm
    Edition: [5th Revised edition]
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 544 Seiten
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 32
    Title: Deep Learning mit Python und Keras : das Praxis-Handbuch vom Entwickler der Keras-Bibliothek
    Author: Chollet, François
    Contributer: Lorenzen, Knut
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 443 S. : , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    ISBN: 978-3-95845-838-3 , 3-95845-838-6
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 33
    Title: Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS : Das umfassende Handbuch
    Author: Soest, Daniel van
    Edition: 3. aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 1066 S. ; , 24 cm x 16.8 cm
    ISBN: 978-3-8362-6288-0
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 34
    Title: Windows PowerShell und PowerShell Core - der schnelle Einstieg : skriptbasierte Systemadministration für Windows, Linux und macOS
    Author: Schwichtenberg, Holger
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: XXII, 485 S. : , Ill. ; , 24 cm
    ISBN: ISBN 978-3-446-45214-5
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 35
    Title: Docker : das Praxisbuch für Entwickler und DevOps-Teams
    Author: Öggl, Bernd
    Contributer: Kofler, Michael
    Edition: 1. Aufl.
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 431 S. : , Illustrationen, Diagramme ; , 24 cm x 16.8 cm
    ISBN: 978-3-8362-6176-0
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 36
    Title: Python 3 : einsteigen und durchstarten
    Author: Kalista, Heiko
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: XVI, 498 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-446-45469-9
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 37
    Title: Unterschwellenvergabeordnung (UVgO) : und Allgemeine Vertragsbedingungen für die Ausführung von Leistungen (VOL Teil B)
    Author: Schaller, Hans
    Publisher: München :C.H. Beck,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: X, 348 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-406-71322-4
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 38
    Title: High-dimensional probability : an introduction with applications in data science
    Author: Vershynin, Roman
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 296 S. : , Diagramme
    ISBN: 978-1-108-41519-4
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 39
    Title: Optimization methods in finance /
    Author: Cornuéjols, Gérard
    Contributer: Peña, Javier , Tütüncü, Reha
    Edition: Second edition
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: xii, 337 pages
    ISBN: 978-1-107-05674-9
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 40
    Title: Artist, authorship & legacy : a reader
    Contributer: McClean, Daniel
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: 398 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-1-909932-45-6
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 41
    Title: Processing, Analyzing and Learning of Images, Shapes, and Forms : Part 1; 19
    Author: Kimmel, Ron
    Contributer: Tai, Xue-Cheng
    Publisher: Amsterdam :Elsevier, North-Holland,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: XI, 145 S.
    Series Statement: Handbook of numerical analysis 19
    ISBN: 978-0-444-64205-9
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 42
    Title: Data Science - was ist das eigentlich?! : Algorithmen des maschinellen Lernens verständlich erklärt
    Author: Ng, Annalyn
    Contributer: Soo, Kenneth , Delbrück, Matthias
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: XXI, 179 Seiten : , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    ISBN: 978-3-662-56775-3
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: German
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  • 43
    Title: Exploiting structure in non-convex quadratic optimization and gas network planning under uncertainty /
    Author: Schweiger, Jonas
    Publisher: Berlin :Logos Verlag,
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: xiii, 186 S.
    Dissertation note: zugl. Diss. an Fakultät II - Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin
    ISBN: 978-3-8325-4667-0
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 44
    Title: Clean architecture : a craftsman's guide to software structure and design
    Author: Martin, Robert C.
    Year of publication: 2018
    Pages: xxv, 404 Seiten : , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Robert C. Martin series
    ISBN: 978-0-13-449416-6
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 45
    Book
    Book
    Wien [u.a.] :Springer, ; 1.1977 - 16.2003; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Title: Computing : archives for informatics and numerical computation; Supplementum
    Publisher: Wien [u.a.] :Springer,
    Year of publication: 1977-2003
    Dates of Publication: 1.1977 - 16.2003; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Type of Medium: Book
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5028-5032 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics is applied to the liquid quench simulation of the amorphous networks of BN, AlN and AlBN2. Structural and elastic properties were determined. It is found that AlN has a stronger tendency to chemical order than BN, driven by the greater energy penalty for "wrong bonds." AlN, however, has a stronger tendency to form an amorphous structure as judged by the energy difference between the crystalline and amorphous states. There is some experimental evidence for an amorphous form of AlN. BN was simulated at two densities, 2.0 and 3.0 g/cm3. Even at the higher density, the fraction of tetrahedral coordination remained low, in contrast to AlN, enabling us to predict that the tetrahedral amorphous form of BN does not form under liquid quench conditions. The amorphous network with the formula AlBN2 has an intermediate tendency to form a tetrahedral structure and has a relatively high elastic modulus. This material is predicted to be of value for application as a wear resistant coating. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5056-5061 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We investigate, using an analytical and a numerical model, the in-plane stiffness of fiber mats. A mat is modeled by randomly depositing thin linear-elastic fibers on top of each other under the influence of an external pressure. The external pressure has the effect of bending the fibers over each other. The fibers are assumed rigidly bonded at contacts. For a low external pressure the stiffness of the mat deviates from that of its two-dimensional projection only by a geometrical factor, and the effective Poisson contraction is close to zero. For higher pressures, stiffness is governed by two competing effects and a maximum appears in the stiffness. The effective Poisson ratio is clearly negative in this range. An approximative analytical description is developed for the stiffness of mats formed under low external pressure. The stiffness is given as a function of only a few parameters: the degree of bonding, the dimensions of the fibers, the elastic constants of the fiber material, and the density of fibers. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5087-5092 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The field-emission properties of a Si–O bond-containing diamond-like nanocomposite (DLN) film were investigated as a function of annealing temperature (Ta). It was found that with increasing Ta the emission threshold voltage decreased gradually. After annealing at Ta=500 °C, the emission current decreased significantly. At Ta=700 °C, however, the field-emission properties of the DLN film improved greatly, the threshold field became very low (∼1.5 V/μm), and the emission current rather high (e.g., ∼2.3 μA/mm2 at an electric field of 22 V/μm). The structural variation of the film after annealing at different temperatures was monitored by ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, atomic-force microscopy, and electrical resistivity measurements. By using a three-step model: (i) electron injection from the substrate, (ii) electron transport through the film, and (iii) electron emission at the film surface, the annealing effect on field-emission properties of the DLN film were qualitatively interpreted. It is believed that the threshold electric field is determined by the local electron affinity on the film surface, while the emission current is mainly limited by electron injection and transport processes. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5004-5016 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The experiments described here examine 25–100 eV CF3+ and C3F5+ ion modification of a polystyrene (PS) surface, as analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The molecular dynamics computer simulations probe the structurally and chemically similar reactions of 20–100 eV CH3+ and C3H5+ with PS. CF3+ and C3F5+ each form a distribution of different fluorocarbon (FC) functional groups on PS in amounts dependent upon the incident ion energy, structure, and fluence. Both ions deposit mostly intact upon the surface at 25 eV, although they also undergo some crosslinking upon deposition. Fragmentation of the two ions increases as the ion energies are increased to 50 eV. Both ions show increases in total fluorine and fluorinated carbon content when changing the ion energy from 25 to 50 eV. The simulations predict that CH3+ and C3H5+ behave in a similar fashion to their FC analogs, remaining mostly intact and either embedding or scattering from the surface without reacting at 20 eV. At 50 and 100 eV, the simulations predict fragmentation most or all of the time. The simulations also show that the chemical products of the collisions depend significantly on the structure of the incident isomer. The simulations further illustrate how the maximum penetration depth of ion fragments depends on ionic structure, incident energy, and the identity of the penetrating fragment. These ion–surface results are discussed in terms of their possible role in plasmas. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5062-5070 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Experimental data for oxygen precipitation densities in Czochralski-grown silicon following multistep annealing treatments are compared with predictions from a coupled-flux model for time-dependent nucleation. This is a more correct model for diffusion-controlled nucleation processes than is the classical theory of nucleation since it directly couples the two stochastic fluxes of interfacial attachment and long-range diffusion. Quantitative agreement is obtained between the measured and calculated densities for nucleation temperatures greater than 650 °C. Good agreement is obtained for lower temperatures if the oxygen diffusion rate is taken to be larger than is predicted from high-temperature diffusion data. The fit values for the diffusion coefficient from the nucleation data are in good agreement with recent results from dislocation-unlocking experiments. The oxygen loss calculated by coupled-flux nucleation and diffusion-limited growth agrees with the experimental observations. Classical theory nucleation calculations predict a much greater oxygen loss, signaling the failure of the theory to correctly treat nucleation when long-range diffusion is important, true in most solid-state precipitation processes. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5093-5099 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The microstructure was measured for AlCu lines, formed using either a traditional planar metal subtractive etch process or a newly developed hot AlCu-trench-damascene process. It was found that 0.35 μm wide damascene AlCu lines formed a large grained bamboo microstructure with little or no Al (111) texture. The local crystallographic texture was measured in a scanning electron microscope using electron backscatter pattern analysis often referred to as backscatter Kikuchi diffraction. Damascene structures consisted of AlCu films deposited at greater than 400 °C onto Ti or Ti/TiN into preformed amorphous SiO2 trenches, 0.3–5.0 μm wide by 0.4 μm deep, followed by aluminum chemical mechanical polishing to remove the metal overburden. Standard planar metal control samples consisted of blanket Al or AlCu films deposited onto either an amorphous SiO2 substrate or onto SiO2/Ti/TiN substrates, followed by subtractive etching to define 0.45–10 μm wide lines as well as large (e.g., 10×10 μm2) pads. The planar metal samples exhibited either little change or a slight strengthening of their (111) fiber texture with decreasing line width; this was in sharp contrast to the damascene films in which a marked weakening in the (111) fiber texture with decreasing line width was found. In addition a trimodal (111) texture distribution developed in trenches where TiAl3 intermetallic formed. The role of intermetallic formation (TiAl3), elevated (〉400 °C) AlCu deposition temperature, large bamboo grain size, local AlCu crystallographic texture and differences in sidewall coverage between subtractive etched and trench-damascene processed AlCu on film microstructure are examined. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 52
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5211-5220 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We discuss in detail the considerations necessary to determine the absolute stable anion formation (SAF) cross section for a molecule embedded within the bulk of condensed matter, using the low energy electron transmission (LEET) method. We show that the LEET method is applicable at any energy below the ionization potential of the charge trapping molecule and the first exciton energy of the matrix. As an example, charge trapping due to SAF from CF4 molecules is investigated. In order to generalize the LEET method, we solve in the Appendix a classical electrostatic boundary value problem using the method of images for a charge embedded in a dielectric medium surrounded by two other media of different dielectrics. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 53
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5238-5245 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The thickness dependence of stress-induced leakage currents (SILCs) has been investigated for silicon-dioxide films with thicknesses between 5.1 and 9.6 nm. Assuming a two-step trap-assisted tunneling process accompanied by an energy relaxation process of trapped electrons, a set of analytical equations is given, which describes quantitatively the SILC dependence on oxide electric field with trap site location, trapped sheet charge density, and trap state energy as characteristic trap site parameters. Applying this model to the SILC data of 5.1–9.6-nm-thick silicon-dioxide films, the best agreement between experimental and calculated I–V data is achieved by a constant trap state energy of 1.93 eV relative to the silicon-dioxide conduction-band edge. Trap sites are located at 4.24 nm from the gate interface for 6.8–9.6-nm-thick films, while the 5.1 nm film exhibits a slightly different trap site location of 4.08 nm. The trapped sheet charge density Qtrap increases linearly with oxide thickness from −0.34×10−6 to −1.29×10−6 C/cm2. As a result, the thickness dependence of Qtrap suppresses the local tunneling current between the gate injection interface and trap sites by a reduction of the local oxide electric field. This fact explains the decrease of SILC with an increase in oxide thickness. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 54
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5255-5261 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have recently shown [P. N. K. Deenapanray et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 626 (2000)] that four electron traps S1(Ec−0.23 eV), S2(Ec−0.46 eV), S3(Ec−0.72 eV), and S4(Ec−0.74 eV) are introduced in rapid thermally-annealed (RTA) SiO2-capped n-type GaAs epitaxial layers. In the present study, we have used deep level transient spectroscopy to investigate the electronic and annealing properties of these deep levels. The electron emission kinetics of S1 is enhanced by an electric field, and the activation energy of S1 decreases linearly from ∼233 to ∼199 meV when the field is increased from 7.5×104 to 13.4×104 V cm−1. The intensities of S1, S2, and S4 show Arrhenius-like dependencies on the RTA temperature, which relate to the outdiffusion of Ga atoms into the SiO2 layer. The intensity of S2(VGa–SiGa) also increases exponentially with the square of the annealing time for RTA at 800 °C. Isochronal annealing experiments show that S1 and S2 are thermally stable below 500 and 400 °C, respectively. S4, which is a member of the EL2 family, is stable up to 600 °C. Secondary defects are introduced during isochronal annealing above 400 °C, and some of these defects are thermally stable at 600 °C. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5280-5282 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We explore theoretically the fundamental principles of design and operation of a three-terminal molecular wire transistor that consists of a single π-conjugated carbon chain molecule with thiol end groups (CnHn−2S4), self-assembled on the cleaved edge of a multilayer of alternating thin gold and insulating films. The ends of the chain bond to two outer gold layers that act as source and drain, and the chain bridges a third (inner) gold layer that acts as a gate. We show that transistor action should occur in this device if sulfur atoms are adsorbed on the surface of the gold gate. The sulfur atoms acquire charge as the gate voltage is increased, thereby enhancing the interaction between the gate and molecule and creating a strong potential barrier that hinders electron flow along the molecular wire. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 56
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5415-5420 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Depolarization of evanescent waves scattered by laser-trapped gold particles of 0.1, 0.5 and 2 μm in diameter is experimentally characterized in order to reveal its dependence on the size of particles. It is found that the degree of polarization of scattered evanescent waves decreases with the size of gold particles, which is contrary to that previously observed for dielectric particles. This feature becomes advantageous in particle-trapped near-field microscopy since less depolarized photons carry more information of a sample. With the help of polarization gating, this property is demonstrated in images of the evanescent wave interference pattern as well as the surface of a glass prism. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 57
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5444-5447 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Spectral analysis of photons emitted during scratching of insulator surfaces of Si3N4, Al2O3, ZrO2 and soda-lime glass with a diamond was performed under relatively slight frictional conditions, i.e., with a normal force of less than 1 N and a sliding velocity of less than 16 cm/s in ambient air. All the spectra showed similar profiles with strong sharp peaks in the ultraviolet region and photon energies of 2.8–4 eV. The wavelengths of the photons were perfectly matched to those for the second positive band of N2, demonstrating that an electric discharge of N2 gas occurred at the frictional contact. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 58
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 5457-5462 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The use of ferroelectric SrBi2(Ta1−xNbx)2O9 (SBTN) as a mainstream form of nonvolatile memory requires that the degradation of its electrical qualities that is caused by annealing in a hydrogen atmosphere be reduced. Titanium nitride (TiN) is a candidate for use as a barrier-metal layer against hydrogen diffusion. The relationship between the degradation in the qualities of SBTN and the quality of the TiN barrier metal has been investigated. TiN when sputtered onto SBTN capacitors creates a good barrier under all sputtering conditions, and maintains the electrical characteristics of the SBTN through annealing in an atmosphere of H2. Higher density TiN films provide more effective protection. The characteristics of the degraded capacitor were investigated in terms of its current-voltage characteristic. Remanent polarization can be recovered from, at least partially, by applying a series of bipolar pulses. This rejuvenation of the electrical qualities indicates that degradation arises from a combination of electrical and structural faults. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 59
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4595-4604 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have analyzed the asymmetry between growth and dissolution using Monte Carlo simulations of flat and vicinal (100) surfaces of a Kossel crystal. We find that at a high driving force dissolution is very anisotropic and nearly atomically flat surfaces are produced, if the nearest-neighbor bond strength is sufficiently large. This effect we call kinetic smoothing. For wet-chemical etching of the Si(111) surface, the chemical-etch reaction determines the annihilation rate constants. If the differences between the rate constants for removal of atoms from kink, step, and terrace sites are large enough, then we observe smooth surfaces and anisotropic etching, i.e., kinetic smoothing. If etching is anisotropic, knowledge of the annihilation rate constants suffices to find an analytical expression for the etch rate as a function of misorientation. This expression can be used to fit experimental etch rates for etching of vicinal Si(111) in potassium hydroxide. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 60
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4605-4611 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structural and chemical characteristics of FexMn1−x alloys in [FexMn1−x/Ir(001)] superlattices with iron contents of x=0.3, 0.5 and 0.9 are investigated at the nanometer scale by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy techniques. The transmission electron microscopy experiments show that pseudomorphic growth of the alloy on Ir is only achieved for x≥0.5. Layers with iron content x=0.5 display, however, structural inhomogeneities and a weak Mn segregation effect. Layers with a high iron content, Fe0.9Mn0.1 are seen to present a quasiperiodic lattice modulation. We suggest that this modulation is associated with spinodal decomposition. All these structural investigations indicate that, in epitaxial strained thin layers, the FexMn1−x alloy reproduces almost all of the complex FexMn1−x phase diagram with, however, a marked shift towards the low Fe content regions. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4628-4633 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A dense rutile TiO2 thin film was synthesized by the thermal oxidation of a sputtered titanium metal film in ambient air. The effects on optical properties of TiO2 films of the crystal structure and microstructural evolution at various oxidation temperatures were investigated. The Ti films transformed into single-phase rutile TiO2 at temperatures ≥ 550 °C without going through an anatase-to-rutile transformation. Instead, an additional crystalline Ti2O phase was detected at 550 °C only. An increase in the oxidation temperatures ranging between 700 and 900 °C led to an increase in both the refractive index and absorption coefficient, but a decrease in the band gap energy (Eg). According to the coherent potential approximation model, the band gap evolution of the oxidized films was primarily attributed to the electronic disorder due to oxygen deficiency at a higher oxidation temperature rather than the presence of an amorphous component in the prepared films. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 62
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4693-4696 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The steady state photocarrier grating method is re-examined to take account of Fresnel reflection losses at the surface. With the present conventional experimental method, the key experimental quantity β is the ratio of two lock-in amplifier readings of the conductance of the specimen with and without photocarrier grating fringes, respectively. It is shown that because of the change in optical polarization between the two readings a multiplicative factor on the measured β is necessary. Both experimental and computed results show that this can have an effect on the derived ambipolar diffusion length and surface recombination velocity. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4871-4874 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This experimental study concerns the secondary emission coefficient γ for two dielectrics (MgO and enamel) used in plasma display panels. Different pure rare gases were considered at pressures varying from 5 to 50 Torr. Here, we present the variations of coefficient γ as a function of the reduced field E/p. They were obtained by introducing the breakdown voltages measured experimentally on a sample of plasma panel, into the self-sustained equation. Concerning a 0.5 μm thick MgO layer, results are shown for five gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon) whereas for a 25 μm thick enamel layer, they are presented for neon and xenon. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 64
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4889-4897 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The x-ray standing wave method is used in correlation with reflection high-energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy to investigate the crystallographic features of MnTe monolayers inserted in CdTe (001). Either conventional molecular beam epitaxy or atomic layer epitaxy were employed for the formation of the CdTe starting surface, the deposition of the MnTe fractional monolayer, and its encapsulation by CdTe. Significant differences concerning the ratio of Mn atoms involved in MnTe clusters to those incorporated as part of a CdMnTe alloy are observed between the samples. Those differences are due to differing CdTe starting surface roughness. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Aligned carbon nanotubes were synthesized on Ni-coated Si substrates using microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The surface morphology of Ni thin films was varied with the rf power density during the rf magnetron sputtering process. It was found that the growth of carbon nanotubes was strongly influenced by the surface morphology of Ni thin film. Pure carbon nanotubes were synthesized on Ni thin film with uniformly distributed grain sizes, whereas large amounts of carbonaceous particles were produced in addition to the nanotubes, when the nanotubes were grown on Ni thin film with widely distributed grain sizes. With decreasing Ni-grain size, the diameter of nanotubes decreased and the length increased. High-resolution transmission electron microscope images clearly demonstrated the nanotubes to be multiwalled, and the graphitized structures were confirmed from the Raman spectra. Efficient field emission was observed from the diode structure with the nanotube tips. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4768-4771 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We investigated the growth conditions and electrical properties of MgO epitaxial thin films, which have potential applications as insulating layers for spin-dependent tunneling devices where Fe3O4 serves as one of the magnetic electrodes. Our investigation showed that epitaxial MgO films with high crystalline quality can be successfully grown at temperatures as low as 473 K in oxygen pressures less than 1×10−5 Torr. This is a very important result because it indicates that the oxidation of the underlying Fe3O4 electrode is not a factor in fabrication of spin-dependent tunneling devices. We also examined the electron tunneling properties of Au/MgO/Fe3O4 junction with an ultrathin MgO layer prepared under the conditions described above and found excellent electron tunneling properties, as will be discussed. Barrier height and thickness estimated by curve fitting current density–voltage curves using the Simmons equation yielded barrier height and thicknesses of 0.9 eV and 2.5 nm, respectively. These values were consistent with those estimated by taking into account the reduction of the barrier height due to image forces. These results indicate that the MgO insulating layers grown under the restricted conditions have satisfactory electrical qualities required for spin tunneling devices. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4789-4793 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The actuator functionality of electromechanical polypropylene films was studied using atomic force microscopy. The film carries a permanent electric charge and includes microbubbles as a result of two-dimensional stretching of the film. The thickness change of various film structures covered with electrodes was measured as a function of external voltage. The dependence was found to be nonlinear, the thickness change in the range 0.001%–0.1% of the total film thickness and affected by the internal charge density of the film. Applying a capacitor model including an air gap within the polymer layer enabled the determination of the Young's modulus, the interfacial charge density and the actuator sensitivity of the studied structures. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4825-4831 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Most friction studies using an atomic force/friction force microscope, while concentrating on material-induced effects, often present users with conflicting and confusing interpretations of the topography-induced friction forces. It has been generally reported that topography-induced contributions are independent of scanning direction and can be removed by subtracting friction data from forward and backward scans. In this article, we present friction studies on samples with well-defined topography variations and find that the above-given statement is not generally true. At surface locations involving significant changes in topography, the topography-induced contributions to friction forces are found to be different between forward and backward scanning directions. This is explained by the ratchet mechanism of friction and due to the additional torsion generated by "collision" of the tip when traversing up an increase in topography, which is absent in the downward travel. Topography-induced contributions to the friction force always correspond to transitions in the surface slope. Moreover, these contributions will be of the same sign in both Trace and Retrace friction profiles of the friction loop whereas changes due to material effects are in opposite directions. These characteristics of topography-induced friction forces will aid in differentiating them from other effects. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3853-3858 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A large optical nonlinearity of n2=0.57 cm2/W in photorefractive mesogenic composites was achieved with low applied dc fields (0.30 V/μm) and a fringe spacing of 2.8 μm. The resultant diffraction efficiency from the Bragg gratings, which were written by a less intense laser (frequency-doubled Nd-YAG laser with a 532 nm wavelength), was around 39%. The limiting factors underlying these nonlinearities and their dynamics are also discussed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3872-3878 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Second-harmonic scanning optical microscopy (SHSOM) is performed on electric-field poled silica-based waveguides. Two operation modes of SHSOM are considered. Oblique transmission reflection and normal reflection modes are used to image the spatial distribution of nonlinear susceptibilities in the sample surface plane and in depth. It is shown that the spatial resolution in normal reflection mode can be better than 1 μm for second-harmonic images. A simple qualitative description of this operation mode is suggested and found to be in good agreement with the results obtained. Advantages and limitations of the two operation modes when used for SHSOM studies of poled silica-based waveguides are discussed. The influence of surface defects on the resulting second-harmonic images is also considered. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4904-4906 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The temperature and excitation-intensity dependence of the ∼0.9 eV photoluminescence (PL) band has been studied in several microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si) films with varied crystallinity. When the measurement temperature is increased from 15 to 180 K, the PL peak energy redshifts from 1.0 to 0.83 eV. The PL quenching of the intensity follows a model of carrier thermalization in an exponential band tail with a width of ∼20 meV. The total PL intensity (IPL) as a function of excitation intensity (Iex) obeys a power law of IPL∝Iexγ, where γ(approximate)0.65 or 1 for high or low excitation intensity, respectively. The experimental results suggest that the ∼0.9 eV PL band originates from radiative tail-to-tail transitions in the grain-boundary region in μc-Si. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4910-4912 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Diffraction efficiency and phase stability of photorefractive polymer composites doped with alkylether-substituted azobenzene dyes are studied as a function of dye concentration. Composites doped with 2,5-dimethyl-4-(4′-nitrophenylazo)phenyl benzyl ether (DMNPAPBE) are phase stable at all concentrations studied while composites doped with 2,5-dimethyl-4-(4′-nitrophenylazo)phenyl octyl ether (DMNPAPOE) exhibit a critical concentration of 47% above which the composite rapidly degrades due to dye crystallization. The glass transition temperatures Tg of DMNPAPBE- and DMNPAPOE-doped composites are approximately 67 and 57 °C, respectively. Diffraction efficiency measurements of DMNPAPOE-doped composites show a threefold increase at 100 V/μm over DMNPAPBE-doped composites at the same dye concentration and applied field. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4907-4909 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The strain versus electric field (ε−E) and strain versus stress (ε−σ) response characteristics of 〈001〉-oriented crystals of Pb(BI1/3BII2/3)O3–PbTiO3 have been investigated. Under zero field, a ferroelastic switching has been observed under moderate uniaxial prestress levels. The magnitude of the elastic strain switched was ∼0.4%. In addition, an elastic softening was observed during switching, where the elastic constant decreased from ∼1010 to ∼3×109 N/m2. At higher stresses, the elastic constant stiffened to ∼5×1010 N/m2, which upon application of dc electrical bias softened to ∼1010 N/m2. The importance of ferroelastic switching and elastic nonlinearity is discussed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4916-4918 
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    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Study by time-resolved photoluminescence shows that two classes of quantum structures coexist in a ZnSe/CdSe/ZnSe heterostructure in which the CdSe coverage is less than the critical thickness. Excitons from class-A structures dominate the emission spectrum and exhibit temperature-independent decay times, demonstrating quantum-dot-like properties. On the other hand, excitonic transitions from class-B structures are characterized by decay times that depend linearly on temperature, indicating two-dimensional features. There is a sharp transition from class-A to class-B excitons as the emission energy goes from higher to lower energies across the emission band. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3795-3819 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The atomic process, kinetics, and equilibrium thermodynamics underlying the gettering of transition-metal impurities in Si are reviewed. Methods for mathematical modeling of gettering are discussed and illustrated. Needs for further research are considered. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3832-3839 
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    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have demonstrated that the population feeding from the 4I11/2 level to the 1.5 μm fluorescence emitting 4I13/2 level of Er3+ ions in low phonon energy glass hosts can be enhanced by codoping with Ce3+ under optical pumping at 980 nm. The nonradiative energy transfer Er3+: 4I11/2; Ce3+: 2F5/2→Er3+: 4I13/2; Ce3+: 2F7/2, occurs in the form of phonon-assisted energy transfer, and therefore the feeding rates are faster in the tellurite glasses, which have a comparatively higher phonon energy than in the sulfide glasses. The cross-relaxation process for 4I13/2: 4I13/2→4I15/2: 4I9/2, which lowers the population density of the 4I13/2 manifold and causes a deleterious effect in the 1.5 μm fluorescence intensity, is more severe in the sulfide glasses. Population feeding rate from the 4I11/2 to the 4I13/2 level is significantly enhanced by way of cerium codoping into tellurite glasses, which promises an efficient 980 nm pumped broadband Er3+-doped fiber amplifier. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3879-3888 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An external magnetic field between the electron source and a target causes the reflected electrons to move along the magnetic force lines towards the source region. There they get reflected back to the target by the electric field of the source. These electrons distort the electric field in the source region, and change the source's operational parameters. Penetration of reflected electrons back into the source region reduces essentially the space charge limited emission current density of a cathode and the minimum current density to form a potential minimum and a virtual cathode. How much the emission current density decreases depends on the target material's atomic number, Z, which determines the reflection coefficient and the energy spectrum of the reflected electrons. The calculations are in good agreement with experimental data. The analysis shows that reflected electrons must be considered for a correct calculation of the beam parameters at the target for the distribution of the energy density deposited into the target, and for a better understanding of the electron source operation. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 78
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3905-3913 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A macroscopic plasma display discharge cell has been designed in order to more easily study the plasma evolution in dielectric barrier discharges occurring in the much smaller commercial ac plasma display panels (PDPs). The electrodes in the macrocell can be arranged in matrix or coplanar configurations. The dimensions of the cell are 100 times larger than those of typical PDP cells and the gas pressure is 100 times smaller. Although some of the properties of the discharge pulse obviously do not follow the classical similarity laws, we find that the macrocell is a very useful tool for improving our understanding of the discharge in a PDP cell. The large dimensions of the cell and the longer time scale because of the smaller pressure make the plasma diagnostics easier than in a real PDP cell. The results are presented here for discharges in pure neon at 5 Torr. Measurements of the time evolution of the current and imaging of the plasma with an intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) camera are presented in matrix electrode configurations and are compared with previously developed models. The experiment confirms the large power deposition in electron impact excitation of the gas atoms while the plasma spreads over the dielectric surface above the anode. The images obtained with the ICCD camera also show the existence of striations of the plasma near the dielectric surface which were not predicted by the models. Measured and calculated duration and shape of the current pulse are in reasonable agreement. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 79
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3934-3940 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An extended investigation of the phase separation process in polymer dispersed liquid crystals is presented. A detailed analysis of the experimental results shows that the nucleation and growth of the liquid crystal droplets from the polymeric matrix can be described as the coarsening process occurring in binary alloys. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 80
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3948-3953 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Raman scattering, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study GaAs layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy at low substrate temperatures (LT-GaAs). The intensity of forbidden Raman scattering of longitudinal optical and transverse optical phonons linearly increases as a function of the concentration of excess As in the range of [AsGa]=0.04×1020–1.175×1020 cm−3. Concentrations of excess As in LT-GaAs layers were estimated from the lattice spacings measured with an x-ray diffractometer. No obvious defect was seen in cross-sectional TEM images of these nonstoichiometric As-rich GaAs layers. The origin of the forbidden Raman scattering of the nonstoichiometric LT-GaAs layers is explained as the strain induced by AsGa (As antisite)-related defects with low structural symmetry. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 81
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3962-3967 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: For local structure analyses of carrier trap centers in semiconductors, site-selective x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurement, the "capacitance XAFS" method, is proposed. The concept of capacitance XAFS measurement is based on the fact that the amount of x-ray absorption of trap centers, not the bulk, may be evaluated from the capacitance change due to x-ray induced photoemission of a localized electron. In order to verify this model, characteristics of x-ray induced photoemission from defects are investigated by capacitance–voltage measurement. The temperature dependence of the photocarrier concentration in a semiconductor corresponds to that of the capacitance XAFS signal amplitude. On the other hand, no influence of the thermal excitation of defects on the capacitance XAFS signal amplitude is observed. These results indicate that the capacitance XAFS signal originates from localized electron emission via the inner-shell excitation of defect atoms, resulting in site selectivity to the trap centers. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 82
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3982-3987 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structural changes during the crystallographic transition from fcc to fct of antiferromagnetic PtMn layers with postdeposition annealing, in spin-valve multilayers constructed by Ta/PtMn/CoFe/Cu/CoFe/NiFe/Ta/Si, were investigated using transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. We determined that the crystallographic orientation of the PtMn layers after postdeposition annealing depends on the initial size of the columnar grains in as-deposited spin valves. For spin valves with an initial grain size of 10 nm, the fcc→fct transition of PtMn layers was completed with the crystallographic orientation on the (111) texture. In contrast, spin valves with an initial grain size of 50 nm brought about a crystallographic reconstruction of the PtMn layer due to the tensile stress from neighboring grains during the fcc→fct transition. This results in a transformation from a fcc(111) to a fct(101) texture and a recombination of grains to form giant grains of 300–500 nm in the PtMn layer. This dynamic reconstruction promotes the interlayer diffusion of constituent atoms in spin-valve multilayers, leading to an increase in the interlayer coupling field between the pinned and free layers (Hin) and a promotion of thermal degradation of magnetoresistance (ΔR). © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 83
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4004-4012 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We derived a closed-form solution for the pressure required to open a spherical or a cylindrical cavity in brittle materials which demonstrate a two-curve pressure–shear behavior. The material is allowed to crack under tension and fail under shear; only both failure modes result in comminution. Since the cavity expansion pressure is closely related to the penetration resistance of a target material, this solution identifies the material parameters that are important in impact and penetration problems. It is found that cracking and comminution can be prevented when a large enough confinement pressure is present, and the resulting high cavity expansion resistance could explain the intriguing phenomenon of interface defeat. The effects of dilatancy, and shear strength of comminuted ceramic on cavity expansion pressure are explicitly revealed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 84
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4022-4025 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The relationship between the driving force for a martensitic transformation, ΔG, and the motion velocity of the martensite/parent interface, v, is derived for the Hamiltonian of a one-dimensional atomic chain with a nonlinear periodic potential model suggested by Peyrard and Remoissenet [Phys. Rev. B 26, 2886 (1982)] as ΔG=(2ma/π2)ω[C/1−v2/C2](4.026 92−2.931 92r−0.762 24r2), where m is the atomic mass, a the spacing of the one-dimensional lattice, r the shape parameter indicating the periodic lattice potential and C and ω are the characteristic velocity and frequency of the system, respectively. This result shows that the velocity of interface motion increases as the driving force increases. This equation is valid for different materials, regardless of whether the softening for martensitic transformation exists. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 85
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4085-4090 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Epitaxy of high-quality GaN on sapphire requires a rather sophisticated substrate preparation prior to the GaN epilayer growth, namely nitridation of the substrate's surface, growth of a GaN nucleation layer at a relative low temperature, and reduction of the defect density of this layer by a subsequent annealing step. For studying both, the detailed mechanisms of this complex procedure and its growth parameter dependencies, we attached an in situ spectroscopic ellipsometer to a nitride metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy reactor. First, the high-temperature dielectric function of GaN was measured using samples from different suppliers. Based on these data, the effect of growth parameter variations on the crystal quality of GaN epilayers could be monitored in situ. In particular, we determined the threshold temperature and the duration of the substrate nitridation under ammonia as well as the thermal threshold and duration of the nucleation layer transformation. Additionally, based on the in situ measurements a qualitative estimate for the crystalline quality of the nucleation layer and the epilayer is provided. Finally, the surface roughness of differently prepared GaN layers was evaluated by using the high-energy spectroscopic range of our vacuum-ultraviolet ellipsometer (3.5–9.0 eV). © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 86
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4117-4121 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The optical energy band gaps of BaAl2S4 and BaAl2Se4 single crystals at 300 K were found to be 3.98 and 3.35 eV, respectively, and the optical energy band gaps of Ho3+, Er3+, and Tm3+-doped BaAl2S4 and BaAl2Se4 single crystals were smaller than those of the undoped single crystals. Photoluminescence spectra peaked at 459 and 601 nm in the BaAl2S4 and at 486 and 652 nm in the BaAl2Se4. The photoluminescence emission peaks were attributed to donor–acceptor pair recombinations. Photoluminescence spectra of the Ho3+, Er3+, and Tm3+-doped BaAl2S4 and BaAl2Se4 at 5 K were measured in the wavelength range of 400–900 nm. Sharp emission peaks due to Ho3+, Er3+, and Tm3+ ions were observed and their transition mechanisms were proposed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 87
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4135-4139 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Interface phenomena play a vital role in thermoelectric (TE) microrefrigerators. The present study employs a phenomenological model to examine the behavior of TE refrigerators as a function of thermal and electrical contact resistance, boundary Seebeck coefficient, and heat sink conductance. We modify the conventional definition of the figure of merit to capture the interface effects. A finite temperature drop across the interface between a metal electrode and a thermoelement is found to strongly influence the boundary Seebeck effect. Interface engineering can potentially improve the overall performance of TE microrefrigerators. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 88
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4164-4169 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Despite a large amount of data and numerous theoretical proposals, the microscopic mechanism of transport in thick-film resistors remains unclear. However, recent low-temperature measurements point toward a possible variable-range-hopping mechanism of transport. Here, we examine how such a mechanism affects the gauge factor of thick-film resistors. We find that at sufficiently low temperatures T, for which the resistivity follows the Mott's law R(T)∼exp(T0/T)1/4, the gauge factor (GF) is proportional to (T0/T)1/4. Moreover, the inclusion of Coulomb gap effects leads to GF∼(T0′/T)1/2 at lower temperatures. In addition, we study a simple model which generalizes the variable-range-hopping mechanism by taking into account the finite mean intergrain spacing. Our results suggest a possible experimental verification of the validity of the variable-range hopping in thick-film resistors. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 89
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    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Low-resistivity indium–tin–oxide (ITO) films (8.9×10−5–2.3×10−4 Ω cm), 80±20 nm thick grown by combining pulsed laser deposition and laser irradiation of the substrate were studied in relation to tin (Sn) doping content. Films with Sn doping content over the range 0–10 wt % were deposited at room temperature (RT) and 200 °C at a fixed oxygen pressure of 1×10−2 Torr. The laser beam with energy density of 70 mJ/cm2 was directed at the middle portion of the substrate during growth. At RT, the laser-irradiated and nonirradiated parts of the films exhibited crystalline and amorphous phase, respectively. The amorphous films indicated a steady resistivity, carrier concentration, and Hall mobility of ∼2.4×10−4 Ω cm, 8×1020 cm−3, and ∼32 cm2/V s, respectively, and showed no significant change over 0–10 wt % Sn doping content. The crystalline films deposited at RT by laser irradiation and 200 °C indicated a strong dependence of the resistivity, carrier concentration, and Hall mobility on Sn doping content over the range 0–10 wt %. The Hall mobility of the ITO films steadily decreased with increasing Sn doping content. Study on the scattering mechanisms based on the experimental data and theoretical models showed that the scattering of free carriers in the films was caused mainly by ionized centers. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 90
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4128-4134 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The low-temperature charge transport in n-CuGaSe2 was investigated in zero and nonzero magnetic field. Both the Mott as well as the Shklovskii–Efros regimes of the variable-range hopping are observed in different temperature intervals. The complete set of the parameters describing the properties of the localized electrons (the localization radius, the dielectric permeability, the width of the Coulomb gap, and the values of density of states at the Fermi level) are obtained by analysis of the conductivity in zero field, on one hand, and the positive magnetoresistance in a small field, on the other hand. The negative magnetoresistance in low fields is observed in all specimens in both hopping regimes. Moreover, it is interpreted as a result of quantum interference between different paths of the tunneling electrons in conditions of scattering by intermediate centers. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 91
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4146-4152 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Stainless steel wires under tensile stress displayed narrow band peaks in the low frequency region of the power spectrum that were ∼104 times the background Johnson noise. The electrical response to stress was analyzed in terms of the root mean squared (rms) voltage (Vrms) of the noise signal over a 13 Hz bandwidth. The information obtained from such measurements is independent of other nondestructive testing methods and is therefore a useful probe of the stress-strain dynamics in metals and alloys. The rms voltage initially increases exponentially with the applied stress but subsequently decreases near the point of failure. This voltage is also approximately proportional to the square root of the sample resistance (Rs1/2). It is proposed that this noise signal is due to the fluctuations in the piezoresistivity as a result of stress induced reorientation of defects, similar to the Zener relaxation of solute atoms in a solid solution. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 92
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4159-4163 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electrical and optical properties of CuAlO2, a p-type conducting transparent oxide, were examined for the thin films prepared by the pulsed laser deposition technique. The indirect and direct allowed optical band gaps were evaluated to be ∼1.8 and ∼3.5 eV, respectively. The conductivity at 300 K was ∼3×10−1 S cm−1 and its temperature dependence is of the thermal-activation type (activation energy (approximate)0.2 eV) at temperatures 〉220 K but is of the variable-range hopping type (log σ∝T−1/4) at 〈220 K. It was inferred that an admixed state of Cu 3d and O 2p primarily constitutes the upper valence band, which controls transport of positive holes, from a combined information on ultraviolet photoemission spectrum with x-ray photoemission spectrum. An energy band calculation by full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method substantiated the experimental findings. The present results gave a solid basis for our working hypothesis [Nature (London) 389, 939 (1997)] for chemical design of p-type conducting transparent oxides. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 93
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4250-4256 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A Monte Carlo algorithm based on the hybrid Ising-DIFFOUR model is proposed to investigate the phase transition in ferroelectromagnetic lattice in which the ferroelectric order and antiferromagnetic order coexist below a certain temperature. The Ising spin moment and ferroelectric displacement and their susceptibilities as well, as a function of temperature for systems of different magnetoelectric couplings, are simulated and compared with the mean-field approach. The typical antiferromagnetic transition at Néel point and the ferroelectric transition at Curie point are observed at zero coupling. It is demonstrated that a weak ferromagnetic order can be activated by introducing the magnetoelectric coupling or applying external magnetic field, while the external electric field has little effect on the ferromagnetic ordering behavior. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 94
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4446-4448 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An intense blue-violet band, centered at 3.0 eV, has been observed besides the red-orange band of the photoluminescence (PL) from the chemically modified porous silicon (PS) samples. The PS samples were formed on 30–50 Ω cm p-type (100) Si wafers by anodic etching at large current densities and then treated with 5-cyano-1-pentynes in toluene solution at 110–120 °C. The intensities of the blue-violet lights increase with the increasing of the etching current densities, while the peak energies are hardly changed. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of the modified samples show that the alkyls have been bonded to the surfaces of the nanometer crystallite silicon particles. The decays of the blue-violet emission with a lifetime about 0.5 μs are different from the nanosecond lifetimes of the blue emissions in the oxidized PS samples reported before, and the 20 μs lifetimes of the concomitant orange PL bands. A carbon-compounds-related luminescence center has been proposed as the origin of this blue-violet PL band. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 95
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4457-4457 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
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  • 96
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4455-4456 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
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  • 97
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3158-3165 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Carbonaceous masks for selective growth on GaAs substrates were fabricated with high resolution by anodization with an atomic force microscope (AFM). Mask deposition is made by a 15-kV accelerated electron-beam irradiation in a scanning electron microscope. The local anodization of the carbonaceous film under intense electric field is investigated and the main factors for improving resolution and reproducibility are discussed. The "edge effect" of the anodized region, revealed in the electric-field distribution at the tip–water–film interfaces is identified as the main factor responsible for the resolution degradation during patterning. Short forward bias pulse for anodizing the carbonaceous film and the subsequent reverse bias pulse for neutralizing the space charge, locally accumulated during the forward bias, are shown to be effective for the higher pattern resolution and also for deepening the patterning depth. Based on the analysis, a modulated-amplitude pulsed bias mode is proposed and is demonstrated to bring a significant improvement in the resolution and the aspect ratio of patterns made by the anodization. Carbonaceous masks ready for selective area growth of semiconductors alloys were fabricated with the pattern resolution of ∼26 nm, limited by the curvature of AFM cantilever tips. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 98
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3198-3201 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Plasma doping (PD) is an alternative technique to form shallow junctions in deep-submicrometer microelectronic devices. Previous studies have demonstrated that PD produces shallow junctions with better efficiency than those by conventional low energy beam-line doping (BD). In addition, even though cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy reveals that the surface layer is amorphized after high dose BF3 PD or BD implantation, PD samples show less residual defects after rapid thermal annealing. For ultrashallow junctions, doping profiles with a high dopant concentration near the surface are required for the formation of low resistant contacts. In this article, we demonstrate the use of nonideal voltage pulse shape in achieving advantageous doping profiles that are difficult to obtain via BD. By performing particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, we derive the ion energy distributions for different sample voltage pulse shapes for BF3 PD. Comparison of the PD boron depth profiles simulated by PIC and an assumed Gaussian implant profile to the BD boron depth profiles simulated by TRIM shows a low energy component that does not exist in BD samples. The rise and fall time of the sample voltage pulse contributes to the overall energy distribution since a long rise or fall time increases the low energy component. We postulate that these low energy ions may also change the nature of the amorphized layer and are one of the reasons for the reduction of residual defects after rapid thermal annealing. The preferred sample voltage pulse for plasma doping is suggested to be a short one with a relatively long rise and fall time. This is something that is very difficult to achieve by beam-line ion implantation. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 99
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3202-3207 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It is shown experimentally that electrostatic coupling between the ferroelectric "capacitor" and the anode-cathode gap controls the emission process in ferroelectric cathode. Three main quantities were demonstrated to be directly correlated to the energy stored in the ferroelectric: the energy in the diode, the diode impedance, and the delay of the peak (anode) current relative to the triggering time of the ferroelectric. The polarity of the triggering voltage does not seem to have a significant impact on the performance of the diode. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 100
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3231-3234 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Trifluoromethane, CHF3, is used for plasma etching of silicon compounds for microelectronics fabrication, and so there is interest in developing computer models for plasmas sustained in CHF3. Recent measurements of electron swarm parameters, and electron impact dissociation and ionization cross sections, have provided a sufficient basis to develop a working electron impact cross section set for CHF3. Such a cross section set is reported here. We found that increased energy losses from dissociative electronic excitation processes were required to reproduce experimental ionization coefficients. The cross sections for attachment are small with there being some uncertainty in their magnitude at low energies. The cross sections were used in a plasma equipment model for an inductively coupled plasma reactor and compared to discharges sustained in C2F6. For otherwise identical operating conditions, plasmas sustained in CHF3 had higher electron and lower negative ion densities. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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